Stability of Emulsions Containing Interesterified Fats Based on Mutton Tallow and Walnut Oil

In this work, modified fats were produced by enzymatic interesterification of mutton tallow with walnut oil. As a result of forcing the fat hydrolysis process by addition of water to the enzymatic preparation (11.5, 13.0, 14.5, 16.0 wt %), additional levels of polar fractions (MAGs, DAGs, and FFAs) were observed. The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability of emulsions of modified fats containing natural emulsifiers resulting from enzymatic interesterification of mutton tallow with walnut oil. The physical‐chemical parameters of obtained fats were determined in this study. Using several methods, the stability of the formed emulsions was also evaluated. The results showed that the fats resulting from interesterification in the presence of Lipozyme RM IM (immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei, Novozymes Bagsvaerd, Denmark) with 13.0, 14.5, and 16.0 wt % of water in the enzymatic preparation could form stable emulsion systems. On the other hand, the emulsion of the interesterification system where the amount of water in the enzymatic preparation was 11.5 % showed very low stability. The number of natural emulsifiers (MAGs and DAGs) that arose after interesterification was insufficient to stabilize the emulsion system. The work has shown the possibility of using interesterified fats as the fat phase. Emulsions formed on the basis of interesterified fats without any additional emulsifiers such as sunflower lecithin had properties comparable to emulsions containing mixed non‐interesterified fat containing additional emulsifier. The natural emulsifiers formed as part of enzymatic interesterification allow formation of stable emulsion systems.     

乌桕梓油脂肪酸组成分析

乌柏是我国四大木本油料之一,种子含油量高,乌桕梓油是由种仁榨取所得的液体油脂,是轻工业、食品和国防等行业的重要油源。乌桕梓油甲酯化后,利用100 m×0.25 mm的GC毛细管柱,气相色谱法测定乌桕梓油的脂肪酸组成。测定结果表明：乌桕梓油中饱和脂肪酸占10.68%,以棕榈酸含量最高,占7.52%。不饱和脂肪酸占89.13%,单不饱和脂肪酸占18.63%,以油酸含量最高,占14.55%;多不饱和脂肪酸占70.50%;其中含量最高的为人体所必需的脂肪酸亚油酸和α-亚麻酸,分别占30.77%和39.30%。还含有相当数量天然植物中少有的奇数碳原子脂肪酸十一烷酸,占0.29%。其中月桂烯酸（占3.19%）和十一烷酸未见报道。     

Enzymatic Interesterification Between Pine Seed Oil and a Hydrogenated Fat to Prepare Semi-Solid Fats Rich in Pinolenic Acid and Other Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Enzyme catalyzed interesterification (EIE) of pine seed oil (PSO) and a fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) were studied in batch reactors in solvent-free media to prepare different semisolid fats rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Optimal operation conditions found were: 10 % (w/w) enzyme loading, 75 °C and magnetic agitation at 300 rpm. Quasi-equilibrium conditions were reached after 2, 3 and 6 h, when immobilized lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme^® TL IM), Candida antarctica B. (Novozym^® 435) and Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme^® RM IM) from Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) were employed, respectively. Similar distributions of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid (UFA/SFA) residues along the glycerol backbone of the fat products were obtained with both non-selective and sn-1(3) regioselective lipases due to significant spontaneous acyl migration during the reaction. The products had higher UFA/SFA ratios at the sn-2 position (2.4–2.5, 1.4–1.7, and 0.5–0.8 for the trials involving 20, 40 and 70 % FHSBO, w/w, respectively) than the corresponding physical blends (0.8, 0.4 and 0.5, respectively). Fat products containing 3.1–11.6 % (w/w) pinolenic acid (Pn) and 16.1–35.7 % (w/w) linoleic acid (L) at the sn-2 position were prepared. The free acid contents of EIE products prepared with Lipozyme^® TL IM and Novozym^® 435 were 6.1–6.4 and 2.5–2.6, respectively. Residual activities of Lipozyme^® TL IM and Novozym^® 435 diminish by ca. 20 % after 9 reaction cycles.     

