C207铜基催化剂常压甲醇分解反应动力学(Ⅰ)本征动力学模型

在直流流动积分反应器中常压下研究了C207催化剂甲醇分解反应本征动力学。实验温度、气体组成与甲醇合成工业条件相接近。以实验測定数据应用改进高斯-牛顿法对动力学模型参数进行估值,获得甲醇分解反应本征动力学方程。     

浆态F—T法宏观反应动力学的参数估计

利用浆态床 F-T 合成反应,经长周期试验数据估算宏观反应动力学参数。用多组分数学模型,考虑了反应器内催化剂浓度间歇变化,并引入催化剂活性修正因子,采用正交排列与单纯形方法进行计算。最后用得到的动力学参数进行模拟计算,合成气转化率预报值与实测值相对误差2.5%,最大误差7.7%。可以认为采用的数学模型及动力学参数可以描述用沉淀铁催化剂,进行浆态床 F-T 合成反应的结果。     

超细粒子Fe-Mn工业催化剂F-T合成集总机理动力学(Ⅰ)反应机理与动力学模型描述式

为获得超细粒子Fe-Mn工业催化剂在F-T合成中CO转化的动力学模型描述式,为其工业放大过程中反应器设计提供依据,将F-T合成这样一个包括数百个反应的体系集总为F-T烃生成反应和水煤气转换（WGS）反应.这样,反应物CO的转化速率可近似地用烃生成速率与CO₂生成速率之和来表示.在碳化物机理基础上建立烃生成基元反应步骤,以决定烃“结构单元”CH^*₂生成的步骤为速控步骤建立动力学模型.同时,在甲酸盐机理基础上建立CO₂生成的基元反应步骤,以甲酸盐物种的生成步骤为速控步骤建立动力学模型.将二者组合,获得同时包括F-T烃生成反应和WGS反应的F-T合成集总动力学模型.     

中温变换BMC型催化剂的本征动力学研究

对国产BMC中温变换催化剂进行了本征动力学的实验研究与数学模型估值,得到了该催化剂上变换反应本征动力学方程和简化本征动力学方程,验证了研究结果的可靠性,为工业生产的操作优化与变换反应器的设计优化提供了理论基础。     

乙烯氧氯化反应动力学测定

介绍了采用浅床层固定床反应器,在近似工业条件下对AKZO公司开发的FPC-2LD催化剂进行了氧气法乙烯氧氯化制二氯乙烷的本征动力学研究,用多元线性回归数学模型对实验数据进行计算,建立了该催化剂的主反应动力学方程式。     

F-T合成蜡油加氢裂解反应过程研究进展

通过F-T合成生产液体燃料是转化利用煤、天然气和生物质并解决石油短缺问题的一种有效途径,采用轻度加氢裂解F-T合成过程中产生的高沸点蜡油可以生产清洁优质的柴油和喷气燃料。本文对近年F-T合成蜡油加氢裂解的研究进展进行了综述,简要介绍了F-T合成蜡油加氢裂解的反应机理,讨论了集总动力学和单事件动力学在F-T合成蜡油加氢裂解中的应用情况,对F-T合成蜡加氢裂解催化剂体系以及反应影响因素进行了分析。反应精馏工艺可以提高F-T合成蜡加氢裂解高转化率时柴油的选择性,除了开发更高效的催化剂以外,F-T合成蜡油加氢裂解反应精馏的研究与应用将具有重大前景。     

应用内循环无梯度反应器进行常压下变换反应宏观动力学研究

为实现工业变换反应器设计的模拟放大及设计、操作的最佳化,本文在研究中温变换B_(109)型催化剂本征动力学的基础上,采用内循环无梯度反应器,对工业原粒度中温变换B_(109)型催化剂在常压下进行了宏观动力学的研究,即对催化反应的内扩散过程进行深入研究。并运用电子计算技术,对实验数据进行回归整理,得到了宏观动力学经验方程,经工业变换炉核算,该宏观动力学方程具有良好的等效性。     

