基于空间信息技术的地下空间三维导示系统的研究(英文)

本文简述了城市地下空间三维智能导示系统。该系统结合GPS、GIS、RS以及网络通信等技术,对整个地下空间信息道路进行三维模拟仿真和最短路径的查询。通过该系统,用户可以自由选择二维或者三维显示界面,快速查找出到达目的地的所有路线以及乘车方法和所需时间,并指示出最优路线。系统还可以提供专门为残疾人设置的嵌入式语音和触摸提示功能。通过仿真结果,证明该系统是可行的并且能够给人们带来方便、提高效率。     

Toward a Richer Picture of the Mobility Needs of Older Americans

Problem, research strategy, and findings: People older than 65 are the most rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population, yet our cities and transportation systems are not age friendly. Low-income, minority, older adults residing in inner-city neighborhoods are largely transit dependent, rely significantly on walking for transportation, and thus have particular mobility needs. We used a mixed-methods approach that drew information from the California Household Travel Survey but also from direct interaction (through focus groups, interviews, and neighborhood walking audits) with 81 low-income, inner city–living older adults to understand their travel patterns and mobility challenges and needs. We find that despite some positive mobility indicators in the inner city (mixed-use environment, frequent bus service, and short travel distances), these elders face significant mobility challenges because of a deteriorated built environment, heavy traffic, homelessness, and crime. A limitation of this research is that the small sample did not allow the study of possible gender or race/ethnicity differentiation in the travel patterns and needs of older adults.

Takeaway for practice: Planners should not rely only on information from the census and other aggregate data sources to understand the mobility needs of older adults but should complement this information with direct interaction with the communities for which they are planning. Although some social problems limiting the mobility of older adults are difficult to tackle, environmental and streetscape improvements can significantly enhance their mobility.     

Activity spaces of homeless men and women measured by GPS tracking data: A comparative analysis of Prague and Pilsen

The aim of this article is to investigate the factors that influence the size of activity spaces of homeless men and women in cities. Vulnerable population groups such as the homeless face the risk of mobility challenges that can exacerbate their social exclusion even more through mobility-driven spatial exclusion. The extent of an individual's activity space is a key precondition for the daily coping strategies and life opportunities of homeless people. This study is the first to combine GPS tracking of homeless people based on a week-long GPS measurement with mobility interviews. The article tests five hypotheses as to the influence of city size, age, gender, housing situation and education on the size of activity space. Data obtained for a large city (Prague) and for a small city (Pilsen) are analysed using three geospatial measurements of activity spaces. In line with mixed-method approaches, the results are further triangulated through mobility interviews. By mapping the objective activity spaces, we were able to evaluate the role of individual and contextual factors in shaping homeless life and discuss the theoretical and practical implications of activity space measurement for social policy and urban planning.     

No Home Away from Home: A Qualitative Study of Care Leavers' Perceptions and Experiences of ‘Home’

This paper explores the cultural and biographical specificity of home by examining the connections between young people's experiences of out-of-home care and their definitions of home. The paper draws on 77 in-depth interviews with young people who had lived away from their families in the Australian out-of-home care system. The paper applies a psycho-social conceptualisation of ‘home’ to argue that home was a crucial symbol through which these young people imagined a less challenging future and claimed identities of ‘being normal’. The majority remembered their time in out-of-home care as a time of instability and insecurity in terms of both housing and relationships; they did not feel at home in these contexts. These histories informed young people's experiences and imagining of home and their sense of identity within and after out-of-home care, as they defined home as fundamentally different from out-of-home care. Their definitions incorporated shelter, emotional well-being, control, routine, caring relationships and stability.     

Application of integrated GPS and GIS technology for reducing construction waste and improving construction efficiency

This paper presents a study on applying an integrated Global Position System (GPS) and Geographacial Information System (GIS) technology to the reduction of construction waste. During the study, a prototype study is developed from automatic data capture system such as the barcoding system for construction material and equipment (M&E) management onsite, whilst the integrated GPS and GIS technology is combined to the M&E system based on the Wide Area Network (WAN). Then, a case study is conducted to demonstrate the deployment of the system. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system can minimize the amount of onsite material wastage.     