Lipase-Catalyzed Interesterification of Schizochytrium sp. Oil and Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols for Preparation of DHA-Rich Medium and Long-Chain Structured Lipids

DHA-rich medium and long-chain structured lipids (MLSL) were successfully synthesized by lipase-catalyzed interesterification of microbial oil from Schizochytrium sp. with medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) containing 99% of caprylic acid. Parameters that affected the reaction process were investigated and the conditions were selected as follows: lipase from Aspergillus oryzae, NS40086; reaction time, 8 hours; substrate molar ratio (MCT/microbial oil), 1:1; lipase load, 8 wt%; reaction temperature, 60 °C. Under these conditions, the proportions of MCT, MLSL, and long-chain triacylglycerols (TAG) in the final products were 12.5%, 62.8%, and 24.6%, respectively. The final product was then subjected to UPLC-MS/MS. Eighty-three types of TAG were identified, in which 54 types contained MCFA and MLSL species with relatively high contents were 22:6–8:0–8:0 (6.8%), 8:0–8:0–16:0 (7.5%), and 16:0–16:0–8:0 (7.5%). This product rich in MLSL with DHA and MCFA in the same TAG molecule is beneficial for fat digestion and absorption in infant and thus can increase the bioavailability of DHA at the molecular level.     

Influence of Nonionic Rosin Surfactants on Surface Activity of Silica Particles and Stability of Oil in Water Emulsions

Rosin as a natural product has become a source for production of less toxic bio-surfactants to produce emulsions which are widely used in various agriculture and food products, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In this respect, a nonionic surfactant was prepared from reaction of rosin acids and rosin maleic anhydride adduct with poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether 750 (MPEG 750) to produce a rosin ester (RMPEG 750). The surface activity parameters of the prepared surfactants, such as surface excess concentration (Γ _max), the area per molecule at interface (A _min), and the effectiveness of surface tension reduction, were measured to determine the micellization and adsorption characteristics of the prepared surfactants at the water/air interface. The adsorption of the prepared surfactants on the surface of either hydrophilic or hydrophobic silica particles was determined using a spectrophotometric method. Interfacial tension between water and toluene were measured to select the best condition to obtain toluene/water emulsion in the presence of modified solid silica particles. The effects of silica particle hydrophilicity and the surfactant concentrations on the surface, interfacial activity, and on the emulsion drop size were also investigated.     

Oxidative Stability of Commodity Fats and Oils: Modeling Based on Fatty Acid Composition

Although fatty acid (FA) composition is known to be of fundamental importance to oxidative stability in lipids, consistent quantifications of the magnitude of this association have proved elusive. The objective of this study was to quantify the relationship between FA composition and stability on a large scale within comparable lipid systems, with the numerical effects of individual outcome factors (e.g. output of a singular assay, oxidative products after a brief period of time, etc.) attenuated by incorporation into a comprehensive summation of stability. The stability of 50 plant‐based oils and fats was modeled according to FA composition, utilizing a quantification of stability that encompassed the complete oxidation curves of four distinct classical assays (two 1° and two 2° oxidation assessments) throughout 2 months of accelerated storage (60 °C). In our models, the concentrations of monounsaturated FA (MUFA), diunsaturated FA (DiUFA), and triunsaturated FA (TriUFA) together demonstrated a very strong correlation with our consolidated measure of stability (r² = 0.915; greater than observed with our assessments by individual assays). The resultant model also indicated the relative effect upon magnitude of oxidation of MUFA:DiUFA:TriUFA to be approximately 1:3:12—substantially greater than the 1:2:3 ratio of their relative unsaturation.     

Development of an Environmentally Acceptable Detergent Formulation for Fatty Soils Based on the Lipase from the Indigenous Extremophile Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain

A lipase derived from an indigenous extremophile Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated from rancid metalworking fluid was evaluated as a detergent additive. Applicability of the obtained enzyme as an additive in detergent formulations was confirmed by its implementation in the formulations of several new products differing in surfactant type and concentrations, demonstrating satisfactory performance in terms of degreasing efficiency and composition of the washing wastewater. The degreasing efficiency of different enzyme‐containing detergent formulations was studied on cotton fabric samples stained with triolein and compared to that of formulations containing only surfactant. The highest efficiency of the fatty soil removal in formulations with a low content of surfactants (0.4 %) was noted in the enzyme formulation containing Lutensol^® XP‐80 (degreasing efficiency >80 %) and Triton^® X‐100 (degreasing efficiency >60 %). An attempt was then made to optimize the composition of the enzyme formulation on the basis of one or both of these surfactants using statistically planned experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). Taking into consideration the environmental aspects and the shown detergency, it appeared that rather high degreasing effects were achieved in formulations based on a low quantities of Lutensol^® XP‐80 (0.4 %) at all pH values. However, pH seemed to have a notable effect since the degreasing efficiency significantly increased with increasing pH and the amount of the enzyme. Formulations having a moderate alkaline pH profile and higher amount of enzyme exhibited a high cleaning performance of fatty soil even at a low concentration of the surfactant.     

