直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油燃烧特性的研究

研究了柴油机燃用0#柴油和生物柴油的燃烧放热规律。通过对燃烧特征参数的计算分析,发现生物柴油的燃烧始点有所提前,滞燃期缩短;燃烧初期放热尖峰出现时刻对应的曲轴转角有所提前,瞬时放热率峰值下降;燃烧持续期延长。同时还比较了柴油机燃用生物柴油和0#柴油的经济性和排放特性,发现燃油消耗率上升12％左右,而各种排放污染物除NOx略有上升外,CO、HC和颗粒物(PM)均显著下降。     

乙醇柴油添加剂对柴油机颗粒排放及其挥发氧化特性影响

研究了乙醇柴油及燃油添加剂对柴油机颗粒排放及其挥发氧化特性的影响。采用热重分析法分析柴油机燃用不同燃料时排气颗粒物的可溶性有机物挥发性、碳烟样品和颗粒物氧化特性。研究结果表明:含添加剂的乙醇柴油颗粒物排放远低于0#柴油的颗粒物排放,降幅在50%以上。颗粒在热失重过程中经历颗粒失水干燥、可溶性物质氧化和烟煤基元发生氧化反应三个阶段。与0#柴油相比,乙醇柴油及柴油添加剂能降低颗粒物中的可挥发部分质量份额,且乙醇柴油的效果最佳。乙醇及柴油添加剂有助于降低碳烟起燃温度和最大氧化速率对应的温度;与0#柴油相比、N5E10、N5E10XY0.1%和N5E10CN0.3%的碳烟最大氧化速率对应的温度依次降低了39、92、146℃。     

共轨柴油机燃用不同配比生物柴油的性能与排放特性

对某共轨柴油机燃用石化柴油、生物柴油及其混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放特性进行了研究.在未对原机做任何改动的情况下,分别燃用了0%、5%、10%、20%和100%的5种不同体积配比的餐饮废油制生物柴油与石化柴油的混合燃料,分析比较了不同生物柴油配比对发动机功率、燃油消耗率,以及CO、HC、NO_x和烟度排放的影响.研究表明:共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油与石化柴油混合燃料后,功率略有下降,燃油消耗率有所上升;烟度、CO和HC排放减少,且随着生物柴油掺混比例的升高而降低;NO_x排放上升,且随着生物柴油掺混比例的升高而增加.     

变速柴油发电机组最佳运行转速研究

燃油经济性好是变速柴油发电机组的一大优势,而柴油机运行转速与燃油消耗率密切相关。以变速柴油发电机组为研究对象,建立了变速柴油发电机组的数学模型,以燃油消耗率最低为准则,用数学模型寻优和试验数据寻优两种方法开展了变速柴油发电机组的最佳运行转速研究;并进行了变速柴油发电机组油耗试验。试验结果表明:在最佳运行转速曲线上运行的变速柴油发电机组的燃油消耗率小于恒速模式下运行时的燃油消耗率;试验数据寻优得到的最佳运行转速曲线的节油性更好。     

含氧燃料对柴油机尾气中颗粒理化特性的影响

利用气相色谱仪对米糠油生物柴油(rice bran biodiesel,RBD)的组成进行了研究,测定了RBD的各项特性,结果显示其各项指标均符合国际相关生物柴油标准.在发动机台架上分别燃用0#柴油、RBD和RBD-乙醇混合燃料,利用扫描电镜和X衍射能谱仪研究了3种不同燃料对柴油机颗粒物排放的影响.研究结果表明:在发动机不作任何调整的情况下,燃用RBD和混合燃料可以有效地降低柴油机的碳烟排放,混合燃料的有效燃油消耗率上升最高;燃用0#柴油生成的颗粒物形貌呈疏松状球形粘结形态,RBD颗粒物粒径较小,排列比较细密;燃用混合燃料生成的颗粒物样品呈片状无定型结构;燃用RBD和混合燃料生成的颗粒物样品中金属元素和氧元素含量较高.     

非道路用柴油机燃油消耗率分析及预测

通过对国内外非道路用柴油机样本的分析和统计,得到了加权燃油消耗率与标定工况燃油消耗率的关系以及各类柴油机加权燃油消耗率与其标定功率的数学模型和标准差,为预测及评估柴油机的燃油消耗率水平提供了依据;首次对加权燃油消耗率的不确定度因素进行了分析,根据建立的数学模型评估了国内外非道路用柴油机的燃油消耗率水平,研究结果表明:与国外非道路用柴油机相比,国内非道路用柴油机燃油消耗率还存在明显的差距.     

