CFD analysis of hydrodynamic, heat transfer and reaction of three phase riser reactor

Catalytic cracking reaction and vaporization of gas oil droplets have significant effects on the gas solid mixture hydrodynamic and heat transfer phenomena in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser reactor. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model of the reactor has been developed considering three phase hydrodynamics, cracking reactions, heat and mass transfer as well as evaporation of the feed droplets into a gas solid flow. A hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian method was applied to numerically simulate the vaporization of gas oil droplets and catalytic reactions in the gas-solid fluidized bed. The distributions of volume fraction of each phase, gas and catalyst velocities, gas and particle temperatures as well as gas oil vapor species were computed assuming six lump kinetic reactions in the gas phase. The developed model is capable of predicting coke formation and its effect on catalyst activity reduction. In this research, the catalyst deactivation coefficient was modeled as a function of catalyst particle residence time, in order to investigate the effects of catalyst deactivation on gas oil and gasoline concentrations along the reactor length. The simulation results showed that droplet vaporization and catalytic cracking reactions drastically impact riser hydrodynamics and heat transfer.     

湍流气固两相流动状况的数值模拟

应用已建立的提升管反应器固两相流动反应模型,对工业催化裂化提升管反应器内在有传热及裂化反应时的湍流气固两相流动进行了数值模拟,得到了气固两相湍充动状况的详细信息,揭示了提升管内部有反应和传热时气固两相湍流流动的基本特征。模拟结果表明,在轴向,径向和圆周方向都存在着流动,湍能与率剂颗粒浓度的不均匀分布,进料段内的流动是整个反应器最复杂的部分。工业提升管反应器内这一复杂的气固两相湍流流动必将对传热和裂     

Numerical Simulation on Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow in FCC Riser Reactors(Ⅱ) Numerical Simulation on the Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow

Numerical simulation on the flow,heat transfer and cracking reactions in commercial fluid catalyticcracking(FCC)riser reactors were carried out employing the developed turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reac-tion model for FCC riser reactors given in Part Ⅰ of the present paper.Detailed information about the turbulentflow fields in the riser reactor obtained revealed the basic characteristics of the gas-solid two-phase turbulentflows when heat transfer and catalytic cracking reactions were co-existing in the riser.Results showed that thedistributions of the flow,the turbulence kinetic energy and the catalyst particle concentration are not uniform inthe axial,radial and tangential directions.The most complicated part of the riser reactor is the feed injectingzone.The complicated configuration of the turbulent gas-solid two-phase flows would exert a great influence onthe results of interphase heat transfer and cracking reactions.     

Numerical Simulation on Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow in FCC Riser Reactors(Ⅰ) Turbulent Gas-Solid Flow-Reaction Model

Gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows,mass transfer,heat transfer and catalytic cracking reactions areknown to exert interrelated influences in commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)riser reactors.In the presentpaper,a three-dimensional turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reaction model for FCC riser reactors was devel-oped.The model took into account the gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows,inter-phase heat transfer,masstransfer,catalytic cracking reactions and their interrelated influence.The k-V-k_P two-phase turbulence modelwas employed and modified for the two-phase turbulent flow patterns with relatively high particle concentration.Boundary conditions for the flow-reaction model were given.Related numerical algorithm was formed and a nu-merical code was drawn up.Numerical modeling for commercial FCC riser reactors could be carried out with thepresented model.     

流化催化裂化提升管反应器的CFD-PBM耦合模型:矩方法适用性比较

建立了描述FCC提升管中气-固流动行为的CFD-PBM耦合模型,模型同时考虑了颗粒动力学和颗粒聚并破碎内核。讨论了求解耦合模型中众体平衡方程（PBE）的3种典型矩方法[即：正交矩方法（quadrature method of moments,QMOM）,直接正交矩方法（direct quadrature method of moments,DQMOM）和固定轴点正交矩方法（fixed pivot quadrature method of moments,FPQMOM）]对模拟结果的影响。研究结果表明3种矩方法均能合理预测提升管内径向和轴向颗粒体积分数和颗粒速度分布。通过将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较,表明QMOM在反应器结构简单情况下,计算结果更接近于实际情况。     