Benzyl and Methyl Fatty Hydroxamic Acids Based on Palm Kernel Oil as Chelating Agent for Liquid-Liquid Iron(III) Extraction

Liquid-liquid iron(III) extraction was investigated using benzyl fatty hydroxamic acids (BFHAs) and methyl fatty hydroxamic acids (MFHAs) as chelating agents through the formation of iron(III) methyl fatty hydroxamate (Fe-MFHs) or iron(III) benzyl fatty hydroxamate (Fe-BFHs) in the organic phase. The results obtained under optimized conditions, showed that the chelating agents in hexane extract iron(III) at pH 1.9 were realized effectively with a high percentage of extraction (97.2% and 98.1% for MFHAs and BFHAs, respectively). The presence of a large amount of Mg(II), Ni(II), Al(III), Mn(II) and Co(II) ions did affect the iron(III) extraction. Finally stripping studies for recovering iron(III) from organic phase (Fe-MFHs or Fe-BFHs dissolved in hexane) were carried out at various concentrations of HCl, HNO(3) and H(2)SO(4). The results showed that the desired acid for recovery of iron(III) was 5 M HCl and quantitative recovery of iron(III) was achieved from Fe(III)-MFHs and Fe(III)-BFHs solutions in hexane containing 5 mg/L of Fe(III).     

A New Antioxidant Active Film Based on HDPE and Peppermint Essential Oil for Packaging Soybean Oil

In this research, the effect of antioxidant active package was studied on oxidative stability of soybean oil at 40 °C during 2‐month storage. A synthetic antioxidant [Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT), 200 ppm] and peppermint essential oil (200 and 400 ppm) were added to antioxidant free soybean oil. To prepare active packages, the oil was filled in antioxidant active high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles containing synthetic antioxidant (3700 ppm) and the essential oil (3700 and 8400 ppm). Regarding peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values, the essential oil added to the oil delayed the oil oxidation more than BHT. In active packages, the synthetic and natural antioxidants migrated from the package to the oil (with 68 and 100 % migration rate, respectively) and retarded its oxidation over the storage time. However, no significant difference was observed between essential oil and BHT in antioxidant capacity for active packages. This study demonstrated that active packages containing antioxidants could be introduced as a good replacement for direct addition of synthetic antioxidants to the oil.     

Comments on a Method for Estimating Cloud Point and Cold Filter Plugging Point of Microalgal Oil Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Cloud points (CPs) of five vegetable oil fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and three biodiesel mixtures estimated by a thermodynamic equation were compared to measured CPs. The results indicate that estimated CP of peanut oil FAME are similar to measured CP and for three biodiesel mixtures a minimum total saturated FAME (SFAME) concentration is required for measured CPs to be closer to estimated CPs. These comparisons provide the basis for comments on using this method for estimating CPs of 22 test data of microalgae FAME. Cold filter plugging points (CFPPs) calculated by equation CFPP = 1.0191 × CP ? 2.9 with CPs verified from the thermodynamic equation was found to be identical to CFPPs reported in literature for 22 test data of microalgae FAME. Therefore these CPs were inserted in equation CFPP = CP ?4.5 for another set of CFPPs. Plots of CFPPs versus percent SFAME of the 22 test data of microalgae FAME (>12 %) for these two equations indicates that CFPP is controlled by 85 % of SFAME. Calculated CFPPs of vegetable oil FAME and biodiesel mixtures using both equations for estimated and measured CPs is discussed. Low concentrations of long chain saturated FAME impacting the estimation of CPs of vegetable oil FAME is used as a rationale to discuss the role of unidentified other species (OS) in estimation of CPs of microalgae FAME.     

