Synthesis and characterization of chlorinated soy oil based epoxy resin/glass fiber composites

Composites with good toughness properties were prepared from chemically modified soy epoxy resin and glass fiber without additional petroleum based toughening agent. Chlorinated soy epoxy (CSE) resin was prepared from soybean oil. The CSE was characterised by spectral, and titration method. The prepared CSE was blended with commercial epoxy resin in different ratios and cured at 85°C for 3 h, and post cured at 225°C for 2 h using m‐phenylene diamine (MPDA) as curing agent. The cure temperatures of epoxy/CSE/MPDA with different compositions were found to be in the range of (151.2–187.5°C). The composite laminates were fabricated using epoxy /CSE/MPDA‐glass fiber at different compositions. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength (248–299 MPa), tensile modulus (2.4–3.4 GPa), flexural strength (346–379 MPa), flexural modulus (6.3–7.8 GPa) and impact strength (29.7–34.2) were determined. The impact strength increased with the increase in the CSE content. The interlaminor fracture toughness (G_IC) values also increased from 0.6953 KJ/m² for neat epoxy resin to 0.9514 KJ/m² for 15%CSE epoxy‐modified system. Thermogravimetric studies reveal that the thermal stability of the neat epoxy resin was decreased by incorporation of CSE. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Incorporation of silica network and modified graphene oxide into epoxy resin for improving thermal and anticorrosion properties

In this study, the silica network and functionalized graphene oxide (GO) were incorporated into the epoxy coating systems, which was aimed to improve the thermal property and corrosion resistance of epoxy coatings. First, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) oligomers and epoxy hybrid was fabricated through sol–gel method. Then the (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) modified graphene oxide (FGO) was added into the epoxy hybrid composite to obtain anticorrosion coatings. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectrum, and X-ray photoelectron spectrum were conducted to evaluate the structural information of GO and APTES modified GO nanosheets. The results indicated that the APTES successfully grafted onto the surface of GO sheets. Besides, TGA curves, electrochemical measurements and salt spray test were also carried out to characterize the thermal performance and corrosion resistance of GO based epoxy coatings. The TGA results revealed that the thermal performance of epoxy coating containing silica network and FGO nanofiller (ES/FGO) was significantly strengthened compared to pure epoxy. The initial degradation temperature of epoxy coating was increased from 300 to 343.7°C after incorporation of silica component and FGO. The EIS measurements demonstrated that the impedance modulus of ES/FGO was significantly higher than neat epoxy, which indicated that the corrosion resistance of epoxy was substantially strengthened after introduction of silica component and FGO. The corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of epoxy composite coatings were also shifted from 1.237 × 10⁻⁷ mm/year and 76.6% (for neat epoxy) to 1.870 × 10⁻⁹ mm/year and 99.6% (for ES/FGO), respectively. The salt spray test also revealed that the silica and FGO can improve the corrosion resistance of epoxy coating. Additionally, the dispersion of GO sheets was also enhanced after the modification of APTES siloxane.     

Preparation and performance of PANI–PVA composite film doped with HCl

The polyaniline (PANI)–poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite film doped with HCl was prepared by adopting PVA as matrix. Effects of PVA content and film drying temperature on properties of HCl–PANI–PVA composite film were studied. A comparison was made for tensile strength, elasticity, conductivity and thermal stability of PVA, HCl–PANI or HCl–PANI–PVA. PVA film presented the highest tensile strength and elasticity (150.8?MPa and 300.0%), but its conductivity was the lowest. The conductivity of HCl–PANI–PVA was the highest (1500?S?m^?1), and tensile strength and elasticity of HCl–PANI–PVA were higher than those of HCl–PANI. The order of their thermal stability is PVA?>?HCl–PANI?>?HCl–PANI–PVA before 260°C, and the order of their thermal stability is HCl–PANI?>?HCl–PANI–PVA?>?PVA after 260°C. At the same time, the structure and conductive mechanism of composite materials were characterised and analysed through infrared and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

阻燃香蕉纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料的制备与表征

采用乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯(ATBC)作为增塑剂增塑聚乳酸,添加改性香蕉纤维和膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)制备阻燃香蕉纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料.研究结果表明,偶联剂处理纤维的效果最好,使复合材料的拉伸、弯曲强度分别达到57.49MPa、101.80MPa,与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的结果一致;IFR含量为5份(以聚乳酸为100份计)时综合性能最佳,材料的极限氧指数达到了 32.8%,垂直燃烧实验达到了 V-0 级(UL-94),材料的拉伸和弯曲强度分别为43.97 MPa 和87.95MPa,效果最好.热失重研究结果表明,阻燃香蕉纤维的加入能明显提高聚乳酸的热分解温度和残炭量.     

