含粉煤灰或石英粉复合胶凝材料的抗压强度发展规律

用细度基本相同的粉煤灰和石英粉作为活性和惰性矿物掺和料,研究了不同水胶比、不同养护温度条件下,矿物掺和料的种类和掺量对复合胶凝材料抗压强度发展特性的影响.在水化初期,颗粒形貌等物理因素比反应程度等化学因素更能影响含有矿物掺和料的复合胶凝材料的抗压强度发展特性,活性与惰性矿物掺和料的作用基本相同.热激发能明显促进粉煤灰的火山灰反应,有利于含粉煤灰的复合胶凝材料的抗压强度发展.含大掺量粉煤灰的复合胶凝材料特别适合用于内部能较长时间维持较高温度的大体积混凝土结构.     

粉煤灰在复合胶凝材料水化过程中的作用机理

分析了粉煤灰在复合胶凝材料水化硬化过程中的作用。探讨了化学激发、物理激发和热激发对于粉煤灰的活性的促进作用以及确定粉煤灰反应程度的方法。粉煤灰的火山灰活性可以用碱性物质或硫酸盐来激发,但是,这种化学激发措施不适合在商品混凝土生产过程中使用。物理激发和热激发是两种简单实用的提高粉煤灰使用效能的技术路线。热激发特别适用于大体积混凝土结构。在复合胶凝材料中,粉煤灰的反应程度很低,不会大量消耗Ca(OH)_2,在水化硬化初期,矿物掺和料主要以物理填充作用参与复合胶凝材料的水化硬化过程;随龄期延长,粉煤灰的火山灰活性作用逐渐明显。     

矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥净浆性能的影响

研究了蒸养条件下粉煤灰、矿渣的掺量对水泥净浆化学结合水量和抗压强度的影响,揭示了矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥净浆水化性能和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,与标准养护相比,蒸汽养护更有利于激发粉煤灰和矿渣的火山灰活性,促进水泥的早期水化,提高水泥浆体的早期强度;但无论是蒸汽养护还是标准养护,随着矿物掺合料掺量的增加,复合胶凝材料的水化性能和力学性能明显减弱,因此矿物掺合料掺量不宜太大。     

矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥净浆性能的影响研究

试验研究了蒸养条件下粉煤灰、矿渣的掺量对水泥净浆化学结合水量和抗压强度的影响,揭示了矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥净浆水化性能和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,与标准养护相比,蒸汽养护更有利于激发粉煤灰和矿渣的火山灰活性,促进水泥的早期水化,提高水泥浆体的早期强度;但无论是蒸汽养护还是标准养护,随着矿物掺合料掺量的增加,复合胶凝材料的水化性能和力学性能明显减弱,因此矿物掺合料掺量不宜太大。     

活性与惰性掺合料对复合胶凝材料水化性能的影响

采用ESEM、MIP、XRD及SEM等测试技术研究活性(粉煤灰)和惰性(石灰石粉)掺合料对复合胶凝材料强度、孔结构及水化产物等的影响,以此揭示水泥-粉煤灰-石灰石粉胶凝材料体系的水化特性。结果表明:石灰石粉和粉煤灰复掺具有比粉煤灰更好的减水效应,复合胶凝材料的强度也比单掺粉煤灰高;石灰石粉和粉煤灰复掺时,能够很好地填充熟料颗粒间的孔隙,显著改善孔结构,降低孔隙率,使孔隙结构得到细化;石灰石粉在复合胶凝材料中后期水化明显,生成水化碳铝酸钙;SEM照片也证实了石灰石粉水化活性以及对孔结构的改善作用。石灰石粉和粉煤灰复掺能优化复合胶凝材料体系,提高材料的水化性能。     

水泥-矿渣复合胶凝材料硬化浆体的微观结构

利用压汞法、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究了两种不同养护条件下水泥-矿渣复合胶凝材料硬化浆体的微观结构.结果表明:常温养护3d龄期时,随着矿渣的掺入和掺量的增加,硬化浆体的孔隙率越大,大孔含量越多;硬化浆体微观形貌显示,掺矿渣试样的反应程度比纯水泥试样更低,密实程度较差.水化后期,复合胶凝材料的水化程度虽然比纯水泥试样低,但复合试样的孔隙率更低,孔径细化.纯水泥试样中水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶的微观形貌呈单向分布的纤维状,而复合胶凝材料试样中矿渣反应生成的C-S-H凝胶呈三维分布的箔片状,能更有效的隔断和填充连通的孔隙.在高温养护条件下,掺矿渣复合胶凝材料硬化浆体早期和后期孔隙率均较低,高温激发了矿渣早期的活性.     

