热电联产燃料成本分摊的探讨

该文从热力学原理阐明热电联产，热电燃料(热量)分摊三种方法，并以实例计算表明，采用yong法分摊是科学合理的，符合市场经济规律。建议我国原计划经济时定的热量法分摊改为yong法分摊，供讨论。     

热电联产机组热电成本分摊理论综述

介绍热电联产机组热电成本分摊算法,分析比较每个热电成本分摊算法的优劣,指出现有分摊方法的不足,并提出热电成本分摊理论的进一步发展方向。     

热电联产系统热电分摊方法研究

通过对现有热电分摊法（热量法和实际焓降法）分析,运用能量有效系数的概念,将冷源损失合理分配给双方,该方法克服了热是法和实际焓降法的缺点,计算简便。     

热电联产热_电按质分摊法的热量平衡

在“热电联产热,电按质分摊数学模型的建立及修正方法”的基础上,对热电联产按质分摊法的热量平衡进行了分析,进一步证明了按质分摊法的正确性和合理性。     

热电联产系统供热比计算办法的探讨

通过对供热比分析计算来进行合理的热电分摊，克服传统的计算缺点；通过对热量法进行修正，将冷源损失合理地分配给供热、发电，以期正确确定供热、供电价格，调动热电双方的积极性。     

关于热电联产电厂热电单耗分摊的讨论

热电联产是节约能源,保护环境的一种重要供热方式,热电单耗分摊的重要性不容置疑,用建立在“现代节能理论”基础上的单耗分析理论对热电单耗进行分析,并与传统文革方法进行比较,得出了合理的结论。     

一种基于能量品位的燃气-蒸汽联合循环热电联产机组热电成本分摊方法

从能量品级的角度对燃气蒸汽联合循环热电联产过程中各种能量的利用价值进行量化分析,提出能量品位量化系数的概念,建立综合能量梯级利用与热电负荷关系的热电成本分摊计算模型,采用Ebsilon软件对热电联产机组进行稳态建模分析评估,对多组热电负荷组合工况采用不同成本分摊方法进行计算和比较,并得到最终的计算结果分析.该模型综合考...     

合理进行热电分摊 提高电厂经济效益

传统的热量法与实际焓降法不能照顾热电双方的利益。从这两种方法之间的关系入手，将热化发电冷源损失按质分摊，克服两种方法的缺点，对热量法进行修正，使之全面反映热电厂的生产特点，并举例说明它在生产中的应用情况，以期调动热电双方的积极性，激励热用户改造用热过程，降低用汽压力，促进热电厂热经济性不断提高。     

关于联产电厂热电电耗分摊的讨论

热电联产是节约能源、保护环境的一种重要供热方式，热电单耗分摊的重要性不容置疑。本文用建立在“现代节能理论”基础上的单耗分析理论对热电单耗进行分析，并与传统方法进行比较，得出合理的结论。     

确定热电联产中热、电分摊比的折合Yong—Yong法

在热电联中,热电分摊比的合理制定是直接关系到热电厂和热用户双方利益的一种重要的问题。根据在供热过程中起到的作用,引入折合Yong的要领,考虑热电联产机组供热能量中的可能能占机组总可用能的比例,建立折合Yong－Yong法热电分摊比分析模型,并对几种典型的机组的实际运行工况进行了计算,本文提出了折合Yong－Yong法克服了京城 缺陷,物理意义明确,简单适用。     

On the potential trade-offs between energy supply and end-use technologies for residential heating

In Sweden, where district heating accounts for a significant share of residential heating, it has been argued that improvements in end-use energy efficiency may be counter-productive since such measures reduce the potential of energy efficient combined heat and power production. In this paper we model how the potential trade-offs between energy supply and end-use technologies depend on climate policy and energy prices. The model optimizes a combination of energy efficiency measures, technologies and fuels for heat supply and district heating extensions over a 50 year period. We ask under what circumstances improved end-use efficiency may be cost-effective in buildings connected to district heating? The answer hinges on the available technologies for electricity production. In a scenario with no alternatives to basic condensing electricity production, high CO₂ prices result in very high electricity prices, high profitability of combined heat and power production, and little incentive to reduce heat demand in buildings with district heating. In contrast, in a scenario where electricity production alternatives with low CO₂ emissions are available, the electricity price will level out at high CO₂ prices. This gives heat prices that increase with the CO₂ price and make end-use efficiency cost-effective also in buildings with district heating.     