界面结合对GF/PDCPD复合材料性能的影响

界面结合性能对制备性能优异的复合材料具有重要意义。通过对双环戊二烯（DCPD）与玻璃纤维（GF）的浸润性进行研究，将其与等效环氧树脂比较，开发了一种与玻璃纤维具有较好结合性的DCPD树脂，用其制备出一种综合性能优异的玻璃纤维增强PDCPD基复合材料。通过动态接触角、90?拉伸强度和层间剪切强度实验，测定了不同树脂与玻璃纤维之间的粘附力，提供了玻璃纤维与不同树脂界面性能差异。结果表明，SCB-600 DCPD树脂与玻璃纤维的结合性较优，动态接触角为60.35??0.3?，90?拉伸强度为(42.3?1.6) MPa，层间剪切强度为(61.3?3.2) MPa，与1564环氧树脂相当。进一步优化了DCPD树脂质量分数，当树脂质量分数为30%?2%时，SCB-600 DCPD复合材料具有相对最优的力学性能，材料拉伸强度为(1180.1?4.1) MPa，弯曲强度为(1060.4?4.6) MPa，缺口冲击强度为(145.3?4.8) KJ/m2。其弯曲和拉伸强度与玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料的性能基本相当，但缺口冲击强度优于1564环氧树脂。     

Synthesis of modified graphene oxide and its improvement on flame retardancy of epoxy resin

In this work, the small molecule with double-phosphaphenanthrene structure was successfully grafted on the surface of graphene oxide (GO), which is called functionalized graphene oxide (FGO). The introduction of FGO improved the poor interfacial compatibility between graphene and epoxy matrix. And FGO could be used as the highly effective flame retardant. The thermogravimetric analysis results showed a significant improvement in the char yield of cured FGO/EP. When the content of FGO was 3 wt %, the limiting oxygen index value reached 30.4%. At the same time, the three-point bending and thermomechanical tests confirmed that the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin composites were improved. Based on the char analyses of SEM images and Raman spectroscopy, the flame retardant could promote the formation of a stable carbon layer. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 47710.     

氧化石墨烯增强环氧树脂复合材料的制备与性能

利用二乙烯三胺在氧化石墨烯(GO)表面引入氨基基团得到改性GO,然后与环氧树脂(EP)复合,制备出GO增强EP复合材料。性能测试结果表明,该复合材料具有良好的疏水性及力学性能。复合材料的吸水率随着改性GO含量增加先降低后提高,当改性GO含量为0.2%时,吸水率最低,浸泡12 d后吸水率为0.125%,与纯EP相比降低了81.48%,当改性GO含量继续增加,由于复合材料界面局部空隙的增加,吸水率反而大幅上升。复合材料的拉伸强度、冲击强度随着改性GO含量增加先提高后降低,当改性GO含量为0.05%时,拉伸强度、冲击强度最高,分别为50.94 MPa,5.78 k J/m2,相比纯EP增加了104%和90%。综合考虑,当改性GO含量为0.05%时,复合材料的分散性能、疏水性及力学性能较优。     

Grafting of epoxy chains onto graphene oxide for epoxy composites with improved mechanical and thermal properties