矿物掺合料对蒸养高强浆体抗压强度及孔结构的影响

为明确胶凝组分对蒸养混凝土性能与孔结构的影响规律,以铁路预制预应力梁、轨道板用典型蒸养混凝土配比及其生产工艺为基础,研究了粉煤灰、矿渣、硅灰及石灰石粉等矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥浆体抗压强度、孔结构的影响,采用胶凝系数指标分析了蒸养条件下不同掺合料的强度贡献以及蒸养浆体抗压强度与孔隙率之间的关系。结果表明:分别掺上述矿物掺合料蒸养浆体28 d龄期后的强度均低于基准试样;本蒸养条件并没有促进粉煤灰火山灰活性的提早发挥,其3、28 d龄期下的胶凝系数较小且两者基本相同,仅约为90 d龄期胶凝系数的20%;而矿渣、硅灰、石灰石粉3 d龄期的胶凝系数显著大于其后期的胶凝系数;随各矿物掺合料的掺入,蒸养浆体28 d龄期、90 d龄期的总孔隙率呈现增加趋势;孔径大于20 nm的较大孔隙对蒸养浆体抗压强度的不利影响要大于孔径小的孔隙。     

基于图像分析和非蒸发水量的复合胶凝材料的水化程度的定量分析（英文）

定量确定复合胶凝材料中的水泥与矿物掺合料的反应程度对于研究它们的反应机理和微观结构发展非常重要。采用扫描电镜观察结合能谱分析,确定了在20、45和60℃水化的复合胶凝材料中的水泥、矿渣粉或粉煤灰的反应程度。用灼烧失重法测定了复合胶凝材料浆体的非蒸发水量。结果表明:水化温度对于水泥的水化程度影响很小。在实验温度范围内,水泥-矿渣粉复合胶凝材料中的水泥的反应程度随着矿渣粉含量的增加而提高;但是水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料中的水泥的反应程度在高温时低于纯水泥的反应程度。水化温度的提高降低了水泥的反应程度,但提高了矿渣粉或粉煤灰的反应程度。复合胶凝材料的反应程度随着矿物掺合料掺加比例的提高而降低。复合胶凝材料的反应程度与其非蒸发水量之间存在线性关系。     

大掺量钢渣复合胶凝材料早期水化性能和浆体结构

通过对胶凝材料早期水化放热性能和水化产物种类的测定,以及对硬化浆体显微形貌和孔结构的观察,研究了大掺量钢渣复合胶凝材料的早期水化性能和硬化浆体结构.结果表明:钢渣具有弱胶凝性能,早期活性低,大掺量钢渣使复合胶凝材料的水化诱导期延长,水化放热量降低,但对水泥早期的水化产物形成过程影响很小.大掺量钢渣复合胶凝材料早期的硬化浆体结构较疏松,孔隙率高于纯水泥浆体,且大孔数量较多.     

水泥-矿渣复合胶凝材料硬化浆体的微观结构（英文）

利用压汞法、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究了两种不同养护条件下水泥-矿渣复合胶凝材料硬化浆体的微观结构。结果表明:常温养护3 d龄期时,随着矿渣的掺入和掺量的增加,硬化浆体的孔隙率越大,大孔含量越多;硬化浆体微观形貌显示,掺矿渣试样的反应程度比纯水泥试样更低,密实程度较差。水化后期,复合胶凝材料的水化程度虽然比纯水泥试样低,但复合试样的孔隙率更低,孔径细化。纯水泥试样中水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶的微观形貌呈单向分布的纤维状,而复合胶凝材料试样中矿渣反应生成的C-S-H凝胶呈三维分布的箔片状,能更有效的隔断和填充连通的孔隙。在高温养护条件下,掺矿渣复合胶凝材料硬化浆体早期和后期孔隙率均较低,高温激发了矿渣早期的活性。     