基于PLC和组态软件的废旧轮胎炼油自控系统

介绍了基于PLC和组态软件的废旧轮胎炼油自控系统的原理、硬件系统和软件系统。该系统以PLC为核心,以触摸屏和工控机为人机界面,通过在组态软件的统一规划下,能够对液位、温度和压力进行实时监控和集中管理。     

基于RBF网络的油气管道侵入事件识别方法研究

研究一种用于油气管道安全分布式光纤预警系统的侵入事件识别方法.该预警系统基于Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪原理,沿管道同沟敷设光缆,利用其中的三条单膜光纤构成分布式微振动测试传感器.系统实时地检测管道沿途振动信号,采用基于小波包分析的"能量-状态"法获取振动信号特征,并通过RBF神经网络进行判断是否有侵入事件发生,随后对事发点进行定位.现场实验数据验证了该识别方法的有效性.     

Transdermal Delivery Systems for Ibuprofen and Ibuprofen Modified with Amino Acids Alkyl Esters Based on Bacterial Cellulose

The potential of bacterial cellulose as a carrier for the transport of ibuprofen (a typical example of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) through the skin was investigated. Ibuprofen and its amino acid ester salts-loaded BC membranes were prepared through a simple methodology and characterized in terms of structure and morphology. Two salts of amino acid isopropyl esters were used in the research, namely L-valine isopropyl ester ibuprofenate ([ValOiPr][IBU]) and L-leucine isopropyl ester ibuprofenate ([LeuOiPr][IBU]). [LeuOiPr][IBU] is a new compound; therefore, it has been fully characterized and its identity confirmed. For all membranes obtained the surface morphology, tensile mechanical properties, active compound dissolution assays, and permeation and skin accumulation studies of API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) were determined. The obtained membranes were very homogeneous. In vitro diffusion studies with Franz cells were conducted using pig epidermal membranes, and showed that the incorporation of ibuprofen in BC membranes provided lower permeation rates to those obtained with amino acids ester salts of ibuprofen. This release profile together with the ease of application and the simple preparation and assembly of the drug-loaded membranes indicates the enormous potentialities of using BC membranes for transdermal application of ibuprofen in the form of amino acid ester salts.     

Oleogels Based on Palmitic Acid and Safflower Oil: Novel Formulations for Ocular Drug Delivery of Voriconazole

The gelation of the vegetable oils using fat crystals has gained significant attention in recent years. These formulations have been explored for food and pharmaceutical applications. The alteration in the properties of palmitic acid (20–40% w/w) and safflower oil oleogels is extensively studied at microscopic and macroscopic levels. The thermal and mechanical stability of the oleogels is improved when the proportion of the palmitic acid content is increased. However, under stress, the fat crystal network junction zones of the oleogels with higher proportions of palmitic acid undergo disruption. The changes in the properties of the oleogels are due to the alteration in the molecular packing, crystallite size, and lattice strain of the fat crystal network. The alteration in the properties is governed by the changes in the extent of inter‐ and intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the components of the oleogels. The oleogels can demonstrate the ability to deliver the drug, voriconazole, across the corneal tissue. Further, the prepared oleogels are biocompatible to murine fibroblast cells and do not elicit adverse reactions when instilled within the ocular sac of rabbits. The results suggest that the oleogels can be tried as ocular delivery vehicles. Practical Applications: The delivery of drug into the internal structure of the eye is a great challenge for the ophthalmologists. Usually no more than 1% of the drug can be delivered through conventional techniques. Various researchers have proposed the use of lipid‐based ocular drug delivery systems. Some of them include solid liquid nanoparticles, emulsions, and liposomes. However, the preparation of these formulations requires a tedious process. Keeping this in mind, it is proposed to synthesize oleogel as probable ocular drug delivery system.     

Qualitative and Quantitative Real-Time PCR Methods for Assessing False-Positive Rates in Genetically Modified Organisms Based on the Microbial-Infection-Linked HPT Gene

The hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene as a selective marker is normally used in screening tests as a first step in detecting and quantifying genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in seeds, food, and feed materials. Nevertheless, if researchers only focus on the HPT gene, it is difficult to distinguish genetically modified (GM) crops from microbial infection, leading to miscalculation of the rate of GM materials in a given sample set. Here, we cloned the 7259 bp sequence carrying the HPT gene from soybean sprouts using the genome walking strategy. BLAST analysis revealed that this sequence was derived from plasmids naturally occurring in microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae or Salmonella sp. Using the reconstructed plasmid pFP-hpt, qualitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods were established, and 261 bp and 156 bp products were produced. The specificity of these assays was assessed against related pFP-hpt plasmids, plant species with important agronomic traits, and GM crops containing the HPT gene. No unexpected results were observed between samples using these qualitative PCR and qPCR methods. The sensitivity of this qualitative PCR assay was determined at 20 copies, while the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of qPCR were both 5 copies per reaction. Our in-house validation indicated that the amplification efficiency, linearity, and repeatability of this qPCR assay were in line with performance requirements. Furthermore, a qualitative and quantitative duplex PCR showed high reliability for the simultaneous detection of the HPT gene in a plant sample and environmental micro-organisms harboring the HPT gene in one PCR reaction. These qualitative PCR and qPCR assays were able to differentiate between plants infected with E. coli harboring the HPT gene from GM plants, indicating that these two methods are broadly applicable for routine GMO testing.     