Epoxy composites filled with both graphene oxide (GO) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A functionalized GO (DGEBA–f–GO) sheets were prepared at different filler loading levels. The correlations between surface modification, morphology, dispersion/exfoliation and interfacial interaction of sheets and the corresponding mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were systematically investigated. The surface functionalization of DGEBA layer was found to effectively improve the compatibility and dispersion of GO sheets in epoxy matrix. The tensile test indicated that the DGEBA–f–GO/epoxy composites showed higher tensile modulus and strength than either the neat epoxy or the GO/epoxy composites. For epoxy composite with 0.25 wt% DGEBA–f–GO, the tensile modulus and strength increased from 3.15 ± 0.11 to 3.56 ± 0.08 GPa (∼13%) and 52.98 ± 5.82 to 92.94 ± 5.03 MPa (∼75%), respectively, compared to the neat epoxy resin. Furthermore, enhanced quasi-static fracture toughness (K_IC) was measured in case of the surface functionalization. The GO and DGEBA–f–GO at 0.25 wt% loading produced ∼26% and ∼41% improvements in K_IC values of epoxy composites, respectively. Fracture surface analysis revealed improved interfacial interaction between DGEBA–f–GO and matrix. Moreover, increased glass transition temperature and thermal stability of the DGEBA–f–GO/epoxy composites were also observed in the dynamic mechanical properties and thermo-gravimetric analysis compared to those of the GO/epoxy composites.     

Mechanical and thermal properties of POSS-g-GO reinforced epoxy composites

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) was synthesized via the hydrolytic condensation of ??-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane in the tetrahydrofuran solution catalyzed by concentrated hydrochloric acid and was further used as the grafting agent to react with graphite oxide (GO). The grafted product, which referred to as POSS-g-GO, was used to modify epoxy resin (EP) matrix. The epoxy/POSS-g-GO nanocomposites were fabricated using ultrasonication and the cast molding method and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. The results revealed that the incorporation of a small amount of POSS-g-GO caused a significant improvement in ultimate tensile strength, impact strength and roughness. With 2?wt% POSS-g-GO ultimate tensile strength and flexural strength of the composites were improved by 24.8 and 56.6?%, respectively. The impact strength was 42.97?kJ/m², which is 2.5 times higher than that of the pure EP (17.49?kJ/m²). The DMA results showed that the moduli of the nanocomposites in glass and rubbery states were significantly higher than those of the control epoxy. It indicated that incorporation of POSS-g-GO into epoxy networks was the efficient load transfer between the POSS-g-GO additives and epoxy matrix through covalent links. Morphological structure of the impact fracture surface of the epoxy/POSS-g-GO composites was observed by scanning electron microscope, as well.     

Relevance of graphene oxide as nanofiller for geometrical variation in unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composite

Curved geometry in unidirectional CFRP (UD-CFRP) demands ideal shape optimization to attain superior performance while maintaining the desired high strength to weight ratio. Herein, the effect of graphene oxide (GO) as the potential filler to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of flat and curved specimens of UD-CFRP was investigated. The GO was synthesized using Hummer's method and introduced in the epoxy resin by wet transfer technique. Three-point and four-point bending analysis of UD-CFRP showed maximum flexural strength and modulus at 0.3 wt% GO addition in UD-CFRP. The improved interfacial adhesion of 0.3 wt% GO incorporated UD-CFRP was realized by calculating storage modulus, reinforcement efficiency factor (r), C-factor, adhesion factor, cross-linking density, and glass transition temperature (T_g) from dynamic mechanical analyzer. Fracture analysis by scanning electron microscope showed the superior interlocking in carbon fiber, and epoxy polymer at 0.3 wt% GO addition.     

Microstructural and mechanical characteristics of graphene oxide-fly ash cenosphere hybrid reinforced epoxy resin composites

An experimental investigation into the influence of incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) and fly ash cenospheres (FACs) on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP) composites. Two fillers were studied: GO-FAC hybrid and single GO. The GO-FAC hybrid was synthesized using a solution blending method, and characterized by FTIR, XRD, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The modified EP composite specimens were prepared by adding different contents of GO and GO-FAC hybrid. The investigation showed that the FACs were successfully carried on the GO layer. The experimental data indicated that the addition of GO-FAC hybrid effectively improved the tensile property and the wear resistance of the EP composites, superior to the addition of single GO samples. The best tensile properties and lowest wear rate of EP composites were obtained when the hybrid content was 0.5 wt %. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 47173.     