Compromises in energy policy—Using fuzzy optimization in an energy systems model

Over the last year in Germany a great many political discussions have centered around the future direction of energy and climate policy. Due to a number of events related to energy prices, security of supply and climate change, it has been necessary to develop cornerstones for a new integrated energy and climate policy. To supplement this decision process, model-based scenarios were used. In this paper we introduce fuzzy constraints to obtain a better representation of political decision processes, in particular, to find compromises between often contradictory targets (e.g. economic, environmentally friendly and secure energy supply). A number of policy aims derived from a review of the ongoing political discussions were formulated as fuzzy constraints to explicitly include trade-offs between various targets. The result is an overall satisfaction level of about 60% contingent upon the following restrictions: share of energy imports, share of biofuels, share of CHP electricity, CO₂ reduction target and use of domestic hard coal. The restrictions for the share of renewable electricity, share of renewable heat, energy efficiency and postponement of nuclear phase out have higher membership function values, i.e. they are not binding and therefore get done on the side.     

Power-to-gas leverage effect on power-to-heat application for urban renewable thermal energy systems

High Renewable Energy Sources (RES) share in energy systems entails environmental advantages in its use but drawbacks in its distribution, management and effectiveness. The interconnection between electricity, heat and transport sector seems to be a comprehensive answer. Its actual link is on-going and, currently, involves electricity and heat. Indeed, Power to Heat (P2H) is the strategy of meeting the heating demand by supplying electricity to feed Heat Pump (HP). Their higher efficiency compared to fossil fuel boilers requires a further check in the quality of the heating demand to meet, i.e. the temperature levels. Great part of current building stock calls for High Temperature (HT) Heat which is not affordable by HP maintaining their Coefficient of Performance. To face this issue, RES can be used to produce synthetic fuels for feeding existing energy systems, the so-called Power-to-Gas option. In this way, greening the fuel supply can be seen as the best option for meeting HT heating demand while, Medium and Low Temperature are met by HP. Therefore, two technological scenarios, P2H and its combination with P2G, are presented and assessed in three reference Urban Energy Systems. The authors investigated on the impact of RES share increase from 25% up to 50% in the electricity mix with the objective function of Primary Energy Consumption (PEC). The outcomes of twenty-four energy scenarios, eight for each Reference City were assessed also through the value of delivered Renewable Heat. Finally, the leverage effect of P2G on the system is evaluated in terms of renewable heat contribution.     

Applying ex-post index decomposition analysis to primary energy consumption for evaluating progress towards European energy efficiency targets

Monitoring the progress of the European Union and its Member States towards the EU’s energy efficiency target is a crucial part of the mandatory process as defined in the Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU. In this paper, we conduct index decomposition analyses to show the effects of both policies and autonomous developments driving the changes of primary energy consumption for the European Union (EU28) and its Member States for the time period of 2000 to 2014, with a comparative analysis of Germany and Poland. These analyses are based on the logarithmic mean Divisia index methodology and primarily on data compiled by Eurostat. They are carried out on two levels, i.e. on the level of total primary energy consumption as well as on the level of primary energy consumption related to electricity generation. The first level examines the influences of changes in final energy consumption and changes within the energy conversion sector on primary energy consumption. With the second level, we provide insights into the effects of changes in electricity consumption and production. According to our first-level analysis, the consumption of primary energy in the EU28 is primarily influenced by an increased share of electrical energy and the counteracting effect of rising efficiency in electricity generation, induced by an increasing share of renewable energies. Furthermore, the reduction of final energy consumption had a significant decreasing influence on primary energy consumption in the European Union. The second level of our analysis regarding electricity generation shows that the increasing effect on primary energy consumption due to the rising consumption of electricity was mainly compensated by substituting nuclear and thermal power plants by renewable energy technologies.     