矿渣-粉煤灰混合材料水化产物、微观结构和性能

用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜等对矿渣、粉煤灰混合材料的水化产物、硬化体微观结构及强度进行了检测和分析,确定了水化产物的组成及微观结构特点,揭示了矿渣粉煤灰材料的水化作用特点及强度特征.结果表明:矿渣在激发剂作用下使玻璃体首先发生表面水解,产生水化反应,进而引发粉煤灰的火山灰作用;混合材料的水化产物组分以水化硅酸钙凝胶为主,硬化体具有与油井水泥相类似的网络状微观结构;随养护时间增长,混合材料后期强度持续增加.     

Hydration of Portland cement with high replacement by siliceous fly ash

The effects of two different low calcium fly ashes on the hydration of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) pastes containing 50 wt.% of fly ash were investigated over a hydration time of 550 days. The results were compared with a reference blend of OPC containing 50 wt.% of inert quartz powder allowing the distinction between "filler effect" and pozzolanic reaction.Until 2 days, no evidence of fly ash reaction was measured and its influence on the hydration is mainly related to the “filler effect”. From 7 days on, the effects of the pozzolanic reaction were observed by the consumption of portlandite, the change of the pore solution chemistry, the formation of a presumably water-rich inner hydration product and the change of the C–S–H composition towards higher Al/Si ratio compared to the C–S–H of neat OPC. Additional strength due to the pozzolanic reaction developed after 28 days of hydration.     

Pozzolanic activity of clinoptilolite: A comparative study with silica fume, fly ash and a non-zeolitic natural pozzolan

Pozzolanic activity of clinoptilolite, the most common natural zeolite mineral, was studied in comparison to silica fume, fly ash and a non-zeolitic natural pozzolan. Chemical, mineralogical and physical characterizations of the materials were considered in comparative evaluations. Pozzolanic activity of the natural zeolite was evaluated with various test methods including electrical conductivity of lime-pozzolan suspensions; and free lime content, compressive strength and pore size distribution of hardened lime-pozzolan pastes. The results showed that the clinoptilolite possessed a high lime-pozzolan reactivity that was comparable to silica fume and was higher than fly ash and a non-zeolitic natural pozzolan. The high reactivity of the clinoptilolite is attributable to its specific surface area and reactive SiO₂ content. Relatively poor strength contribution of clinoptilolite in spite of high pozzolanic activity can be attributable to larger pore size distribution of the hardened zeolite-lime product compared to the lime-fly ash system.     

激发剂对蒸养水泥一粉煤灰胶凝材料性能的影响

通过测定不同龄期净浆化学结合水量和抗压强度,并结合SEM,研究了在蒸养条件下激发剂对水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料水化性能的影响。结果表明：蒸养条件及激发剂提高了水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的水化速度与粉煤灰的活性。     

Packing effect and pozzolanic reaction of fly ash in mortar

This research is to study the effect of particle size of fly ash on packing effect and pozzolanic reaction of mortar when 20% of fly ash is used to replace Portland cement type I. Both effects can be determined by using fly ash and insoluble material which have almost the same particle size to replace Portland cement type I. Normally, the compressive strength of fly ash mortar is contributed from hydration reaction, packing effect, and pozzolanic reaction. For mortar mixed with insoluble material, the compressive strength is due to hydration reaction and packing effect. Thus, compressive strength due to pozzolanic reaction can be determined from the difference in compressive strength between fly ash mortar and insoluble material mortar. The results show that the strength activity index of fly ash mortar depends on the median particle size of fly ash and curing ages of mortar samples. At early ages, the strength activity index of fly ash mortar due to packing effect is higher than that due to pozzolanic reaction. At the ages of 3 to 90 days, the difference in strength activity index due to packing effect of fly ashes with median particle size of 2.7 and 160 μm is almost constant about 22% of the strength of standard mortar (STD). The differences in strength activity index due to pozzolanic reaction of fly ashes with median particle size of 2.7 and 160 μm are 3%, 20%, and 27%, respectively, at the ages of 3, 28, and 90 days.     