Flexural and Charpy impact behaviour of epoxy/glass fabric treated by nano-SiO2 and silane blend

A sizing formulation, containing compatible and incompatible silane coupling agents with epoxy resin in conjunction with nanoscale colloidal silica, was used to modify the surface of glass fabric. The modified glass fabric/epoxy resin composite panels were fabricated and characterised by flexural test, Charpy impact test and scanning electron microscope (SEM). By combining nano silica with silane blend in the fabric sizing, more energy was consumed under bending and impacting, which resulted in an improvement of the toughness in composites. The flexural strength, bending stain and Charpy impact strength of the epoxy composite/glass fabric treated with 1?wt-% nano silica and silane blend were ～42, ～22 and 35%, respectively, higher than those of silane blend coated glass fabric-reinforced composites (without nano silica). Furthermore, the change of the brittle fracture of the composite into ductile fracture was investigated by SEM micrographs. A possible toughening mechanism was also proposed.     

Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Flax-Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composite using Finite Element Analysis

The use of cellulosic fibers as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has gained popularity due to an increasing trend for developing sustainable materials. In the present experimental study, flax and glass fiber reinforced partially eco-friendly hybrid composites are fabricated with two different fiber orientations of 0° and 90°. The mechanical properties of these composites such as tensile, flexural and impact strengths have been evaluated. From the experiments, it has been observed that the composites with the 0° fiber orientation can hold the maximum tensile strength of 82.71 MPa, flexural strength of 143.99 MPa, and impact strength of 4 kJ/m². Whereas the composites with 90° fiber orientation can withstand the maximum tensile strength of 75.64 MPa, flexural strength of 134.86 MPa, and impact strength of 3.99 kJ/m². Morphological analysis is carried out to analyze fiber matrix interfaces and the structure of the fractured surfaces by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The finite element analysis (FEA) has been carried out to predict the resulting important mechanical properties by using ANSYS 12.0. From the results it is found that the experimental results are very close to the results predicted from FEA model values. It is suggested that these hybrid composites can be used as alternate materials for pure synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composite materials.     

碳纤维湿法缠绕用环氧树脂基体研究

以TDE-85树脂和AFG-90树脂为主体树脂,混合芳香胺为固化剂,研究了一种适合于碳纤维复合材料湿法缠绕成型的树脂配方。结果表明,该树脂的黏度低(＜550 mPa·s)、适用期长,其浇铸体具有优异的力学性能,其拉伸强度为107 MPa,拉伸模量为4．09 GPa,弯曲强度为161 MPa,弯曲模量为3．88 GPa,断裂伸长率超过6%。用其制备的T-700碳纤维缠绕复合材料界面粘接好,NOL环层间剪切强度达到66．8 MPa,拉伸强度达到2．44 GPa。     

Preparation and characterization of chemically modified Jute–Coir hybrid fiber reinforced epoxy novolac composites

In this study, the effects of fiber surface modification and hybrid fiber composition on the properties of the composites is presented. Jute fibers are cellulose rich (>65%) modified by alkali treatment, while the lignin rich (>40%) coconut coir fibers consist in creating quinones by oxidation with sodium chlorite in the lignin portions of fiber and react them with furfuryl alcohol (FA) to create a coating around the fiber more compatible with the epoxy resins used to prepare polymer composites. The maximum improvement on the properties was achieved for the hybrid composite containing the jute–coir content of 50 : 50. The tensile and flexural strength are recorded as 25 and 63 MPa at modified coir fiber content of 50 vol %, respectively, which are 78% and 61% higher than those obtained for unmodified fiber reinforced composites, i.e., tensile and flexural strength are 14 and 39 MPa, respectively. The reinforcement of the modified fiber was significantly enhanced the thermal stability of the composites. SEM features correlated satisfactorily with the mechanical properties of modified fiber reinforced hybrid composites. SEM analysis and water absorption measurements have confirmed the FA-grafting and shown a better compatibility at the interface between chemically modified fiber bundles and epoxy novolac resin. Hailwood–Horrobin model was used to predict the moisture sorption behavior of the hybrid composite systems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Preparation and characterization of reduced graphene oxide-reinforced boron carbide ceramics by self-assembly polymerization and spark plasma sintering