小型提升管反应器流动-反应耦合模拟

在提升管气固两相湍流流动模型和重油反应动力学集总模型的基础上,利用Fluent软件建立了催化裂化提升管反应器气固两相流动与反应耦合模型,对实验室小型提升管反应器进行了数值模拟,考察了气固两相的流动、传热、传质与反应过程。结果表明,提升管反应器内气固两相在轴向和径向的流动、传热与反应的分布不均匀。在入口附近。原料和催化剂温度变化显著,各组分的浓度变化剧烈,在提升管上部,变化平缓。反应器出口各组分质量分数的模拟值和实验值基本吻合。说明该模型对提升管反应器出口参数和反应结果具有较好的预测性。     

催化裂化提升管反应器模型的建立

工业催化裂化提升管反应器内既存在着气固两相的湍流流动,又存在着传热和裂化反应,而且这些过程是相互影响,高度耦合在一起的。本文全面系统地考虑湍流气因两相流动,传质,传热及反应等复杂因素及其相互影响,建立了催化裂化提升管反应器三维气固两相流动反应模型,形成了相应的数值解法,编制了大型的模拟计算程序。由此可对工业催化裂化提升管反应器内湍流气固两相流动进行系统的数值模拟研究。     

提升管反应器进料混合段内气固两相流动特性(Ⅰ)实验研究

根据实际工业的操作条件 ,采用催化裂化催化剂及空气 ,在大型冷模实验装置上对催化裂化提升管进料混合段内射流相与颗粒相的速度场、浓度场进行了系统测试 .结果表明 ,由于旋涡场的诱导作用 ,喷嘴射流注入到提升管中以后将会产生二次流动 ,二次流先是发展扩大 ,随后又与主流逐渐汇合 .根据混合流场的分布特点 ,可以将这一极其复杂的流场由下到上分为上游影响区段、主射流影响区段、二次流影响区段、混合发展区段 4部分 ,各区段在径向上又可再分为 2或 3个区来表征有关参数的分布特点     

提升管和下行床在催化裂化过程中的比较

在综合考虑流动、反应、传质的基础上,建立了适用于模拟提升管和下行床反应器中催化裂化过程的二维返混模型,并利用正交配置法进行数值求解,得到了各产物在两种反应器内的不同浓度分布规律。这处结果源于两者流动结构和混合状况的差异。和提升管相比,由于下行床内的气固两相流动更接近平推流,气固速度和颗粒浓度径向分布均匀,气固轴向返混小,因而可得到更高的汽油收率。     

EFFECTS OF SECONDARY AIR INJECTION ON GAS-SOLID FLOW BEHAVIOR IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Effects of secondary air injection on the hydrodynamics such as solid holdup and gas-solid flow behavior were investigated in a circulating fluidized bed. The gas velocity in the riser, the ratio of secondary air velocity to that of primary air, and the solid circulating rate were chosen as operating variables. Fluid cracking catalyst(FCC) with a density of 1840 kg/m³ and a mean diameter of 74 um was employed as the solid phase. The secondary air was fed to the riser radially or tangentially at the wall of the column. Pressure drop fluctuations in the riser were measured and analyzed by adopting the stochastic method to characterize the effects of secondary air injection on the gas-solid flow behavior in the bed.

It has been found that the injection of secondary air into the riser can increase the solid holdup in the riser considerably, and that the tangential injection of secondary air is more effective for the increasing the solid holdup than the radial injection. However, the gas-solid flow behavior has been found to become less persistent with the injection of secondary air; the resultant flow behavior is more complex when the air is injected tangentially than radially. The solid holdups in the primary as well as secondary zones of the riser have been well correlated in terms of not only operating variables but also fractal dimension of the pressure fluctuations.     