生物柴油应用研究

在一台小型直喷单缸柴油机上进行了黄连木生物柴油和麻风树生物柴油的性能和排放试验,探讨了传统柴油机燃用生物柴油的可行性以及生物燃料对柴油机性能和排放的影响。试验结果表明,采用生物柴油后燃油消耗率略高于0^#柴油,但CO,HC,NOx排放均有一定程度的降低,并能有效降低碳烟排放,在大负荷时效果尤为显著。     

柴油机掺烧DMM的燃烧和排放性能影响研究

研究了柴油掺混不同比例二甲氧基甲烷(0～50%DMM)对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响.结果表明,在发动机燃油和燃烧系统不作变动的条件下,随着二甲氧基甲烷在柴油中添加比例的增加,排气烟度逐步下降,有效燃油消耗率有所增加,但折算成当量柴油的有效燃油消耗率降低,热效率增加.同一工况下,发动机排气碳烟和CO排放随二甲氧基甲烷的加入而降低,NOx则无明显的上升,HC排放随着二甲氧基甲烷的增加略有增加.混合燃料的放热规律与纯柴油相比预混燃烧量增加,扩散燃烧速率加快,发动机最高燃烧压力、放热率偏高.柴油掺混30%DMM的混合燃料能够取得较好的燃油经济性和排放水平.     

高原环境下聚甲氧基二甲醚对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响

以掺混不同体积分数（10%、20%）聚甲氧基二甲醚（polymethoxydimethyl ethers, PODE）的柴油为含氧燃料,采用某军用泵机组柴油机进行发动机台架试验,通过控制进气压力模拟高原地区柴油机进气条件,模拟海拔0~4 000 m时含氧燃料对发动机外特性、燃烧特性和排放性能的影响。结果表明,低海拔下,该柴油机燃用掺混PODE燃料后功率低于燃用0号车用柴油,燃油消耗率升高。随海拔升高,柴油机燃用掺混PODE燃料后功率和燃油消耗率逐渐接近燃用纯柴油。当海拔达到4 000 m时,柴油机燃用掺混20%体积分数的PODE燃料后功率平均增加3.6%,燃油消耗率平均下降1.2%。海拔4 000 m、柴油机2 000 r/min、100%负荷下,燃用掺混PODE燃料后燃烧位移前移,缸压峰值、放热率峰值提高,滞燃期和燃烧持续期缩短。不同海拔下,燃用掺混PODE燃料后CO、HC排放显著降低,NO_x排放有所增加。     

燃用植物油柴油发动机性能研究

在同一台直喷式增压柴油发动机上分别进行了O#柴油和葵花籽油的性能和排放试验。通过实验结果分析,发现葵花籽油的滞燃期比O#柴油长,有效燃油消耗率高于0#柴油,但是在高速高负荷工况下除了NOx排放略高于O#柴油,其HC、CO排放及烟度值明显优于O#柴油。     

Performance of a stationary diesel engine using vapourized ethanol as supplementary fuel

The modification and testing of a compression ignition engine using diesel and vapourized ethanol as fuel has been carried out. Tests on the engine fuelled with diesel only were made, and the performance evaluated to form a basis for comparison for those of ethanol–diesel dual fuelling.

Modifications were made in the introduction of the ethanol and air. A carburettor was used to vapourize aqueous ethanol into the engine. The effect of preheating the intake ethanol–air mixture was also investigated. Performance was evaluated in terms of engine horsepower, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, the exhaust gas temperature, lubricating oil temperature and exhaust emissions. The vapourized ethanol partially reduced diesel fuel consumption but also increased total fuel delivery. Vapourization increased power output, thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions but lowered exhaust temperature and lubricating oil temperatures.     

