Building Collective Knowledge Through Design: The Making of the Contrada Nicolò Riparian Garden Along the Simeto River (Sicily,Italy)

Insurgent movements advocating environmental protection have garnered attention from design disciplines for their capacity to envision sustainable powerful transformations of human environments. In the last twenty years, the recognition of this potential has entered into research agendas, which have mainly focused on explaining through case studies how these phenomena have been able to affect institutional planning efforts in relation to environmental issues. Following a Participatory Action Research approach, this article presents a design experience carried out by a partnership established between a grass-roots association and university researchers in the Simeto River Valley (Sicily, Italy). It shows how design research techniques, borrowed from place making and community design approaches, can be used as instruments to promote goals of community-based organisations and advance their capacity in conceiving actions to transform local environments.     

关于城市复兴改造中政府与市场合作伙伴关系的探索

本文对国外,特别是英国政府与市场合作的伙伴关系理论和实践进行了分析,希望通过分析来探讨这种合作伙伴关系在中国城市保护与更新中应用的可能性,就政府、开发商和社区居民之间构建一种有效的合作伙伴关系提出一些建议,促进中国的城市开发、改造和保护形成良性互动,使城市复兴改造过程中的社会利益最大化。     

Reinforcing relationships for resilience – by embedding end-user ‘people’ in public–private partnerships

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) target overall benefits from mobilising private resources in delivering public infrastructure. Their longer time spans generate higher risks, hence the greater need for resilience in PPPs, compared to traditional procurement. PPP infrastructure outcomes should include both sustainable and resilient built infrastructure, as well as reliable and resilient service delivery. The public–private cross-sectoral relationships can be significant contributors to resilience. Previous research findings show that public–private relationships are still predominantly formal in PPPs. However, appropriate informal relationships can foster mutual trust and better teamworking that trigger self-adjustment mechanisms to overcome adversities and enhance resilience. Integrating relevant ‘people’ into PPPs to establish a public–private–people partnership (4P) is proposed to reinforce formal–informal relationships, while enhancing relevant ‘social infrastructure’, which could then lead to more resilient and better ‘value for money’ built infrastructure. Findings from another recent study demonstrate the value of 4P in pre-disaster planning. 4P also helps to develop resilient ‘social infrastructure’ for post-disaster reconstruction of sustainable built infrastructure. Conceptual diagrams are developed to summarise how the 4th P could reinforce public–private relationships and inject resilience into a potentially unstable PPP system.     

Refugees in a Region: Afghans in Young, NSW

This article examines how Afghan refugees living in the NSW country town of Young between 2001 and 2003 affected the regional economy. It seeks to assess the economic contribution of the Afghan refugees, primarily through their work at the Burrangong meatworks, through their local expenditures and, more indirectly, through their impact on social capital and the dynamism of the regional economy. It also reflects, more broadly, on the social implications of this experience and some lessons about refugee policies and their relationship to regional development.     

Refugees in a Region: Afghans in Young,NSW

This article examines how Afghan refugees living in the NSW country town of Young between 2001 and 2003 affected the regional economy. It seeks to assess the economic contribution of the Afghan refugees, primarily through their work at the Burrangong meatworks, through their local expenditures and, more indirectly, through their impact on social capital and the dynamism of the regional economy. It also reflects, more broadly, on the social implications of this experience and some lessons about refugee policies and their relationship to regional development.     

Rethinking professional practice: the logic of competition and the crisis of identity in housing practice

The relationship between professionalism, education and housing practice has become increasingly strained following the introduction of austerity measures and welfare reforms across a range of countries. Focusing on the development of UK housing practice, this article considers how notions of professionalism are being reshaped within the context of welfare retrenchment and how emerging tensions have both affected the identity of housing professionals and impacted on the delivery of training and education programmes. The article analyses the changing knowledge and skills valued in contemporary housing practice and considers how the sector has responded to the challenges of austerity. The central argument is that a dominant logic of competition has culminated in a crisis of identity for the sector. Although the focus of the article is on UK housing practice, the processes identified have a wider relevance for the analysis of housing and welfare delivery in developed economies.     