Talking while walking: an investigation of perceived neighbourhood walkability and its implications for the social life of older people

This qualitative research examines the perceived walkability of different neighbourhood built-form patterns and their implications for the social life of older people. The findings suggest that both transport and leisure/exercise walking are more frequent within master-planned communities (MPC) as opposed to conventional suburbs. The main reasons for this are the proximity of destinations, the provision of aesthetically attractive areas, and residents’ feelings of being safe from crime and risk of injury within MPCs. The research reveals that walking within MPCs significantly contributes to more frequent social interactions and the establishment of weak and absent ties among older age residents.     

The global GIS: a case study

Geographic information systems (GIS) play a crucial role in the management of the environment and allocation of resources in many application domains. We discuss appropriate technologies and their requirements including the GIS technology issues such as data acquisition, database technology and interoperability tools as well as the availability of suitable models. In this paper, the project I-VOIR is discussed which is a prototype for GIS inquiries via the Internet for inland shipping traffic. Our conclusions are based on the evaluation of this project.     

An Exploratory Research on the Correlation Between Screen Time and Walking

With the revolution of information technology greatly changing contemporary’s lifestyle, smartphone becomes a necessity to more and more people, and individuals’ screen time is increasing as people are spending more time on the virtual world. Through literature review, this paper proposes a hypothesis that there is a correlation between smartphone screen time and walking step counts, which is verified through an exploratory research: data of walking step counts and screen usage were widely collected by online and onsite questionnaires, and the analyses reveal that 1) when daily screen time ranges from 4.99 to 15.25 hours, it is negatively correlated with daily walking step counts; 2) the respondents’ average daily screen time is 6.3 hours, more of which (2.8 hours) is spent on social Apps, and their average daily walking step counts are 6,750 (takes nearly 0.8 hour); 3) daily screen time and walking step counts at weekends are less than those on weekdays; 4) people with higher education level, higher income, or younger age use screen less daily; people with higher education level, lower exercise frequency, or younger age walk less daily, so these factors are likely to affect the correlation between daily screen time and daily walking step counts. The correlation of both behaviors and the affecting factors need to be further clarified, and the impact of physical environmental elements on walking also requires more attention.     

Thermal comfort and the integrated design of homes for older people with dementia

People with dementia may have an altered sensitivity to indoor environmental conditions compared to other older adults and younger counterparts. This paper, based on literature review and qualitative research, provides an overview of needs regarding thermal comfort and the design and implementation of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems for people with dementia and other relevant stakeholders through the combined use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and the Model of Integrated Building Design. In principle, older adults do not perceive thermal comfort differently from younger adults. Due to the pathology of people with dementia, as well as their altered thermoregulation, the perception of the thermal environment might be changed. Many people with dementia express their discomfort through certain behaviour that is considered a problem for both family and professional carers. Ethical concerns are raised as well in terms of who is in charge over the thermal conditions, and the protection against temperature extremes in hot summers or cold winters. When implementing heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems one should consider aspects like user–technology interaction, diverging needs and preferences within group settings, safety issues, and minimising negative behavioural reactions and draught due to suboptimal positioning of outlets. At the same time, technology puts demands on installers who need to learn how to work with customers with dementia and their family carers.     

The phenomenon of walking: diverse and dynamic

Everyday walking is a far-reaching activity with the potential to increase health and well-being in the general public. From a phenomenological perspective, walking can be seen as a function of being-in-the-world, where the landscape, a sense of place, and the moment are closely entwined with the walker’s own lived experiences. Using interviews with 73 walkers in a medium-sized town in Norway, this article explores the phenomenon of everyday walking. The data illustrate the multiple ways in which people emphasise well-being and ascribe meaning to their walking experiences, and how these ways may vary significantly during a life course, from day to day, and even within a single walk. Insights from this study may prove useful to policy-makers and administrative bodies in acknowledging people’s various needs and gains related to everyday walking, and hence for promoting a diversified management of walking within the field of health policy, as well as in urban planning for walkable cities.     

Environmental influences on indoor walking behaviours of assisted living residents

Regular walking behaviours can improve older people's physical, psychological and social health. This project examined the relationships between assisted living facilities’ design features and residents’ indoor walking behaviours through surveys and field evaluations. Surveys were conducted in 18 assisted living facilities in the US state of Texas. Researchers gathered information from 343 residents about their walking behaviours, participation in other activities, health and demographic status, and perceptions of the environment. Field evaluations were conducted to collect objective physical environment measures. Facility information was provided by the administrators. Multivariate hierarchical regression analysis showed significant influences of physical environments on indoor walking behaviours. Indoor recreational walking was related negatively to the number of stories of the building and positively to the perception of looped corridors. Different types of utilitarian walking, such as ‘walk to other activities’, ‘walk to front entry' and ‘walk to mailbox' were influenced by specific design features. The number of utilitarian walking types was marginally influenced by the number of stories of the building. These findings will help inform the design of activity-friendly assisted living facilities and the creation of health promotion programmes for frail older people.     

