铝硅酸盐矿物的Raman振动特征解析

分别测定了蓝晶石、红柱石和夕线石3种铝硅酸盐天然矿物晶体的Raman光谱,并利用Materials Studio3.0软件计算3种矿物的Raman振动频率,分析其简正振动模式,确定了三种矿物特征谱峰的归属,解析了铝对铝硅酸盐Raman光谱振动特征的影响.结果表明:随着四配位铝的增加(从蓝晶石、红柱石到夕线石),800～1 200 cm-1波数区间内谱峰频率降低,该区间的谱峰归属于Si-Onb间非桥氧对称伸缩振动;700～800 cm-1区间内出现的谱峰归属于Al-Onb间非桥氧的对称伸缩振动.当铝全部为六配位时,会引起800～1 200 cm-1区间内的谱峰向高频方向迁移.这为进一步利用Raman光谱来研究硅酸盐玻璃和熔体结构中铝的作用提供了重要依据.     

Ybx:KY1-x(WO4)2晶体的生长与结构及光谱性能

用顶部籽晶提拉法(top seeded solution growth,TSSG)生长出Ybx:KY1-x(WO4)2(x=5%,摩尔分数,下同)和KYb(WO4)2晶体,比较了两者的结构和光谱性能.工艺参数:转速为10-15 r/min,提拉速率为1-2mm/d,生长周期为10-15d,降温生长速率为O.05-0.1℃/h,降温速率为20℃/h.X射线衍射分析表明:两者均为低温相的β-KYW结构,计算了2种晶体的晶格常数.测试了红外及Raman光谱,Ybx:KY1-xW(x=5%)样品在925,891,840,777,749 cm-1具有较强的红外吸收峰,是由WO4原子基团伸缩振动引起的;KYbW样品在484,437 cm-1处具有较强的红外吸收峰,反映了WO4原子基团的弯曲振动.分析了晶体的振动模式,认为2种晶体有较强的Raman活性,钨氧双桥键WOOW和单桥键WOW基团的振动在200～1 000cm-1范围内,对峰值与相应的振动进行了指认.     

透闪石结构的Raman光谱

将硅氧"四面体应力指数(stress index of tetrahedron,SIT)"值的计算和透闪石矿物Raman光谱的实际测定与量子化学自洽场分子轨道"从头计算"的方法相结合,用以探讨透闪石的Raman光谱在800～1200 cm-1高频区间内特征Raman谱峰的位移和结构含义,为深入理解链状硅酸盐矿物的结构特征提供理论依据.研究表明:实际测定的透闪石Raman光谱高频区的特征峰值1 030 cm-1和1 061 cm-1与用SIT计算和用量子化学"从头计算"方法对透闪石晶体模拟结构Si6O17Na10计算所获得的结果基本一致,证明了链状硅酸盐矿物透闪石的晶体结构中Q2和Q3两种结构单元所对应的特征Raman谱峰应分别位于1 033 cm-1和1 059 cm-1处,代表了Q2和Q3两种结构单元中非桥氧的对称伸缩振动.实际测定的透闪石Raman光谱中930 cm-1附近的谱峰,可能为Si-Onb间伸缩振动的反映.在SIT的计算和量子化学"从头计算"结果中都缺乏这个谱峰,初步的解释是与透闪石晶体中Q2的2个非桥氧与金属阳离子的配位互不等价,导致Q2非桥氧的伸缩振动发生分裂有关.     

Yb3+掺杂KLa(WO4)2激光晶体生长与光谱分析

采用提拉法生长出掺镱钨酸镧钾[Yb:KLa(WO4)2,Yb:KLW]晶体,测试了晶体的红外光谱和Raman光谱,对出现的振动模式进行了归属.从X射线衍射分析得到晶胞参数a=b=0.532 nm,c=1.189 nm.通过热重-差热分析得到晶体的熔点为1 119 ℃,在熔点以下没有相变.测试了晶体的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,计算了相应的光谱参数.结果表明:该晶体发射波长为1 021 nm,在931,981 nm附近有较强、较宽的吸收峰,适合用InGaAs半导体激光泵浦.     