Project facilitation as an active response to tensions in international development programmes

This paper examines the tension within international development programmes between traditional task-oriented approaches to development and the wider view of programmes as sites for adaptability and learning. It characterises it as a set of inter-related tensions between recursive and adaptive tendencies that exist at individual actor, programme and institutional levels. Drawing on a multiple interpretive case study of partnership based programmes between an international non-government organisation and local partners in three countries, it looks at how these tensions play out in practice. Based on the findings, it proposes an active response to the tensions called project facilitation. This is an adaptive and co-created process that incorporates local experience and practice based knowledge to achieve strategic goals, while utilising recognised project management practices to achieve agreed outcomes. By adopting active responses to the tensions that exist within programmes it offers greater potential for effective delivery of long term benefits than the more typical defensive response strategies. Project facilitation is consistent with the social constructionist view of programmes and programme management but broadens our understanding by emphasising the need to actively consider how the tensions inherent in programmes are responded to.     

Investigating the Social Dimensions of Transport Disadvantage II: From Concepts to Methods through an Empirical Case Study

This article is the second of two papers that review the field of spatially sensitive social scientific research into the links between social status and transport disadvantage. The first paper undertook a comprehensive review of the social scientific and transport planning literature to mark the level of development in the field and identify conceptual and methodological issues and constraints in this field of inquiry. The present article supports the advancement of socially and geographically sensitive transport research by opportunities for the development of more sophisticated spatial analytical methodologies. The approach we present is able to account for factors not previously addressed in either social or transport planning research, in particular the temporal dimensions of transport service accessibility. The article articulates the methodology through an empirical case study of socio-spatial transport disadvantage within the Gold Coast City. The article demonstrates that there are important theoretical and practical lessons to be gained for researchers and policy makers in addressing the social dimensions of transport and infrastructure provision. Further, the article argues that an attentiveness to new ways of combining and representing social and transport data-sets can promote policy relevant empirical social inquiry. The article also contributes in a productive way to the empirical knowledge of Australia's sixth-largest metropolitan area, which is often overlooked by urban scholars.     

公众参与地理信息系统与城市规划民主进程

公众参与地理信息系统(PPGIS)经过十几年的发展,在国外有着大量的研究和实践。它在增强空间信息利用、刺激技术创新、促进公众参与、鼓励积极的社会变革等方面的潜力已经形成共识。国内对PPGIS的研究比较少,研究角度也限于技术层面。通过对PPGIS诞生的深厚历史背景进行剖析,分析了PPGIS的发展和规划民主化进程的密切关系。     

Spatial mismatch research in the 1990s: progress and potential

This article reviews recent research about the spatial mismatch hypothesis from a range of social science disciplines. Since 1990, researchers have tested the mismatch hypothesis in diverse metropolitan settings; devised more accurate measures of geographical access to employment; and developed models to address issues such as compensating variations, sample selection bias, and contextual effects. We argue for a broader conceptualization of spatial mismatch that considers how social and spatial relations affect employment outcomes for women, immigrants, and other ethnic minorities. This broader view will enhance the contribution of research to current theoretical and policy debates about urban poverty. The effects of metropolitan context and neighborhood-level differences in services, resources, and social networks on spatial access and, independently, on wages and employment also warrant future research attention. Received: April 14, 1998 / Accepted: April 3, 1999     

