Effect of biochemical treatment on the adhesion of poly-p-amidobenzimidazole fibre

In order to improve the interaction between the reinforcement and the matrix binder, fibre surface modification with micro-organisms is proposed. Enzymatic hydrolysis of surface macromolecules in aramid fibres leads to the formation of carboxyl groups. If an aqueous solution containing polyvinyl alcohol is the nutrient for the micro-organisms, hydrolysis is followed by the grafting of alcohol molecules onto the fibre surface through etherification. The fibre strength does not deteriorate, but the morphology and the chemical nature of the surface undergo alterations. As a result, wetting by molten thermoplastics is improved. The three-fibre method was used to investigate the adhesion between poly-p-amidobenzimidazole fibres (unmodified and modified) and thermoplastic matrices (polysulphone and polycarbonate). The biochemical treatment almost doubled the bond strength. Examination of the modified fibres, separated from the matrices, by scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of a diffuse interphase between the fibre and the matrix. In the case of untreated fibres, the adhesional contact failed through interfacial shear; however, with modified fibres both were observed: interfacial shear and cohesive failure in the fibre. Thus, biochemical modification seems to be a simple method for fibre treatment to promote the compatibility of fibres and matrices, and to increase the composite strength.     

芳纶纤维与表面处理层界面粘合机理研究

用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和电子能谱仪（XPS）研究芳纶纤维与表面处理层界面粘合机理。结果表明,采用封闭异氰酸酯以及RFL胶乳体系浸渍处理后的芳纶纤维表面增加了一种新的结合碳,而且其它碳的结合能向高能方向移动,纤维表面处理层的氮原子所占比例增大,提高了芳纶纤维的表面活性。     

The Effect of Low Power Nitrogen Plasma Treatment of Carbon Fibres on the Interfacial Shear Strength of Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composites

Type II (high strength) carbon fibres have been given a low power nitrogen plasma treatment. It is shown that this plasma treatment has no effect on the fibre diameter, no detrimental effect on fibre strength and can significantly improve fibre/resin adhesion. It is proposed that this improvement is due to chemical interaction via amine/epoxy bonding at the edge sites together with the interaction of the epoxy with activated basal planes present on the fibre surface. This improvement is only achieved if the fibres are immersed in resin before being exposed to air. Exposing the treated fibres to air drastically reduces fibre/adhesion due to the adsorption of moisture from the environment. Heating these latter fibres in a vacuum at 130°C for one hour allows some recovery of the interfacial strength. It is also demonstrated that the interfacial shear strength falls dramatically when the nitrogen-containing functional groups are completely removed from the fibre surface.     

The Effect of Low Power Nitrogen Plasma Treatment of Carbon Fibres on the Interfacial Shear Strength of Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composites

Type II (high strength) carbon fibres have been given a low power nitrogen plasma treatment. It is shown that this plasma treatment has no effect on the fibre diameter, no detrimental effect on fibre strength and can significantly improve fibre/resin adhesion. It is proposed that this improvement is due to chemical interaction via amine/epoxy bonding at the edge sites together with the interaction of the epoxy with activated basal planes present on the fibre surface. This improvement is only achieved if the fibres are immersed in resin before being exposed to air. Exposing the treated fibres to air drastically reduces fibre/adhesion due to the adsorption of moisture from the environment. Heating these latter fibres in a vacuum at 130°C for one hour allows some recovery of the interfacial strength. It is also demonstrated that the interfacial shear strength falls dramatically when the nitrogen-containing functional groups are completely removed from the fibre surface.     

Effect of silane coupling agents on the properties of pine fibers/polypropylene composites

In the present work, PP‐based composites, reinforced with surface modified pine fibers, have been prepared. The surface of the fibers has been treated with several silane derivatives bearing specific functionalities. ? NH₂, ? SH, long aliphatic chain, and methacrylic group were chosen as functionalities of the silane derivatives for evaluating the compatibility with the polymer matrix. Mechanical analysis, contact angle and XPS spectra, SEM microscopy, and water uptake measurements were used as characterization techniques for evaluating the nature of composites. XPS as well as contact angle measurements demonstrated that pine fibers and silane derivatives were effectively coupled. The mechanical analysis showed an increase in Young's and flexural moduli, by 12% and 130% respectively, and nonsignificant changes in the ultimate tensile strength were noted after surface modification. Water uptake measurements revealed a low water absorption by the materials, always lower than 2 wt %. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3706–3717, 2007     

Fabrication of hybrid matrix/silane modified carbon fabric composites and study of their mechanical properties

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are an extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastics that contains carbon fiber. In the present study, carbon fabrics were treated with various weight percentages of silane and were confirmed by spectral analysis (Fourier transform infrared). The treated carbon fibers were reinforced in hybrid resin (a combination of vinyl ester and epoxy at a ratio of 80:20) by using vacuum-assisted resin transfer mold technique. The composites were tested to know their tensile strength, modulus, flexural strength, modulus, and interlaminar shear strength. The hybrid matrix specimen was also prepared and tested for the mechanical properties and confirmed the miscibility by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of hybrid matrix composites (HMCs) were studied by fracture surface morphology with scanning electron microscope. The mechanical properties of the HMCs increased with silane treatment. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47695.     