Fire resistance of fired clay bricks-fly ash composite cement pastes

This work aims to study the effect of substitution of fly ash for homra on the hydration properties of composite cement pastes. The composite cements are composed of constant proportion of OPC (80%) with variable amounts of fly ash and homra. The addition of fly ash accelerates the initial and final sitting time, whereas the free lime and combined water contents decrease with fly ash content. The fly ash acts as nucleation sites which may accelerate the rate of formation of hydration products which fill some of the pores of the cement pastes. The fire resistance of composite cement pastes was evaluated after firing at 250, 450, 600, 800 °C with rate of firing 5 °C/min with soaking time for 2 h. The physico-mechanical properties such as bulk density and compressive strength were determined at each firing temperature. Moreover, the phase composition, free lime and microstructure for some selected samples were investigated. It can be concluded that the pozzolanic cement with 20 wt% fly ash can be used as fire resisting cement.     

Mineral admixtures in mortars effect of type, amount and fineness of fine constituents on compressive strength

This work is the third part of an overall project the aim of which is the development of general mix design rules for concrete containing different kinds of mineral admixtures (also named mineral additions or mineral constituents). It deals with the compressive strength of mortars made with up to 75% of crushed quartz, limestone filler or fly ash of different fineness. The paper presents all the experimental results as a sort of database and emphasizes the effects on strength of the nature, amount and fineness of mineral admixtures. For short hydration times (1 to 2 days), the nature of mineral admixture is not a significant parameter, as mortars containing the same amount of different kinds of admixtures having equivalent fineness present similar strengths. For long hydration times (up to 6 months), the excess strength due to fly ash pozzolanic activity is quantified by the difference between the strengths of mortars containing the same proportions of inert and pozzolanic admixtures with the same fineness. In the case of inert mineral admixtures, the increase in strength with the fineness of mineral admixtures cannot be explained by the filler effect, but can be attributed to the physical effect of heterogeneous nucleation. In the next part of this work, these results will be used for the elaboration of an empirical model leading to the quantification of both physical and chemical effects. This model presents strong similarities with the previous model based on calorimetric results.     

Fly ash effects: II. The active effect of fly ash

This paper examines the method for determining the hydration degree of cement clinker and the pozzolanic reaction degree of fly ash in the system of cement and fly ash. In the base, the active effect of fly ash is studied. The studied results show that the active effect includes two aspects: (1) Fly ash has stronger pozzolanic activity and can react with Ca(OH)₂, and (2) it can promote the hydration of cement. When the content of fly ash is less, its pozzolanic activity can exert well, but its promoting role to the hydration of cement is weaker. When the content of fly ash is more, it is less than its pozzolanic activity can be used, but its promoting role to the hydration of cement is stronger.     

粉煤灰水泥基材料的水化产物

用热重仪-差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线能量散射、高分辩电子显微镜、压汞仪,测定了粉煤灰水泥基材料水化产物的形貌特征、微观结构、化学组成及水泥石的孔结构,讨论了水化产物性质及水泥石孔结构随粉煤灰掺量的变化规律。结果表明：粉煤灰的大量掺加,可以改善凝胶的化学组成。水化后期,粉煤灰与Ca(OH)2及由熟料水化生成的高n(Ca)／n(Si)的水化硅酸钙(C—S—H)凝胶发生二次水化反应,生成低n(Ca)／n(Si)的C—S—H凝胶,此种凝胶的固碱能力强,可减少碱-集料反应的危害性。同时,二次水化产物能够填充那些对水泥石强度和耐久性极为不利的孔隙空洞,使水泥石的结构更加致密,优化水泥石的孔结构,对提高水泥基材料的耐久性作用极大,为进一步提高工业废渣利用的技术水平奠定了基础。