实现设计目标——如何打造有益健康的城市绿地

Urban green space is attributed a significant role in addressing health challenges associated with urbanization. This is supported by evidence confirming that urban green space may both promote health and well-being and support nature-based treatments. Landscape architects who design to improving health outcomes have an important task; but one which also come with responsibilities. This is also noted by the World Health Organization, which states that it is vital to understand how to design green space so that it actually delivers the intended positive health outcomes. In order to deal with this situation, various tools and design guidelines have been developed by them. However, considered from a designer’s perspective, these tools are seldom expedient enough to apply in the design process, and the guidelines are often not as generalizable as supposed. In the current article, the authors present a process model for Evidence-Based Health Design in Landscape Architecture (EBHDL) and suggest that it may be useful as a means to deliver on stated health outcomes. The model has been developed over the last 15 years by the research group Nature, Health & Design at the University of Copenhagen. During this period, the model has been constantly enhanced via input evidence from researchers, practitioners, and university students. The EBHDL process model consists of four steps, all of which the landscape architect may be responsible for: Evidence collection, Programming, Designing, and Evaluation. The model has been applied in the design of the University of Copenhagen’s therapy garden, Nacadia^®, and health-promoting forest, Octovia^®. Based on encouraging results from research projects, the first step towards a validation of the EBHDL process model have now been made. The benefits of the model include the fact that it is interdisciplinary, systematic, transparent, and dynamic. A weakness of the model is that it is time-consuming, and thereby also costly.     

Investigating the Social Dimensions of Transport Disadvantage II: From Concepts to Methods through an Empirical Case Study

This article is the second of two papers that review the field of spatially sensitive social scientific research into the links between social status and transport disadvantage. The first paper undertook a comprehensive review of the social scientific and transport planning literature to mark the level of development in the field and identify conceptual and methodological issues and constraints in this field of inquiry. The present article supports the advancement of socially and geographically sensitive transport research by opportunities for the development of more sophisticated spatial analytical methodologies. The approach we present is able to account for factors not previously addressed in either social or transport planning research, in particular the temporal dimensions of transport service accessibility. The article articulates the methodology through an empirical case study of socio-spatial transport disadvantage within the Gold Coast City. The article demonstrates that there are important theoretical and practical lessons to be gained for researchers and policy makers in addressing the social dimensions of transport and infrastructure provision. Further, the article argues that an attentiveness to new ways of combining and representing social and transport data-sets can promote policy relevant empirical social inquiry. The article also contributes in a productive way to the empirical knowledge of Australia's sixth-largest metropolitan area, which is often overlooked by urban scholars.     

Of Marriages and Mortgages: The Second Demographic Transition and the Relationship between Marriage and Homeownership in Sweden

Past research has established a positive relationship between transitions to marriage and transitions into ownership. This paper explores how this relationship is changing by following a population as it advances through the Second Demographic Transition. Following a rational choice model for tenure decisions, it is hypothesized that the Second Demographic Transition is likely to affect the relationship between partnership and tenure in two ways. First, the preferences for ownership unique to marriage are likely to decline. Second, the importance of an extra income, especially for men, is likely to increase. Evidence is found supporting both these assertions for the population of Gävle, Sweden, between 1975 and 1990.     

The effects of place meanings and social capital on desired forest management outcomes: A stated preference experiment

Planners and managers responsible for public-trust resources are often faced with making difficult value-laden decisions requiring trade offs between alternative, and often competing, outcomes. To make more informed decisions within volatile socio-political climates, resource managers and planners need an understanding of the benefits local community members would like the resource to produce, and an understanding of the social and psychological factors that influence those preferences. In this research, we focused on two increasingly important factors – social capital and place-based social–psychological attachments – that influence public preferences for management outcomes. We conducted a stated preference field experiment on residents living in three forest related communities within Southern Appalachia in the Southeastern United States. The experiment elucidated responses to hypothetical management plans designed to produce distinctly different outcomes. The results reveal ecologically focused management plans were the most preferred, much more so than plans designed to produce aesthetic, recreational, or economic outcomes. The data also reveal both individuals’ stocks of social capital as well as their place-based social–psychological attachments influence evaluation of competing management outcomes. Our methodological approach and empirical findings advance both the analytical approaches used to study multiple use public resources and existing knowledge regarding how social and psychological factors influence individuals’ decision-making processes.     