B112催化剂上一氧化碳变换反应工业过程动力学研究

采用“沿程积分拟合法”,在某小合成氨厂变换工段引出的支线上,利用绝热固定床反应器,对B112催化剂上一氧化碳变换反应进行了常压及加压工业过程的动力学研究。通过对不同操作条件下的床层轴向温度分布进行积分拟合,得到了适用于工业条件的过程动力学方程。一氧化碳变换反应 CO+H_2~O(?)CO_2+H_2 是石油化工和煤化工重要的化学反应。国内外学者对许多种铁系催化剂上的该反应进行了动力学研究,推荐了各自的本征或宏观动力学方程。本文采用“沿程积分拟合法”对国产B112催化剂上的一氧化碳变换反应进行工业过程动力学研究。按照该法的要求,实验中需采用与工业实际反应器(绝热固定床反应器)型式相同的小型反应器,在工业条件下,测定不同进口条件的反应器轴向温度分布及出口浓度,通过积分拟合获得工业过程动力学方程。     

绝热固定床反应器的乙醇脱水制乙烯反应工艺

为开发新型生物质乙醇脱水制乙烯反应工艺,采用了上海石油化工研究院开发的氧化铝催化剂,在绝热床反应器中进行了工艺实验优化研究。考察了不同水醇质量比、空速和反应器进口温度等对乙醇转化率和乙烯选择性的影响,应用该实验数据,结合前期建立的该催化剂上的乙醇脱水催化反应本征动力学,对该催化剂上的乙醇脱水催化反应本征动力学方程系数进行校正,计算出关于关键组分的该催化剂的效率因子,建立了更适宜于工业应用的宏观动力学模型,模型计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。相对于等温固定床反应工艺或单段绝热床反应工艺,所研发的氧化铝催化剂上四段绝热床反应工艺的能耗降低,乙醇转化率提高,乙烯选择性得到很大的提高,为工业反应器的优化设计以及放大提供必须的工艺设计数据。     

工艺条件对费托合成反应的影响研究

钴基催化剂以高活性、高重质烃选择性等特点成为F-T合成的重要催化剂体系。通过钴基催化剂在单管固定床反应器中的F-T合成反应,对不同工艺参数条件下气体转化率、所得产物进行色谱分析后,得到了合成的产物分布随工艺参数的变化规律。结果表明:低温、高压、低空速有利于长链碳氢化合物的生成。     

Establishment and solution of eight-lump kinetic model for FCC gasoline secondary reaction using particle swarm optimization

An eight-lump kinetic model contained 21 kinetic parameters was proposed to describe the secondary reaction process of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline. The model was solved by hybrid particle-swarm optimization (HPSO) which incorporated evolutionary strategies and the simulated annealing method into particle swarm optimization (PSO). A series of experiments were carried out in a riser reactor over an improved Y zeolite catalyst with different temperatures, catalyst to oil ratios and vapor residence times. The product distribution was obtained to estimate the 21 kinetic parameters of model; the calculated results obtained using the HPSO algorithm agreed well with the experimental results.     

Catalytic properties in deNOx and SO2–SO3 reactions

SCR-deNO_x reaction and SO₂–SO₃ oxidation tests were carried out by different research groups over fresh and used EUROCAT oxide samples in order to characterize the reactivity of the catalysts and to compare data obtained in several laboratories (Politecnico of Milan, Università of Salerno, ENEL of Milan, Boreskov Insitute of Catalysis).

Data are presented which indicate that the used EUROCAT catalyst is slightly more active both in the deNO_x reaction and SO₂–SO₃ oxidation than the fresh sample.

An analyses of data collected over honeycomb catalysts by means of a 2D, single-channel model of the SCR monolith reactor has been performed to evaluate the intrinsic kinetic constant of the deNO_x reaction; a satisfactory comparison has been obtained between estimation of the intrinsic kinetic constant and estimation of the intrinsic catalyst activity from data collected over powdered catalysts. A good agreement has been found in the experimental results collected in the different labs, both for the deNO_x reaction and SO₂–SO₃ oxidation.     