Performance of jatropha oil blends in a diesel engine

Results are presented on tests on a single-cylinder direct-injection engine operating on diesel fuel, jatropha oil, and blends of diesel and jatropha oil in proportions of 97.4%/2.6%; 80%/20%; and 50%/50% by volume. The results covered a range of operating loads on the engine. Values are given for the chemical and physical properties of the fuels, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, engine torque, and the concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen in the exhaust gases. Carbon dioxide emissions were similar for all fuels, the 97.4% diesel/2.6% jatropha fuel blend was observed to be the lower net contributor to the atmospheric level. The trend of carbon monoxide emissions was similar for the fuels but diesel fuel showed slightly lower emissions to the atmosphere. The test showed that jatropha oil could be conveniently used as a diesel substitute in a diesel engine. The test further showed increases in brake thermal efficiency, brake power and reduction of specific fuel consumption for jatropha oil and its blends with diesel generally, but the most significant conclusion from the study is that the 97.4% diesel/2.6% jatropha fuel blend produced maximum values of the brake power and brake thermal efficiency as well as minimum values of the specific fuel consumption. The 97.4%/2.6% fuel blend yielded the highest cetane number and even better engine performance than the diesel fuel suggesting that jatropha oil can be used as an ignition-accelerator additive for diesel fuel.     

Performance characteristics of a low heat rejection diesel engine operating with biodiesel

Vegetable oils are a promising alternative among the different diesel fuel alternatives. However, the high viscosity, poor volatility and cold flow characteristics of vegetable oils can cause some problems such as injector coking, severe engine deposits, filter gumming, piston ring sticking and thickening of lubrication oil from long-term use in diesel engines. These problems can be eliminated or minimized by transesterification of the vegetable oils to form monoesters. These monoesters are known as biodiesel. The important advantages of biodiesel are lower exhaust gas emissions and its biodegradability and renewability compared with petroleum-based diesel fuel. Although the transesterification improves the fuel properties of vegetable oil, the viscosity and volatility of biodiesel are still worse than that of petroleum diesel fuel. The energy of the biodiesel can be released more efficiently with the concept of low heat rejection (LHR) engine. The aim of this study is to apply LHR engine for improving engine performance when biodiesel is used as an alternative fuel. For this purpose, a turbocharged direct injection (DI) diesel engine was converted to a LHR engine and the effects of biodiesel (produced from sunflower oil) usage in the LHR engine on its performance characteristics have been investigated experimentally. The results showed that specific fuel consumption and the brake thermal efficiency were improved and exhaust gas temperature before the turbine inlet was increased for both fuels in the LHR engine.     

The comparison of engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of sesame oil–diesel fuel mixture with diesel fuel in a direct injection diesel engine

The use of vegetable oils as a fuel in diesel engines causes some problems due to their high viscosity compared with conventional diesel fuel. Various techniques and methods are used to solve the problems resulting from high viscosity. One of these techniques is fuel blending. In this study, a blend of 50% sesame oil and 50% diesel fuel was used as an alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with the ordinary diesel fuel in a diesel engine. The experimental results show that the engine power and torque of the mixture of sesame oil–diesel fuel are close to the values obtained from diesel fuel and the amounts of exhaust emissions are lower than those of diesel fuel. Hence, it is seen that blend of sesame oil and diesel fuel can be used as an alternative fuel successfully in a diesel engine without any modification and also it is an environmental friendly fuel in terms of emission parameters.     

6BTA 5.9 G2-1 Cummins engine performance and emission tests using methyl ester mahua (Madhuca indica) oil/diesel blends

Neat mahua oil poses some problems when subjected to prolonged usage in CI engine. The transesterification of mahua oil can reduce these problems. The use of biodiesel fuel as substitute for conventional petroleum fuel in heavy-duty diesel engine is receiving an increasing amount of attention. This interest is based on the properties of bio-diesel including the fact that it is produced from a renewable resource, its biodegradability and potential to exhaust emissions. A Cummins 6BTA 5.9 G2- 1, 158 HP rated power, turbocharged, DI, water cooled diesel engine was run on diesel, methyl ester of mahua oil and its blends at constant speed of 1500 rpm under variable load conditions. The volumetric blending ratios of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel were set at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 100. Engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature) and emissions (CO, HC and NOx) were measured to evaluate and compute the behavior of the diesel engine running on biodiesel. The results indicate that with the increase of biodiesel in the blends CO, HC reduces significantly, fuel consumption and NOx emission of biodiesel increases slightly compared with diesel. Brake specific energy consumption decreases and thermal efficiency of engine slightly increases when operating on 20% biodiesel than that operating on diesel.     