城市规划与房地产开发非协调发展分析研究

针对如何使城市规划与房地产开发实现协调发展的问题,通过调查分析目前我国城市规划与房地产开发非协调发展方面的实际表现,提出了优化两者关系,促进两者协调发展的有效途径,以促进社会经济发展。     

Movin', But Not Up To The East Side: Foreclosures and Social Disorganization in Orange County,Florida

The recent foreclosure crisis in the USA has called for a revival in social disorganization research to examine how communities are being affected. While a number of studies have examined the direct relationship between social disorganization and crime in communities plagued by foreclosure, they have failed to look at the link between social disorganization and real estate indicators. This study fills this gap by examining Orange County, Florida in 2010 using realtor-reported transactional information, a type of data that are rich in transactional information but has yet to be utilized. The findings of this study indicate that negative social capital significantly predicts areas with higher concentrations of foreclosures (positive relationship) and traditional sales (inverse relationship). The proportion of Fair Housing Administration/Veterans Administration loans, the average days on market and the proportion of affluent households in the community also significantly predict these transactions. Limitations of the study as well as directions for future research are also discussed.     

Mass housing in Lisbon: sometimes it works

Unlike some European countries, high-rise housing estates have been quite neglected within the Portuguese research agenda. This is partially explained by one of its main national specificities: as many of these estates were developed by the private sector, their major target was the broad spectrum of the middle classes. Therefore, it was not identified as a research priority in the same way as social or illegal housing. Nevertheless, as an emblematic housing type of Lisbon’s suburbanisation that boomed in the (1974) Revolution period, its longitudinal study is an important tool to further knowledge of the social and urban history of contemporary Portugal. This article explores high-rise housing in Portugal (the context of its appearance, development and specificities) through the study of a paradigmatic case: Portela in the north periphery of Lisbon. This case is a contrast with the most visible trajectory of high-rise estates, marked by decay and embraced by stigma: therefore the article also focuses on analysing the factors, dynamics and indicators of its positive trajectory. Here, the analysis explores the context in which the estate developed, the social profile of its inhabitants, their perceptions of it and their daily-life practices by means of both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies.     

Conservation,Conservatives and Consensus: The Success of Conservation under the Thatcher and Major Governments, 1979–1997

The British Conservative governments between 1979 and 1997 are usually associated with a strident agenda of economic liberalism, combined with a centralization of political power, which affected land-use planning along with other policy spheres. However, not only did the conservation of the historic environment escape these forces, its policy significance strengthened during the period. In a time associated with the breakdown of post-war political consensus, conservation policy goals achieved a virtually unchallenged consensus for the first time. This article examines how central government policy developed during this period before examining a range of possible explanations for these outcomes. These include political attitudes and support, electoral significance, conservation lobbies, the commodification and political symbolism of heritage and the dominant ideology thesis. Finally, the article speculates on how stable and enduring the conservation consensus may prove.     

The social interaction of developers and IT operations staff in software development projects

This paper investigates how developers and IT operations staff interact in software development projects. We analyse data from 42 IT professionals from 18 Norwegian firms through the lens of social interaction and project management theory. Our analysis suggests that their social interactions are hampered by a variety of factors. The study contributes to the research by providing an analysis of the elements of social interaction and how they contribute to better outcomes. For practice, we offer an assessment instrument for improving the social interaction in software development projects.     

Social Networks in Public and Community Housing: The Impact on Employment Outcomes

This article seeks to examine some of the ways in which social networks may contribute to employment outcomes for community and public housing tenants. There is a body of literature that explores the relationship between social networks and employment outcomes, and a separate literature on the relationship between housing and social networks (which is largely concerned with homeowners). However, there has been little research that links all three aspects, especially in relation to social housing. This provides a starting point for this research, which involved interviews with housing organisation staff and focus groups with tenants in two case study areas in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. This article reports on the findings through examining the way in which housing tenure may affect social network formation, and considering the ways that these networks can impact on job attainment. It is concluded that, overall, those in community housing appeared to fare better, in terms of employment-conducive networks, than those in public housing. This finding is related not just to the management of the housing, but also to the broader issues of stigma, area-level deprivation and intergenerational unemployment.