表面硅烷预处理/环氧镁铝复合涂层体系对铝合金的保护性能

在 LY12铝合金表面制备了一层硅烷膜,研究了硅烷膜对铝合金表面富镁铝环氧涂层性能的影响。硅烷处理后,形成了硅烷膜与基体之间Si-O-Al共价键以及硅烷膜内部的Si-O-Si 结构,而硅烷膜中未成键的硅醇基团-OH 以及 R-的环氧基团与涂层中的有机组分反应成键或通过范德华力发生交联互穿,使铝合金基体与环氧镁铝复合涂层之间形成更加牢固的交联互穿网络结构（IPN）,镁铝复合涂层在LY12铝合金基体上的附着力明显提高。马丘测试和电化学阻抗测试结果表明,硅烷处理改善了LY12铝合金表面镁铝复合涂层的整体屏蔽性能,使涂层体系的保护效果显著提高,保护时间延长。     

动态热力学分析法评估短纤维/橡胶复合材料界面粘合效果

采用动态热力学分析法评估短纤维／橡胶复合材料（SFRC）界面层的粘合效果。其基本原理为；使用动态热力学分析仪测定SFRC的损耗因子（tanδ），依据公式计算出表征材料界面粘合强度的参数α。试验结果表明。α值越大，材料的界面粘合效果越好，SFRC的拉伸强度、撕裂强度和耐磨性能也越好，但拉断伸长率减小。该方法具有操作简单、数据精确和周期短等优点。     

桦木纤维/不饱和聚酯复合材料制备与性能研究

采用硅烷偶联剂、乙醇和水等分别对桦木纤维(BF)和回收纸浆纤维进行表面处理,并分别将改性纤维作为不饱和聚酯树脂(UPR)的增强材料,制备相应的BF/UPR复合材料。研究了不同改性方法对复合材料界面性能的影响。结果表明:不同纤维种类、不同纤维表面处理方法和不同纤维用量对复合材料的界面性能、力学性能等影响较大;经硅烷偶联剂处理后的BF,可有效改善BF与UPR之间的界面相容性;当w(偶联剂处理BF)=16%时,相应复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度比纯UPR体系分别提高了31.0%和28.5%;在制备回收纤维/UPR复合材料之前应先对回收材料进行筛选,并且应优先选择对UPR基体树脂具有明显增强作用的回收纤维。     

硅烷改性PPTA纤维的表面粘结性能研究

采用未干燥的聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(PPTA)纤维,以乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷(VTMS)溶液对其进行表面改性,分析了改性前后PPTA纤维的表面元素、形貌结构以及力学性能的变化,并通过微脱胶法和激光拉曼光谱法研究了PPTA纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的界面剪切强度。结果表明:经VTMS溶液改性后,PPTA纤维表面产生了新的极性官能团,表面粗糙度增加;随着VTMS溶液浓度增大或处理时间增加,PPTA纤维/环氧树脂界面剪切强度逐渐增大,PPTA纤维的力学性能略为降低;较佳改性处理条件为VTMS溶液质量分数6%,处理时间5 min;经VTMS溶液改性处理后,PPTA纤维与树脂间的粘接性能提高,延缓了纤维轴向应力的传递。     

The influence of silane treatment on nylon 6/nano‐SiO2 in situ polymerization

Silane treatment has been applied to the preparation of nylon 6/nano‐SiO₂ composites through in situ polymerization. The influence of such treatment on the reactivity of silica, polymerization of nylon 6, and the mechanical properties of the achieved composites has been studied. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of silicas isolated from the composites have shown that the conversion of surface silanol groups to amino and epoxy groups did not cause a significant change in the reactivity of silica and that the percentage of silica surface grafting was around 15% for all treated and untreated silicas. End group analysis has shown that the presence of silica (pretreated or not) in the composite system resulted in the decrease of the average molecular weight of the polymer matrix. However, dynamic mechanical analysis and mechanical tests revealed that treating silica with silane improved the strength and toughness of the composite materials, while untreated silica improved their strength at the expense of toughness. This can be attributed to the existence of the flexible interlayer introduced by silane treatment. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 827–834, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10349     

锆盐对金属表面硅烷膜耐蚀性能的影响

为提高硅烷膜的耐蚀性,在KH-550水解体系[V(KH-550)∶V(水)∶V(乙醇)=7∶20∶73]中添加锆盐,在Q235碳钢上制备了复合硅烷膜。通过硫酸铜点滴试验及Tafel极化曲线法,讨论了锆盐的添加方式及添加量对复合硅烷膜耐蚀性的影响,确定了最佳制备条件。用扫描电镜观察膜层表面形貌。结果表明:将碳钢直接浸入溶有锆盐的水解体系,制得的膜具有较好的致密性和耐蚀性。在保持水解体系稳定的基础上,锆盐添加量增大,膜层的耐蚀性提高。附着力测试显示,加入锆盐对膜层附着力无明显影响。     