EFFECTS OF SECONDARY AIR INJECTION ON GAS-SOLID FLOW BEHAVIOR IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Effects of secondary air injection on the hydrodynamics such as solid holdup and gas-solid flow behavior were investigated in a circulating fluidized bed. The gas velocity in the riser, the ratio of secondary air velocity to that of primary air, and the solid circulating rate were chosen as operating variables. Fluid cracking catalyst(FCC) with a density of 1840 kg/m³ and a mean diameter of 74 um was employed as the solid phase. The secondary air was fed to the riser radially or tangentially at the wall of the column. Pressure drop fluctuations in the riser were measured and analyzed by adopting the stochastic method to characterize the effects of secondary air injection on the gas-solid flow behavior in the bed.

It has been found that the injection of secondary air into the riser can increase the solid holdup in the riser considerably, and that the tangential injection of secondary air is more effective for the increasing the solid holdup than the radial injection. However, the gas-solid flow behavior has been found to become less persistent with the injection of secondary air; the resultant flow behavior is more complex when the air is injected tangentially than radially. The solid holdups in the primary as well as secondary zones of the riser have been well correlated in terms of not only operating variables but also fractal dimension of the pressure fluctuations.     

双层喷嘴进料提升管内气固流动混合特性的大型冷模实验研究

为改善催化裂化工艺的产品分布,在传统单层向上原料喷嘴进料结构基础上,增加了2个对称、向下的“副喷嘴”。通过一套大型冷模实验装置,考察这种新型双层喷嘴进料段结构内气固流动混合特性,同时利用射流“二次流”理论,分析了逆向喷嘴射流二次流在提升管内的形成发展过程。实验结果表明,与传统单层向上喷嘴（主喷嘴）结构相比,双层喷嘴结构能够改善主喷嘴附近油剂匹配程度,提高气固接触效率。同时副喷嘴的加入可以将提升管进料段长度缩短1/3,减少油剂混合时间,加快气固相达到均匀稳定,实现抑制油气过度裂解,提高目标产品收率,降低生焦量的目的。     

提升管催化裂化反应过程数值模拟

在气固两相流体动力学模型的基础上.采用基于机理反应的FCC14集总模型.考虑了反应温度、局部固体浓度变化以及流动对反应的影响,建立了重油流化催化裂化流动一一反应耦合模型.模拟结果表明,重油裂化反应主要发生在喷嘴附近区域,在喷嘴附近已经有45%的重油转化为汽油和柴油.随着距离喷嘴位置的增加,汽油产率逐渐上升,但距离喷嘴位置12m以后,汽油产率基本保持不变.从汽油组成变化来看,在整个提升管内汽油中烯烃含量一直处于下降趋势,由喷嘴区域的60wt%降低到提升管出口位置的42wt%左右.汽油烷烃含量一直呈增加趋势,而汽油中环烷烃含量和芳烃含量变化较小.     

FCC提升管反应器中终止剂注入对裂化反应的影响

通过对催化裂化提升管注入终止剂前后的工况进行数值模拟,研究了终止剂注入对提升管内速度分布、催化剂颗粒浓度分布、温度分布以及组分浓度分布的影响,考察了不同注入量以及注入高度的终止剂在提升管内的作用区域及其对裂化反应的影响。研究表明,终止剂的注入大幅提升了提升管内的油气速度,降低了催化剂浓度、油气和催化剂的温度,使得提升管内原料的裂化程度降低,二次反应减少。且不同注入量和注入高度的作用区域不同,对裂化反应的影响不同,应根据实际工况进行分析。     

下行床内提高颗粒浓度及改善颗粒分布研究进展

重质油高效转化和优化利用是国民经济发展的重大需求,具有十分重要的现实意义和战略意义。提升管催化裂化一直是重油轻质化的重要手段,但提升管的不均匀环核结构及气固返混特性降低了重油转化率和产品选择性。相对于提升管,下行床具有近平推流流型及气固短停留时间的优点,处理重油具有潜在优势。但下行床内颗粒浓度过低且气固初始接触较差限制其推广及应用。本文综述了提高下行床颗粒浓度及改善颗粒初始分布的相关文章,指出了深入研究下行床的颗粒增浓机制及气固初始混合可以丰富下行床的基础研究并推动其工业应用。     

CFD modeling of gas-solid flow and cracking reaction in two-stage riser FCC reactors