A self-assembly polymerization process was used to prepare graphene oxide/boron carbide (GO/B₄C) composite powders, spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to fabricate reduced graphene oxide/boron carbide (rGO/B₄C) composites at 1800 °C and 30 MPa with a soaking time of 5 min. The effects of rGO addition on mechanical properties of the composites, such as Vickers hardness, flexural strength and fracture toughness, were investigated. The results showed that GO/B₄C composite powders were successfully self-assembled and a network structure was formed at high GO contents. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of rGO/B₄C composites were 643.64 MPa and 5.56 MPa m^1/2, respectively, at 1 and 2.5 wt.% rGO content, corresponding to an increase of 99.11% and 71.6% when compared to B₄C ceramics. Uniformly dispersed rGO in rGO/B₄C composites played an important role in improving their strength and toughness. The toughening mechanisms of rGO/B₄C composites were explained by graphene pull-out, crack deflection and bridging.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of three-dimensional oxide/oxide composite fabricated by a slurry infiltration and sintering process

Oxide/oxide composites reinforced by two-dimensional fiber fabrics are important structural materials at high temperatures but exhibit low delamination resistance. This study developed a simple slurry infiltration and sintering (SIS) process to fabricate three-dimensional oxide/oxide composites. The results showed that a homogeneous microstructure in three directions was obtained. This composite possessed a weak matrix, which had a porous structure and low elastic modulus. Typical mechanical properties of the composite were not lower than those of two-dimensional oxide/oxide composites since the flexural strength and fracture toughness were 332.4 MPa and 11.6 MPa·m^1/2, respectively. Particularly, the composite had a good interlaminar shear strength of 25.4 MPa and a superior transthickness tensile strength of 5.6 MPa. X-ray computed tomography showed that fiber yarns in the through-thickness direction effectively impeded crack propagation and enhanced delamination resistance. Therefore, the reported SIS process is a very promising method for manufacturing three-dimensional oxide/oxide composites.     

Osteo mineralization of fibrin-decorated graphene oxide

Surface functionalized graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by coating fibrin on its surface. The fibrin coated graphene oxide (FGO) was characterized for its physiochemical properties and its potential as an osteoinductive material was evaluated using osteoblast like cell line MG-63 and normal cell line NIH 3T3. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has confirmed the coating of fibrin on GO and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed both spherical and cubical nature of GO nanoparticles and FGO. In in vitro studies, FGO exhibited higher levels of alkaline phosphatase and calcium ion release which confirmed the osteoinductive nature of FGO. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Y)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay proved FGO as a biocompatible material. The results have suggested that FGO might be a promising scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications.     

干燥温度对纳米氧化石墨烯/PHBH复合膜结构及性能的影响

通过溶液浇铸法制备得到纳米氧化石墨烯（GO）/聚羟基丁酸-羟基己酸酯（PHBH）复合膜,利用SEM、XRD、DSC、拉伸测试、阻隔测试及透明度测试等检测手段,研究了不同干燥温度对复合膜结构及性能的影响,优化了制备工艺。结果表明：随着干燥温度的升高,GO在PHBH中的分散性以及复合膜的结晶度、断裂伸长率和阻隔性先增加后减小,而拉伸强度及透光率则随温度的增加而增加。当干燥温度为45℃→55℃梯度升温时,GO在PHBH中均匀分散,且复合膜的断面光滑,有良好的结晶度、热稳定性、力学及阻隔性能,其拉伸强度、断裂伸长率可分别达到20.11MPa、17.47%,且透氧系数及水蒸气透过系数分别为48cm³/(m²·d)、13.33g/(cm²·d),综合性能优于其他干燥温度下的复合膜。     

Mode I and Mode II delamination resistance and mechanical properties of woven glass/epoxy–PU IPN composites

The effect of polyurethane on the mechanical properties and Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of glass/epoxy composites were studied. Polyurethanes (PU) synthesized using polyols and toluene diisocyanate were employed as modifier for epoxy resin by forming interpenetrating polymer network. The PU/Epoxy IPN was used as matrix material for GFRP. PU modified epoxy composite laminates having varying PU contents were prepared. The effect of PU content on the mechanical properties like interlaminar fracture toughness (Mode I, G_1c and Mode II, G_IIc), tensile strength, flexural strength, and Izod impact strength were studied. The morphological studies were conducted on the fractured surface of the composite specimen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength of PU‐modified epoxy composite laminates were found to increase inline with interlaminar fracture toughness (G_1c and G_IIc) with increasing PU content to a certain limit and then it was found to decrease with increase in PU content. It was observed that toughening of epoxy with PU increases the Mode I and Mode II delamination toughness up to 17 and 120% higher than that of untoughened composite specimen, respectively. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers