Dynamic tensile behavior of multi phase high yield strength steel

Results of uni-axial tensile testing of multi phase 800 High Yield strength steel (MP800HY) at different strain rates (0.001–750 s⁻¹) are reported here. Flat specimens having gauge length 10 mm, width 4 mm and thickness 2 mm were tested to determine the mechanical properties of MP800HY under tensile loads. The quasi-static tests (0.001 s⁻¹) were performed on electromechanical universal testing machine, whereas, hydro-pneumatic machine and modified Hopkinson bar apparatus were used for testing at intermediate (5 s⁻¹, 25 s⁻¹) and high strain rates (250 s⁻¹, 500 s⁻¹, 750 s⁻¹) respectively. Based on the experimental results, the material parameters of existing Cowper–Symonds and Johnson–Cook models are determined. These models fit the experimental data well in the plastic zone. The fracture surfaces of the broken specimens are studied from their fractographs taken by scanning electron microscope (SEM).     

Low-frequency digital phase meter

Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 48–50, April, 1992.     

Dynamic behavior of electro-optic and strain-optic effects in ferroelectrics with diffuse phase transitions

The transverse electro-optic effect under the step-function electric field in PMN single crystals and PLZT ceramics has been investigated. The time and temperature dependences of the electro-optic coefficients g₁₁–g₁₂ and R₁₁–R₁₂ have been determined. The strain-optic contribution to the total electro-optic effect has been evaluated. The influence of the polar phase regions on the electro-optic properties and their clamping is discussed.     

Dynamic analysis of a bistable actuator for digital hydraulics

A fast and small electromagnetic actuator, which requires a small amount of work to switch between two stable positions, for the use in digital hydraulics, is presented. A dynamic study of the bistable actuator as part of a new kind of hydraulic on/off valve is carried out. A prototype is built and measured to verify the analysis. The results show that with careful elaboration the design is feasible. Furthermore, the response times depend on driving frequencies and an optimal current density for minimal energy consumption in cyclic action can be found. A single on/off valve is a critical part of a digital hydraulic system.     

Dynamic behavior of a bi-material interface-cracked plate

The hyper-singular traction boundary integral equation method (BIEM) has been developed to analyze the dynamic behavior of two-dimensional finite bi-material plates with one or more interface cracks under uniform time-harmonic tension. The multi-region BEM technique is employed. Fracture parameters and scattered wave field far from the crack-tips are computed. The numerical results show the dependence of these dynamic characteristics on the frequency of the applied load, on the Dundurs bi-material constants, on the crack length and on the existence of other neighboring cracks.     

Dynamic phasor and frequency estimator for phasor measurement units

Synchrophasors and frequency estimations play an increasingly important role in power systems. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) may introduce errors into phasor and frequency estimations under dynamic conditions, such as power oscillation. A dynamic phasor and frequency estimator for phasor measurement units (PMUs) is proposed to improve accuracy by considering dynamic characteristics of power systems expressed as Taylor derivatives. Firstly, phasor estimations of sequence components of diffident data windows are attained via DFT. Secondly Taylor derivatives, expressed by adjacent phasors at different data windows, are employed to improve accuracy of estimations by reassigning estimations with the knowledge of dynamic characteristics. Finally, dynamic characteristics of positive sequence components are applied to estimate the fundamental frequency with less delay compared to a state-of-the-art algorithm, phasor-based synchronised frequency measurement (PSFM). To verify the performance, a set of digital dynamic tests and a power oscillation model using PSCAD/EMTDC are presented. The simulation results show that proposed algorithm can achieve highly accurate estimations of phasor and frequency over a wide range of dynamic conditions. Even though a minor increase in calculation burden is required, this technique provides accurate phasor and frequency estimations without changing the legacy structure of PMU devices. Additionally, it has been found that proposed algorithm really meets the needs of online applications.     

A digital phase meter for a computerized laser rangefinder

Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 45–46, November, 1990.     

转子-不对中花键联轴器系统动力学特性研究

推导了花键联轴器不对中啮合力模型,基于有限元分析建立了考虑花键联轴器不对中效应的转子系统动力学方程,数值计算模拟出不对中啮合力对转子-花键联轴器系统动力学特性影响规律。理论分析和仿真结果表明：花键联轴器不对中啮合力与联轴器的结构参数、传递扭矩、静态不对中和动态振动位移等有关,且联轴器的刚度并非一个恒定的常数,其与动态振动位移有关,并依赖于静态不对中。系统动力学特性表现为：花键联轴器连接的转子系统没有不对中时,系统的响应以1倍频为主;存在不对中时,响应出现2倍频;不对中量增加时,响应的轴心轨迹偏离原点,且各频率成分的幅值增加,系统的振动变得复杂。研究结果可以为花键联轴器连接的转子系统的不对中故障诊断提供依据。     

Phase-shifting digital holography with a phase difference between orthogonal polarizations

Phase-shifting digital holography with a phase difference between orthogonal polarizations is proposed. The use of orthogonal polarizations can make it possible to record two phase-shifted holograms simultaneously. By combining the holograms with the distributions of a reference wave and an object wave, the complex field of the object's wavefront can be obtained. Preliminary experimental results are shown to confirm the proposed method.     