Tm~(3+)掺杂KYb(WO_4)_2自激活激光晶体生长与光谱特性分析

以K2W2O7为助熔剂,Tm3+掺杂摩尔分数为8%,采用顶部籽晶提拉法生长出了单斜晶系的铥掺杂钨酸镱钾[Tm3+:KYb(WO4)2,Tm:KYbW]晶体.测试了晶体的红外光谱和Raman光谱,并对出现的峰值进行了振动归属.测量了晶体的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,计算了相应的光谱参数.吸收光谱显示:Yb3+在945,958nm处吸收峰最强,半峰宽为91 nm.荧光光谱表明:Tm:KYbW晶体在1 735nnl和1 759nm附近有较强的发射峰,主峰1 759nm处的发射线宽达146nm,因此,Tm:KYbW晶体可作为可调谐激光增益介质.晶体的上转换荧光谱表明:在481 nm和646nm处分别得到了上转换蓝光和红光,并分析了相应的上转换机制.     

提拉法生长钨酸钆镉晶体

用提拉法生长了四方晶系白钨矿结构的钨酸钆镉[CdGd2(WO4)4,CGW]晶体.通过X射线衍射分析计算出晶胞参数a=b=0.5204 nm,c=1.1360 nm.为改进CGW晶体的生长工艺,采取了一些避免生长过程中出现组分过冷现象的工艺措施,提出了晶体生长的最佳工艺参数:拉速为0.84 mm/h,转速为40 r/min,熔体中界面处的温度梯度为46～47 ℃/cm,冷却速率为32 ℃/h.测试了晶体的紫外-可见光谱和Raman光谱,测量得到晶体在紫外波段的截止波长为326 nm,并讨论了晶体的紫外吸收边起源和Raman光谱中各峰的振动归属.     

Ho3+:Yb3+:KLa(WO4)2激光晶体生长与性能

以K2W2O7为助熔剂,采用泡生法生长钬镱双掺钨酸镧钾[Ho3 :Yb3 :KLa(WO4)2,Ho:Yb:KLW]晶体.通过热重-差热分析,确定晶体的熔点为1 118 ℃,在熔点以下晶体没有相变,热稳定性很好.X射线衍射分析表明:所生长的晶体为四方晶系Ho:Yb:KLW晶体,晶胞参数为a =b =0.538 nm,c =1.193 nm.测量晶体的红外及Raman光谱,并对峰值进行了归属.晶体样品的吸收光谱显示:Yb3 在978 nm处吸收峰较强,半峰宽为19 nm,适合采用InGaAs半导体激光二极管来作为激励源.表明Yb3 对Ho3 具有敏化作用.     

Tm3+和Ho3+共掺KYb(WO4)2晶体生长与光谱特性

以K2W2O7作为助熔剂,Yb3+为敏化剂,采用泡生法生长掺8%(摩尔分数,下同)Tm3+和1%Ho3+的Tm,Ho∶KYb(WO4)2(Tm,Ho∶KYbW)晶体.采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)分析了晶体的结构;测试了晶体的红外光谱和Raman光谱,并对出现的峰值进行了振动归属;测量了晶...     

（Ba1—xSrx）TiO3半导体陶瓷的Raman光谱研究

在25—160℃温度范围内研究了(Ba_(1-x)Sr_x)TiO_3(x=0,0.1,0.2)半导体陶瓷的Raman光谱,并对室温时的Raman散射峰的归属进行了分析。实验结果表明所有样品的顺电相(Curie点以上)和铁电相(Curie点以下)的Raman光谱明显不同,铁电相变属于位移型。     

架状硅酸盐矿物的Raman光谱研究

分别测定了架状硅酸盐天然矿物正长石、方钠石和霞石的Raman光谱,利用Materials Studio 3.0软件对上述3种矿物的Raman振动频率进行计算,分析他们的简正振动模式,确定了3种矿物的Raman特征谱峰的归属,分析了铝对架状硅酸盐Raman光谱的影响.结果表明:在架状硅酸盐结构中,700～800cm~(-1)区间内出现的谱峰是Al-O 振动的表现,800～1 200 cm~(-1)区间的谱峰是硅氧四面体Q~4结构单元振动的反映,随着结构中n(Al)/n(Si)(摩尔比)由正长石的1:3变化至方钠石和霞石的1:1,800～1 200 cm~(-1)波数区间的振动频率有明显的降低(从1 126 cm~(-1)降至992 cm~(-1)),在霞石和方钠石中n(Al)/n(Si)相同,其振动频率稍有变化.说明随着硅氧四面体结构中Al~Ⅳ含量的增加,800～1 200 cm~(-1)波数区间的振动频率向低频方向迁移,而金属阳离子的种类会影响Raman光谱的振动频率.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。