Kinetic Modelling in Automotive Catalysis

There are no general accepted models for CO and HC oxidation and NO _x reduction in automotive catalysis. Many factors affect the observed kinetics e.g. the catalyst preparation method and conditioning, the composition of the exhaust gases, mass and heat transfer, and all the reaction conditions that the catalyst has been exposed to prior to an experiment. However, most experiments are done under idealized conditions with a fresh catalyst and without water, SO₂, etc. Simple models will only describe the individual experiments and more complex models require determination of the parameters from independent measurements under realistic conditions. The kinetic models available in the literature are only reliable for the exact catalyst and reaction conditions for which they have been developed.     

Simulation of Hydroisomerization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Pentane into 2-Methylbutane on a Palladium-Containing Mordenite Catalyst

A stepwise mechanism for the isomerization of n-pentane into 2-methylbutane on a bifunctional palladium-containing mordenite catalyst is proposed and a corresponding kinetic model is built. Kinetic experiments are performed in a flow catalytic reactor. During the experiments, the reactor pressure varied from 10 to 30 atm, the reactor temperature varied from 603 to 640 K, and the hydrogen/n-pentane molar ratio varied from 2 to 10. The contact time (the ratio of the catalyst weight to the mass flow rate of the raw material) varied from 0.5 to 2 h. From the data of the kinetic experiment, the kinetic constants of the model and the constants of the distribution density of the observation errors are estimated by the maximum likelihood (ML) method. A sequential design of the kinetic experiment is implemented in order to precisely estimate the model constants and the kinetic model allowing us to predict the experimental results with an accuracy exceeding that of the starting experiments. The model is shown to be adequate for the experimental data obtained.     

以磷钨酸为催化剂的丁二酸二丁酯的合成及其动力学研究

采用磷钨酸为催化剂、甲苯为带水剂,以丁二酸和丁醇合成丁二酸二丁酯.利用均匀设计实验考察醇酸摩尔比、带水剂用量、催化剂用量、反应时间因素对收率的影响,筛选出最佳工艺条件:醇酸摩尔比为 3.0:1;催化剂用量为酸质量的1.1%;带水剂用量为体系总质量的22%;反应时间为2 h,丁二酸二丁酯收率可达99.47%以上.对实验数据进行回归处理,获得不同反应条件下动力学参数,结果表明,该酯化反应服从二级不可逆动力学模型.反应表观活化能Ea=80.435 kJ·mol-1,指前因子K0=7.066×108 mol-1·L·min-1.     

“State defining” experiment in chemical kinetics—primary characterization of catalyst activity in a TAP experiment

This paper presents a new strategy, “state-by-state transient screening”, for kinetic characterization of states of a multicomponent catalyst as applied to TAP pulse-response experiments. The key idea is to perform an insignificant chemical perturbation of the catalytic system so that the known essential characteristics of the catalyst (e.g. oxidation degree) do not change during the experiment. Two types of catalytic substances can be distinguished: catalyst state substances, which determine the catalyst state, and catalyst dynamic substances, which are created by the perturbation. The general methodological and theoretical framework for multi-pulse TAP experiments is developed, and the general model for a one-pulse TAP experiment is solved. The primary kinetic characteristics, basic kinetic coefficients, are extracted from diffusion-reaction data and calculated as functions of experimentally measured exit-flow moments without assumptions regarding the detailed kinetic mechanism. The new strategy presented in this paper provides essential information, which can be a basis for developing a detailed reaction mechanism. The theoretical results are illustrated using furan oxidation over a VPO catalyst.     

General expression for primary characterization of catalyst activity using TAP pulse response experiment

A general expression for primary catalyst characterization using TAP pulse response data has been obtained for porous and non-porous catalysts, and for one- and two-step irreversible catalytic reactions. Using this expression or the corresponding nomogram, the apparent kinetic parameter can be obtained.     

On the link between intrinsic catalytic reactions kinetics and the development of catalytic processes: Catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene

A procedure linking kinetic modeling of catalytic reactions to reactor modeling for different configurations is developed and applied to the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. The procedure is applied to four configurations, namely fixed bed with/without hydrogen selective membranes and bubbling fluidized beds with/without selective membranes. The kinetic data for the industrial catalyst are extracted from industrial fixed bed data using a rigorous heterogeneous model. The kinetic data for the three in-house prepared catalysts are obtained from the laboratory scale experiments using pseudo-homogeneous models.