浅谈抢险调度信息化管理

文章简要介绍了佛山市南海燃气发展有限公司在抢险调度中如何应用信息化管理,采用燃气管网运行设备管理系统、地理信息系统、GPS抢险车辆定位系统、手机群呼对讲系统和SCADA远程监控系统5个系统做为帮手进行抢险调度管理。     

高雄捷运大寮主机厂基地土壤液化潜能评估分析

以GPS/GIS/RS科技整合应用 ,对大寮主机厂基地区域环境与其工址地层特性进行汇整分析。由于高雄捷运系统大寮主机厂为捷运总部及行控中心所在 ,故针对大寮主机厂厂址基础地层的潜在灾害特性进行调查分析研究 ,很有必要。本研究采用NJRA法结合Iwasaki深度加权法 ,并特别考虑细粒料含量、地表最大加速度与填土静态加载等不同参数值的影响 ,对该厂址基础地层液化潜能进行评估。其结果显示邻近孔号EB -19&EB -2 7的区域具有较高液化潜能 ,只有当PGA =0 .18g且填土高度达 3m时 ,厂址地层液化潜能可降低至低度液化潜能范围 ;若以PGA =0 .3 3g作分析时 ,厂址各分区均属极高度液化潜能范围。本研究最后汇整大寮主机厂区环境特性与其基础地层灾害分析结果 ,建立该区域地层潜在灾害数据库系统 ,以利于判定厂区基础地层潜在土壤液化区的灾害空间分布趋势与掌握其特性变异 ,并为相关单位提供大寮主机厂基础地层土壤液化防治决策参考。     

Integration of geographic information systems and computer vision systems for pavement distress classification

The main objective of this research work was to investigate the potential of integration of geographic information system (GIS), global positioning system (GPS) and computer vision system (CVS) for the purpose of flexible pavement distresses classifications and maintenance priorities. The classification process included distress type, distress severity level and options for repair. A system scheme that integrated the above-mentioned systems was developed. The system utilized the data collected by GPS and a PC-based vision system in a GIS environment. GIS Arcview software was used for the purpose of data display, query, manipulation and analysis.The developed system provided a safer pavement condition data collection technique, flexible data storage, archiving, updating and maintenance priorities updating. Maintenance priorities were assigned based on priority indices values computed by priority index (PI) or available budget criterion. This technique was cost-effective and offered wise-based decision making for different maintenance activities and programs.Using average daily traffic (ADT), distance from maintenance unit (R), pavement section area and pavement age, statistical models were developed to forecast pavement distress quantities. It was found that ADT and pavement age variables were the most significant factors in the distresses quantification.     

基于GPS和GIS技术的基本农田动态监测研究

基本农田保护对国家的粮食安全和社会稳定具有特殊意义,及时准确地获取基本农田的动态变化信息是基本农田保护的重要一环。本文提出利用动态差分GPS技术和GIS技术对基本农田土地变化进行定量监测。首先通过动态差分GPS技术精确获取基本农田保护区内土地利用现状数据,然后利用GIS空间分析方法对土地利用变化的数量和方向进行分析。实践结果表明利用GPS和GIS集成技术可以高精度、高效率和低成本地对基本农田动态变化信息进行及时监测。     

Walking behaviour and patterns of perceived access to neighbourhood destinations in older adults from a low-density (Brisbane,Australia) and an ultra-dense city (Hong Kong,China)