The Eulerian-Eulerian approach was applied to simulate the flow behavior and catalytic cracking reactions in the riser reactors of two-stage riser fluid catalytic cracking (TSRFCC) technology. A k-ε-k_p-ε_p-Θ gas-solid turbulent flow model was used, which took account of the particle turbulence and the interaction of turbulence between gas and particle phases. A 14-lump kinetics model was used for simulating cracking reactions. The approach and model were validated with both experimental results and commercial data. The distributions of particle fraction volume and velocity, as well as product yields in the TSRFCC riser reactors were first analyzed. The simulations were then carried out for optimization studies to understand the influence of the operating conditions on the performance of commercial TSRFCC riser reactors. The model and results presented here are valuable for the design and optimization of TSRFCC technology.     

下行式循环流化床用于催化裂化过程的数学模拟

采用十一集总动力学,结合气固流体力学行为和轴、径向扩散行为,建立了适合于提升管及下行式循环流化床催化裂化的数学模型,采用此模型对催化裂化过程计算的结果表明,下行床内目的产品选择性显著高于提升管,但在与工业提升管相同的操作条件下,下行床内原料转化率较低,优势不能发挥。适当增加下行床长度、增大床径、使物料循环反应、增加剂油比、提高反应温度或反应压力等可以改善下行床的反应效果。下行床用于催化裂化过程,与之较匹配的应该是具有更高活性的催化剂,研制新型高活性催化剂也是下行床推向工业的重要措施之一。     

Interactions of flow and reaction in fluid catalytic cracking risers

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the primary conversion process in oil refining. The performance of an FCC riser strongly depends on the interactions between oil/catalyst flow and cracking kinetics, but most FCC riser models do not consider such interactions. Accordingly, this work develops a computationally simple model capturing the dominant features of flow‐reaction coupling in the riser's dense phase and acceleration zones. Specifically, the particle–particle collision force and the particle–fluid interfacial force are considered. With a four‐lump kinetic model, the riser model predicts conversion and selectivity from the axial profile of the catalyst‐to‐oil ratio resulting from particle–fluid interfacial momentum transfer. The cracking intensity in the riser bottom zone is much greater than that calculated from conventional riser models, which neglects oil‐catalyst hydrodynamic coupling and catalyst dilution due to volume expansion. The present model compares well with published data and predicts conversion‐selectivity patterns that are qualitatively different from those obtained from conventional models. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

Kinetic modeling of FCC process

Catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions a process termed as FCC is usually carried out in a reactor block with somewhat complicated hydrodynamic regime. The reactor block is considered as a combination of two different reactors. The riser is a near ideal plug-flow displacement of the catalyst and reaction mixture, while the main reactor vessel (separator) is considered as an ideal mixing CSTR. Temperature gradient along the plug-flow riser can vary on a linear and non-linear dependence. This is reflected by the thermal effect on the cracking products, along the altitude of the riser. Moreover, it can exert a considerable influence on the selectivity of the process in general, as characterized by the diversity of different hydrocarbon groups both in the gaseous and liquid products. The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a process of conversion of a heavy oil fraction into lighter products in a catalytic fluidized reactor. The chemical composition and the structure of the feed are reflected on the catalyst's selectivity and the amount of coke deposited. It is, therefore, necessary to consider the feed type on modeling the process. Cracking reaction in the model was represented as a five-stage process. Reaction rates for the plug-flow riser and the ideal mixing separator are described mathematically in differential and algebraic forms. The model takes into account, exponential dependence of the specific reaction rate on temperature, as well as reflects the influence of the real and bulk catalyst densities, circulation rate, equilibrium and fresh catalyst's activities, reactor pressure, feed rate and unit construction. The model was developed based on a data taken from an industrial FCC unit, that were used to compute the kinetic constants and other parameters. Concrete computed kinetic parameters were compared with corresponding experimental data for adequacy. FCC process is in constant technological development with modernization of especially the riser reactor. Kinetic modeling of the catalytic FCC reactor will give a further understanding of the process and explain the complicated mechanism involved for an efficient and optimal conversion of the feed stock.