微乳柴油的配制及其性能研究

根据微乳化理论选择油酸作为表面活性剂配制了多种配比的甲醇-柴油微乳化燃油、乙醇-柴油微乳化燃油,并讨论温度对微乳柴油稳定性的影响及在油酸中加入AEO2对复合表面活性剂总用量的影响。研究了该微乳化燃油体系的拟三元相图及在BH175F-1型柴油机上燃用的实验结果和尾气排放情况,结果表明,尾气中烟度、NO含量和CH含量大大低于0#纯柴油,烟度降低率最高可达50%,NO含量可下降35.4%,对环境保护十分有利。     

Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine

In the present investigation the high viscosity of the jatropha curcas oil which has been considered as a potential alternative fuel for the compression ignition (C.I.) engine was decreased by blending with diesel. The blends of varying proportions of jatropha curcas oil and diesel were prepared, analyzed and compared with diesel fuel. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of biodiesel and jatropha oil was also studied. The performance of the engine using blends and jatropha oil was evaluated in a single cylinder C.I. engine and compared with the performance obtained with diesel. Significant improvement in engine performance was observed compared to vegetable oil alone. The specific fuel consumption and the exhaust gas temperature were reduced due to decrease in viscosity of the vegetable oil. Acceptable thermal efficiencies of the engine were obtained with blends containing up to 50% volume of jatropha oil. From the properties and engine test results it has been established that 40–50% of jatropha oil can be substituted for diesel without any engine modification and preheating of the blends.     

The effect of clove oil and diesel fuel blends on the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a compression-ignition engine

Diesel engines provide the major power source for transportation in the world and contribute to the prosperity of the worldwide economy. However, recent concerns over the environment, increasing fuel prices and the scarcity of fuel supplies have promoted considerable interest in searching for alternatives to petroleum based fuels. Based on this background, the main purpose of this investigation is to evaluate clove stem oil (CSO) as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. To this end, an experimental investigation was performed on a four-stroke, four-cylinder water-cooled direct injection diesel engine to study the performance and emissions of an engine operated using the CSO–diesel blended fuels. The effects of the CSO–diesel blended fuels on the engine brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), specific energy consumption (SEC), exhaust gas temperatures and exhaust emissions were investigated. The experimental results reveal that the engine brake thermal efficiency and BSFC of the CSO–diesel blended fuels were higher than the pure diesel fuel while at the same time they exhibited a lower SEC than the latter over the entire engine load range. The variations in exhaust gas temperatures between the tested fuels were significant only at medium speed operating conditions. Furthermore, the HC emissions were lower for the CSO–diesel blended fuels than the pure diesel fuel whereas the NO_x emissions were increased remarkably when the engine was fuelled with the 50% CSO–diesel blended fuel.     

Increasing the efficiency of a diesel engine running on biodiesel through butanol fumigation

A single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine was tested with regular diesel oil, neat Jatropha biodiesel, and biodiesel with butanol injection into the inlet manifold. An engine fueled with neat biodiesel showed 5% reduction of the fuel conversion efficiency and 17% increase in specific fuel consumption relative to diesel oil. With butanol injection at a rate of 25% of the total fuel consumption, the efficiency was equivalent to that of diesel oil and specific fuel consumption was less than that of neat biodiesel. Engine emissions with biofuel were improved except for carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. It was concluded that the diesel engine can operate on the neat biofuel (biodiesel plus alcohol) with the fuel conversion efficiency equivalent to that of the diesel oil.     

Experimental investigations of performance and emissions of Karanja oil and its blends in a single cylinder agricultural diesel engine

An experimental investigation has been carried out to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine fuelled with Karanja oil and its blends (10%, 20%, 50% and 75%) vis-a-vis mineral diesel. The effect of temperature on the viscosity of Karanja oil has also been investigated. Fuel preheating in the experiments – for reducing viscosity of Karanja oil and blends has been done by a specially designed heat exchanger, which utilizes waste heat from exhaust gases. A series of engine tests, with and without preheating/pre-conditioning have been conducted using each of the above fuel blends for comparative performance evaluation. The performance parameters evaluated include thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), and exhaust gas temperature whereas exhaust emissions include mass emissions of CO, HC, NO and smoke opacity. These parameters were evaluated in a single cylinder compression ignition engine typically used in agriculture sector of developing countries. The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline data of mineral diesel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions, when lower blends of Karanja oil were used with preheating and also without preheating. The gaseous emission of oxide of nitrogen from all blends with and with out preheating are lower than mineral diesel at all engine loads. Karanja oil blends with diesel (up to 50% v/v) without preheating as well as with preheating can replace diesel for operating the CI engines giving lower emissions and improved engine performance.