Hybrid optical-digital signal processing applied to an optimal nonlinear phase estimator

An electrooptical realization of an optimal phase estimator for phase modulated communication signals is described in this work. The realization uses an electrooptical processor to perform a 1-D convolution in a 2-D space and a computer to complete the calculations. The processor is a realization of the time domain recursive nonlinear filter. This paper describes the nonlinear filter theory, the electrooptical realization,and the performance of the processor.     

A digital frequency independent phase meter

A digital, frequency-independent phase meter is described. It makes use of pulses derived from the multiplication of the frequency of the reference input signal as its clock pulses instead of conventional crystal controlled clock generators. Advantages of the meter include simplicity and the elimination of gating error. The main source of error for this circuit is harmonic distortion of the input signals     

Perfected digital method of measuring phase fluctuations

Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 5, pp. 45–46, May, 1990.     

Temporal phase unwrapping of digital hologram sequences

A method for recording and evaluating digital image-plane holograms is presented. Hundreds of holograms of an object that has been subjected to dynamic deformation (e.g., vibrations) are recorded. The phase of the wave front is calculated from the recorded holograms by use of a two-dimensional digital Fourier-transform method. By temporal phase unwrapping it is possible to determine the absolute deformation (included the direction of motion) of the object. Experimental results are presented, and the advantages of temporal phase unwrapping compared with spatial phase unwrapping are discussed.     

Assessment of autonomous phase unwrapping of isochromatic phase maps in digital photoelasticity

Photoelasticity is the only whole-field experimental technique which can analyse both 2-D and 3-D elasticity problems. In digital photoelasticity one gets two phase maps, one corresponding to principal stress direction (isoclinic) and the other corresponding to principal stress difference (isochromatic). The phase maps for both isoclinics and isochromatics are to be unwrapped differently for obtaining continuous phase values. Autonomous phase unwrapping is one of the challenging issues and this paper focuses on recent advances on isochromatic phase map unwrapping. A comparative study of different autonomous phase unwrapping algorithm is done by solving a bench mark problem and a stress frozen slice with cut-outs. The need for domain delimiting in addition to domain masking is brought out while using autonomous phase unwrapping algorithms.     

Purely numerical compensation for microscope objective phase curvature in digital holographic microscopy: influence of digital phase mask position

Introducing a microscope objective in an interferometric setup induces a phase curvature on the resulting wavefront. In digital holography, the compensation of this curvature is often done by introducing an identical curvature in the reference arm and the hologram is then processed using a plane wave in the reconstruction. This physical compensation can be avoided, and several numerical methods exist to retrieve phase contrast images in which the microscope curvature is compensated. Usually, a digital array of complex numbers is introduced in the reconstruction process to perform this curvature correction. Different corrections are discussed in terms of their influence on the reconstructed image size and location in space. The results are presented according to two different expressions of the Fresnel transform, the single Fourier transform and convolution approaches, used to propagate the reconstructed wavefront from the hologram plane to the final image plane.     

Dynamic behavior of a masonry civic belfry under operational conditions

Slender structures, such as towers, are characterized by a high sensitivity to dynamic excitation. As a consequence, meaningful information about their behavior under operational conditions can be obtained by monitoring their response to ambient vibrations. Furthermore, significant stresses could be induced to the ancient masonry walls when the dynamic forces due to the swinging of a bell are acting. To assess the structural conditions of a case study representative of such type of structures and to plan an adequate retrofit, numerical analyses are carried out on a model whose modal parameters are calibrated based on the elaboration of the results from the ambient vibrations tests. In particular, full time histories analyses are performed using as input either the signal recorded while the bell was hit by a hammer, or the numerically calculated dynamic forces that would be produced by the actual swinging of the bell. The first set of analyses aims to investigate the capability of an equivalent linear elastic model to capture the actual dynamic response of the structure. The second set of analyses provides an evaluation of the tower response when dynamic loads of higher intensity and likely occurrence are considered.     

Dynamic mechanical behavior of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass composite

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to study the viscoelastic properties of a Zr_56.2Ti_13.8Nb_5.0Cu_6.9Ni_5.6Be_12.5 (LM2) bulk metallic glass (BMG) matrix composite. The temperature spectrum and the frequency spectrum were tested by three point bending. We revealed that the relaxation process of the LM2 composite is different from the single amorphous alloys. The unique superimposition of glass transition (α-relaxation) and β-phase transformation during DMA results in double peaks on the loss modulus evolution and a plateau on the storage modulus evolution. The numerical analysis of the isothermal spectrum suggests that the dynamic relaxation behavior of the LM2 composite cannot be described by a single classical relaxation model. A coupling model is instead proposed to well quantify the coupling effect of the α-relaxation and β-phase transformation in the LM2 BMG composite. Our findings provide an insight into understanding the more complex structural relaxation of BMG composite than monolithic BMGs.     

随机激励下导引头伺服机构动力学特性的研究

导引头伺服机构的动力学分析大多采用理想模型,较少考虑设计公差、制造误差、摩擦磨损等随机因素对系统动力学特性的影响,难以准确描述实际的动力学特性。因此建立了随机激励下伺服机构的非线性动力学模型,综合运用随机平均法和点插值无网格法推导和求解系统的随机动力学FPK(Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov)方程,计算得到了伺服机构的随机动力学响应,并且研究了摩擦参数对系统随机响应统计特征的影响,以为评价伺服机构的动力学特性提供理论依据。