Effects of solvent and temperature on the coupling agent/epoxy resin interface

Increased wetting of the coupling agent/epoxy resin interface was observed when γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, polyfunctional aminosilane and γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane were applied respectively from methyllethylketone, dimethylformamide and water on woven glass cloths which had been cleaned at 300°C. However, when factory-applied coupling agents were burnt off the woven cloths and fresh coupling agents re-applied, it was found that the nature of the factory-applied coupling agent influenced subsequent wetting. Thinner glass fibres showed a greater improvement in wetting rate than thicker fibres in those solvents identified to be good for improved wettability, irrespective of the heat-cleaning temperature.     

表面硅烷预处理/环氧镁铝复合涂层体系对铝合金的保护性能

在LY12铝合金表面制备了一层硅烷膜,研究了硅烷膜对铝合金表面富镁铝环氧涂层性能的影响。硅烷处理后,形成了硅烷膜与基体之间Si-O-Al共价键以及硅烷膜内部的Si-O-Si 结构,而硅烷膜中未成键的硅醇基团-OH以及R-的环氧基团与涂层中的有机组分反应成键或通过范德华力发生交联互穿,使铝合金基体与环氧镁铝复合涂层之间形成更加牢固的交联互穿网络结构（IPN）,镁铝复合涂层在LY12铝合金基体上的附着力明显提高。马丘测试和电化学阻抗测试结果表明,硅烷处理改善了LY12铝合金表面镁铝复合涂层的整体屏蔽性能,使涂层体系的保护效果显著提高,保护时间延长。     

The Effect of Water on Matrix/Filler Adhesion in a Polyurethane Elastomer

The static “moduli”, failure stresses and dynamic moduli of both filled and unfilled polyurethanes were measured over a range of equilibrium water contents and these results are compared with those obtained from dry controls. Where barium sulphate was employed as the major filler component, it is shown that the presence of as little as ～0.7% water results in a profound degradation of mechanical properties with the loss of most of the contribution attributable to the presence of fillers as a result of hydrolytic disruption of filler/matrix adhesion. A quantitative relationship between water content and mechanical properties is established and the mechanics of the water/polymer/filler interaction are considered. Less dramatic effects were observed when barium sulphate was replaced by iron oxide and these were apparently further reduced by the use of a silane coupling agent.     

Mechanical properties of natural rubber/grafted cellulose fibre composites

Mechanical properties of natural rubber/allyl acrylate and allyl methacrylate grafted cellulose fibre composites are presented. Stress/strain measurements and dynamic mechanical measurements indicate that the adhesion between grafted fibres and matrix is better than that in samples containing untreated cellulose fibres. This makes it possible to vary the composite properties by varying the fibre type and/or fibre amount.     

聚酯短纤维/CR复合材料补强机理的研究

以不同直径、相同长径比的聚酯短纤维补强CR复合材料为研究对象，采用扫描电子显微镜观察、应力—应变曲线分析等手段，研究了复合材料的补强机理及破坏形式。结果发现，屈服强度由薄弱界面的剪切强度决定，而界面的剪切强度则取决于界面粘合、短纤维长度、直径以及含量等因素s拉伸过程中复合材料的界面按照剪切强度由小到大的顺序分段依次被破坏直至断裂；短纤维含量较低时，其拉伸强度主要由短纤维拨出后的基体承担，同时受应力集中影响很大，短纤维含量较高时断裂强度则更接近于屈服强度。     

Effects of plasma treatment on mechanical properties of rubber/cellulose fibre composites

Natural rubber materials reinforced with cellulose fibres have been studied with respect to crosslink density, tensile strength and stress relaxation. The fibres have been grafted with butadiene or divinylbenzene by plasma treatment. Chemiluminescence analysis was used to indicate the grafting on the surface of the cellulose fibres and also to estimate the effect of the plasma on the cellulose fibres. The results indicate the possibility of obtaining a surface layer on the fibres, which is a conceivable way of improving the mechanical properties of rubber composites.     

The Effect of Water on Matrix/Filler Adhesion in a Polyurethane Elastomer

The static “moduli”, failure stresses and dynamic moduli of both filled and unfilled polyurethanes were measured over a range of equilibrium water contents and these results are compared with those obtained from dry controls. Where barium sulphate was employed as the major filler component, it is shown that the presence of as little as ∼0.7% water results in a profound degradation of mechanical properties with the loss of most of the contribution attributable to the presence of fillers as a result of hydrolytic disruption of filler/matrix adhesion. A quantitative relationship between water content and mechanical properties is established and the mechanics of the water/polymer/filler interaction are considered. Less dramatic effects were observed when barium sulphate was replaced by iron oxide and these were apparently further reduced by the use of a silane coupling agent.