Eco-Friendly Adhesives Based on Tannin and N,N-Bis(2-Hydroxy-Ethyl) Fatty Amides (HEFAs) from Non-Traditional Oils for Wood Bonding

Abstract

Wood adhesives were formulated using tannin and N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) fatty amides (HEFAs). The natural tannin-based adhesives can be used to replace formaldehyde-based adhesive systems and thereby reduce formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from adhesives used for plywoods. Performance properties of the adhesively bonded wood joints viz., tensile strength, impact strength and chemical resistance were measured. N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) fatty amides (HEFAs) from non-traditional oils were mixed with a pure tannin-based adhesive as a crosslinker, and this increased the tensile strength, impact strength and chemical resistance of wood joints. The results revealed that a high performance and eco-friendly adhesive system for wood can be successfully formulated using tannin and HEFA.     

Development of Bigels Based on Stearic Acid–Rice Bran Oil Oleogels and Tamarind Gum Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery Applications

In the last few decades, different types of gels have been widely studied as potential drug delivery carriers. In this paper, we propose the synthesis of an oleogel, a tamarind gum hydrogel, and bigels for applications as drug delivery matrices. The oleogel was prepared by mixing stearic acid and rice bran oil, whereas the hydrogel was prepared by mixing tamarind gum with a hydroethanolic solution. Hydrogel‐in‐oleogel and oleogel‐in‐hydrogel bigels were prepared by mixing the hydrogel and the oleogel. The suitability of the formulations for controlled drug release applications was thoroughly examined using microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, as well as mechanical, electrical, thermal, drug release, and antimicrobial studies. An alteration in the microarchitecture of the bigels is observed when the oleogel and the hydrogel are mixed in varying proportions. The associative interactions within the formulations increase with the increase in the hydrogel content. The bigels exhibit the presence of stearic acid melting endotherm (associated with the oleogel) and water evaporation endotherm (associated with the hydrogel). This study suggests that the hydrogel has lowest bulk resistance compared to the other formulations. The structural breakdown of the bigels is composition‐dependent, and the bulk electrical resistance is mainly governed by the oleogel phase. An increase in the diffusion of the moxifloxacin HCl from the formulations is observed with the increase of the hydrogel proportion, which in turn increases the rate of release of the drug. The proposed formulations also exhibit good antimicrobial efficacy. The analysis of these properties suggests that specific formulations can be tailored by need‐based applications of the drug release rate.     

Combined Urea Complexation and Argentated Silica Gel Column Chromatography for Concentration and Separation of PUFAs from Tuna Oil: Based on Improved DPA Level

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) isomers (22:5n‐6 and 22:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) derived from tuna oil were concentrated by three stages of urea fractionation at various crystallization temperatures and different fatty acid/urea ratios. Thereafter, polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrate containing comparatively enriched DPA levels was purified by argentated silica gel column chromatography. A product containing 22.2 ± 0.6 % EPA, 4.6 ± 0.0 % DPAn‐6, 5.9 ± 0.1 % DPAn‐3 and 42.3 ± 1.2 % DHA was obtained at 1:1.6 fatty acid/urea ratio (w/w) by crystallization at ?8 °C for 16 h, ?20 °C for 8 h, and ?8 °C for 16 h. A DPA isomer concentrate containing 26.1 ± 0.5 % DPAn‐6 and 22.3 ± 0.4 % DPAn‐3 was achieved by argentated silica gel chromatography in the 6 % acetone/n‐hexane solvent fraction (v/v), and the recovery of both fatty acids was 66.1 ± 3.2 and 70.7 ± 2.2 %, respectively. Furthermore, 91.9 ± 2.5 % EPA and 99.5 ± 2.1 % DHA with recoveries of 47.8 ± 2.0 and 56.7 ± 3.3 %, respectively, were obtained in various fractions.