Hybrid Hydrogen Home Storage for Decentralized Energy Autonomy

As the share of distributed renewable power generation increases, high electricity prices and low feed-in tariff rates encourage the generation of electricity for personal use. In the building sector, this has led to growing interest in energy self-sufficient buildings that feature battery and hydrogen storage capacities. In this study, we compare potential technology pathways for residential energy storage in terms of their economic performance by means of a temporal optimization model of the fully self-sufficient energy system of a single-family building, taking into account its residential occupancy patterns and thermal equipment. We show for the first time how heat integration with reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs) and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) in high-efficiency, single-family buildings could, by 2030, enable the self-sufficient supply of electricity and heat at a yearly premium of 52% against electricity supplied by the grid. Compared to lithium-ion battery systems, the total annualized cost of a self-sufficient energy supply can be reduced by 80% through the thermal integration of LOHC reactors and rSOC systems.     

Wood waste fuel in the secondary wood products industries

The secondary wood products industry is a suitable candidate for energy recovery from waste. As a whole, the industry consumes about 150 × 10⁹ Btu of purchased fuels and electricity. The wood scrap generated by this industry is sufficient to displace the purchased fuels and electricity if its energy were recovered. The major hurdle inhibiting widespread application of energy recovery technology is the extremely high share of small firms within the industry. The best choice for a smaller manufacturer is direct combustion in a boiler for process and space heat. A straightforward procedure is developed to provide an assessment of the economic feasibility of such boilers for individual firms within the industry. The procedure is used to estimate the amount of wood waste required and the quantity of heat produced in order to achieve rapid payback. These are compared with actual conditions to provide a first estimate of economic feasibility.     

Biomass-Based Combined Heat and Power Systems

This study aims to identify and evaluate the biomass utilization options and evaluate the sustainable biomass production for combined heat and power (CHP) in Turkey. The total biomass energy potential of Turkey is about 32 Mtoe. The amount of usable biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 17 Mtoe. Among the biomass energy sources, fuel wood seems to be one of the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21%. The use of biofuels for CHP on a large scale is focused mainly on forest industry sites, where considerable quantities of biomass are available. Biomass available for energy can be converted to different types of final energy (e.g., electricity, heat), of these, the production of electricity appears to be particularly important. While CHP provides several environmental benefits by making use of waste heat and waste products, air pollution is a concern any time fossil fuels or biomass are burned.     

Energy performance of supermarket refrigeration and air conditioning integrated systems

The electricity consumption for air conditioning and refrigerated cases in large supermarkets represents a substantial share of the total electricity consumption. The energy efficiency of supermarkets can be improved by optimising components design, recovering thermal and refrigerating energy, adopting innovative technology solutions, integrating the HVAC system with medium temperature and low-temperature refrigeration plants and, finally, reducing thermal loads on refrigerated cases. This study is aimed at investigating the performance of different lay-out and technological solutions and at finding the potential for improving energy efficiency over the traditional systems in different climates. In the analysis chillers and heat pumps working with R410A, medium temperature systems working with R404A and low-temperature systems working both with R404A and R744 were considered. The investigated solutions enable an annual energy saving higher than 15% with respect to the baseline solution for the considered climates.     

Expanding photovoltaic penetration with residential distributed generation from hybrid solar photovoltaic and combined heat and power systems

The recent development of small scale combined heat and power (CHP) systems has provided the opportunity for in-house power backup of residential-scale photovoltaic (PV) arrays. This paper investigates the potential of deploying a distributed network of PV + CHP hybrid systems in order to increase the PV penetration level in the U.S. The temporal distribution of solar flux, electrical and heating requirements for representative U.S. single family residences were analyzed and the results clearly show that hybridizing CHP with PV can enable additional PV deployment above what is possible with a conventional centralized electric generation system. The technical evolution of such PV + CHP hybrid systems was developed from the present (near market) technology through four generations, which enable high utilization rates of both PV-generated electricity and CHP-generated heat. A method to determine the maximum percent of PV-generated electricity on the grid without energy storage was derived and applied to an example area. The results show that a PV + CHP hybrid system not only has the potential to radically reduce energy waste in the status quo electrical and heating systems, but it also enables the share of solar PV to be expanded by about a factor of five.