IntroductionHong Kong older adults have been found to accumulate high levels of walking compared to their Westerns counterparts living in low-density cities. These differences in walking could be attributed to differences in destination accessibility. However, between-city differences in older adults' walking and perceived destination accessibility have not been quantified. This study examined differences in walking and patterns of perceived destination accessibility within 5-, 10-, and 20-minute walk from home between older adults aged ≥65 years in Brisbane and Hong Kong.MethodsWe used data from epidemiological studies conducted in Brisbane (n = 793) and Hong Kong (n = 484) using comparable measures of perceived distance to 12 destinations and weekly minutes of walking for transport and recreation. Regression models accounting for neighbourhood-level clustering were used to estimate between-city differences in walking and access to specific destinations. Latent class analyses were used to identify city-specific patterns of destination accessibility.ResultsHong Kong older adults accumulated significantly more minutes of walking than their Brisbane counterparts and also reported higher accessibility to most destinations. The between-city differences in percentage of older adults with access to a diversity of destinations were particularly large for shorter distances (5- and 10-minute walk from home).ConclusionLow-density cities should provide ageing-friendly housing in the city centre with high levels of accessibility to relevant destinations and/or promote the implementation of urban planning policies that support the development of mixed land use and higher levels of residential density.     

Walkable streets: pedestrian behavior,perceptions and attitudes

Urban designers are interested in the environmental qualities of places that make them better for walking, not only as settings for physical activity, but also as sensorial and social settings. Research in walkability lacks qualitative studies that address the microscale analyses of the environment. This paper is an empirical examination of the relationship of the physical, land‐use, and social characteristics of the environment at the microscale to people's behavior and perceptions toward walking. Using the data from surveys and interviews, this research emphasizes the integration of user perceptions and subjective measures to understand the impact of environmental characteristics on walking behavior on Main Streets. Adding to previous research, this study demonstrates the significance of social qualities in supporting walking. The findings expand our understanding of the hierarchy and criteria of walking needs and suggest that, given a safe and comfortable setting, people look for usefulness, sense of belonging and pleasurability as additional and distinct needs to enhance their walking experience.     

Static and dynamic performance evaluation of a commercially-available ultra wideband tracking system

Locating and tracking resources (e.g., people, equipment, and materials) is critical in many industrial applications for monitoring productivity and safety. In construction, various technologies (e.g., global positioning systems (GPS), radio frequency identification (RFID) and radio frequency (RF) localization) have been proposed. However, the performance of these types of technologies is not well understood for this particular application. This paper presents a study for evaluating the static and dynamic performance of a commercially-available ultra wideband (UWB) tracking system in free space and under realistic construction environments. In addition, a static performance model for estimating position error as a function of receiver position and initial calibration error was also developed. Results and experiences are in particular useful for researchers or practitioners in need for adapting UWB technology for their application.     

加拿大3S技术的发展和应用

介绍了3S技术在加拿大的发展和应用情况.地理信息系统是空间信息管理的平台,在政府和许多行业中有广泛的应用,在互联网上掀起了电子地图和位置搜索的应用浪潮.遥感技术是信息采集的重要手段,在数据处理技术方面不断进步,广泛应用于城市和环境研究.全球定位系统是空间定位的重要工具,包括导航GPS和测量GPS两大应用领域.3S技术的综合应用,推动着一种以空间信息服务为特征和载体的产业G-business正在形成.     

The Connection Between Public Transit and Employment

Urban transit systems in most American cities…have become a genuine civil rights issue-and a valid one-because the layout of rapid-transit systems determines the accessibility of jobs to the Black community. If transportation systems in American cities could be laid out so as to provide an opportunity for poor people to get meaningful employment, then they could begin to move into the mainstream of American life. A good example of this problem is my home city of Atlanta, where the rapid-transit system has been laid out for the convenience of the white upper-middle-class suburbanites who commute to their jobs downtown. The system has virtually no consideration for connecting the poor people with their jobs. There is only one possible explanation for this situation, and that is the racist blindness of city planners. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1986, pp. 325-326)

Much attention is being paid to the role of public transit in employment-related mobility for urban residents, yet there is very little evidence of the degree to which one affects the other. Little research has focused on how labor participation is affected by increases in urban workers' access to public transportation. Research on the spatial mismatch hypothesis has dealt with the relationship between labor participation and the spatial separation of workers' residences from suitable jobs; however, most analyses concentrate on commuting time or distance as a function of auto use. Few studies have considered the impacts of public transportation on labor participation. This article describes a study analyzing the locations and employment characteristics of workers with varying levels of access to public transit. Using census data and a variety of spatial measures generated by a geographic information system (GIS), a two-stage least squares regression was used to estimate the relationship of access to public transit with labor participation levels for Portland, Oregon, and Atlanta, Georgia. The results suggest that access to public transit is a significant factor in determining average rates of labor participation within these two cities.