Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Studies of Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering - This work is devoted to the mathematical modeling and experimental studies of electric-current generation during hydrogen oxidation in microtubular...     

固体氧化物燃料电池材料的研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）是当今一种先进的能量转换装置，具有能量转换效率高、环境友好、燃料适用性强和无腐蚀等突出优点。该电池通常用陶瓷作组装材料，操作温度为600－1000℃。详细介绍了固体氧化物燃料电池各元件的材料，包括Y2O3稳定化的ZrO2固体电解质，Ni/稳定化ZrO2阳极，掺杂的LaMnO3阴极以及掺杂的LaCrO3连接材料等。     

Long‐Term Stability Studies of Anode‐Supported Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

A long‐term stability study of an anode‐supported NiO/YSZ‐YSZ‐LSM/YSZ microtubular cell was performed, under low fuel utilization conditions, using pure humidified hydrogen as fuel at the anode side and air at the cathode side. A first galvanometric test was performed at 766 °C and 200 mA cm^–2, measuring a power output at 0.5 V of ∼250 mW cm^–2. During the test, some electrical contact breakdowns at the anode current collector caused sudden current shutdowns and start‐up events. In spite of this, the cell performance remains unchanged. After a period of 325 h, the cell temperature and the current density was raised to 873°C and 500 mA cm^–2, and the cell power output at 0.5 V was ∼600 mW cm^–2. Several partial reoxidation events due to disturbance in fuel supply occurred, but no apparent degradation was observed. On the contrary, a small increase in the cell output power of about 4%/1,000 h after 654 h under current load was obtained. The excellent cell aging behavior is discussed in connection to cell configuration. Finally, the experiment concluded when the cell suffered irreversible damage due to an accidental interruption of fuel supply, causing a full reoxidation of the anode support and cracking of the thin YSZ electrolyte.     

类钙钛矿IT-SOFC阴极材料研究进展

类钙钛矿结构的复合氧化物材料是近年来开发的一类具有广阔发展前景的中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料.本文综述了A_2BO_4型和AA' B_2O_5型类钙钛矿结构阴极材料的研究进展,并总结了这两类材料作为IT-SOFC阴极的性能特点,提出今后的研究工作将着重于改善材料的微观结构,以提高类钙钛矿阴极材料的电化学性能和热稳定性.     

钙钛矿型中低温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料研究进展

中低温固体氧化物燃料电池(IL TSOFC)的研制是固体氧化物燃料电池商业化的必然趋势,阴极材料的研制是影响其发展的关键问题之一.锈钛矿结构稀土复合氧化物材料是很有希望的中低温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料,文章综述了近年来ABO3型钙钛矿阴极材料的研究情况,并提出了其发展方向.     

金属支撑固体氧化物燃料电池研究进展

与传统全陶瓷结构的燃料电池不同,金属支撑固体氧化物燃料电池利用多孔金属来支撑功能阳极层–电解质层–阴极层,具有结构稳定性高、抗热快速热循环能力强,电堆组装简单,材料成本低等优势。本文分析了金属支撑固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)材料的选择和电池制备过程中的关键问题,并概述了金属支撑SOFC技术的研究进展。     

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Technology Status

In its most common configuration, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) uses an oxygen-ion conducting ceramic electrolyte membrane, perovskite cathode, and nickel cermet anode electrode. Cells operate in the 600–1000°C temperature range and utilize metallic or ceramic current collectors for cell-to-cell interconnection. Recent developments in engineered electrode architectures, component materials chemistry, cell and stack designs, and fabrication processes have led to significant improvements in the electrical performance and performance stability as well as reduction in the operating temperature of such cells. Large kW-size power-generation systems have been designed and field demonstrated. This paper reviews the status of SOFC power-generation systems with emphasis on cell and stack component materials, electrode reactions, materials reactions, and corrosion processes.     

固体氧化物燃料电池的研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是先进陶瓷材料的一种重要应用,可以通过电化学反应将燃料的化学能直接转换为电能。SOFC具有效率高、性能稳定、便携、低污染等优点,可以实现能源的有效清洁利用。本文结合国内外SOFC的研究情况,分析讨论了SOFC的技术优势、地方产业优势及产业难题,并结合国家政策方面对我国SOFC产业的未来发展做了展望。     

Effects of Anode Microstructure on Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties for Anode‐Supported Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

The effects of anode microstructure on mechanical and electrochemical properties were investigated for anode‐supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The anode microstructures can be varied by the change in pore formers. For example, the acrylic resin pore former was burnt more rapidly at lower temperature than the graphite pore former during sintering. The acrylic resin pore former can introduce macropores with a diameter of several micrometers in nickel–yttria‐stabilized zirconia (Ni–YSZ) anode. The walls of the macropores were packed with the nickel and YSZ particles. Although the Ni–YSZ anode microtube using the 10 wt% acrylic resin pore former was compatible with high porosity and mechanical strength, the maximum fuel utilization was limited to 72%. On the other hand, the graphite pore former can produce a relatively uniform distribution of micropores with a diameter of several hundred nanometers. The mechanical strength was reduced with a rise in porosity for the Ni–YSZ microtube using the graphite pore former in comparison with the acrylic resin. However, a high fuel utilization of 93% was realized for the microtubular SOFCs using the 10 wt% graphite pore former in spite of lower porosity than the acrylic resin. The selection of a pore former is important to obtain higher power generation efficiency for anode‐supported microtubular SOFCs.     

固体氧化物燃料电池的制备工艺

介绍了不同形状和类型的固体氧化物燃料电池的各结构部件的常用制备工艺方法,包括:用于平板式支撑体制备的干压法和流延成型法,制备平板膜的涂刷、丝网印刷、离心沉积和旋涂法,管式支撑体制备的注浆成型、挤出成型、热压注、浸涂、凝胶铸模和相转换法,以及用于管式膜制备的涂刷、浸涂、料浆喷涂、电化学气相沉积和热喷涂法。针对每种工艺方法,介绍了其原理和基本工艺操作流程及其在固体氧化物燃料电池制备中的应用,讨论了工艺影响因素。     

Electrochemical Performance of Nd1.95NiO4+δ Cathode supported Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Nd_1.95NiO_4+δ (NNO) cathode supported microtubular cells were fabricated and characterized. This material presents superior oxygen transport properties in comparison with other commonly used cathode materials. The supporting tubes were fabricated by cold isostatic pressing (CIP) using NNO powders and corn starch as pore former. The electrolyte (GDC, gadolinia doped ceria based) was deposited by wet powder spraying (WPS) on top of pre‐sintered tubes and then co‐sintered. Finally, a NiO/GDC suspension was dip‐coated and sintered as the anode. Optimization of the cell fabrication process is shown. Power densities at 750 °C of ∼40 mWcm⁻² at 0.5V were achieved. These results are the first electrochemical measurements reported using NNO cathode‐supported microtubular cells. Further developments of the fabrication process are needed for this type of cells in order to compete with the standard microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC).     

以固态碳为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池与其他燃料电池一样具有能量转化效率高、环境污染少等优点。相比于其他燃料电池,固体氧化物燃料电池在较高的操作温度下工作,可以使用气态、液态甚至固态的燃料。文章综述以固态碳为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池研究进展,主要介绍其反应机理与电池构型,并分析其操作特点,探讨以固态碳为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池的发展方向。     

Materials Development for Advanced Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

High-power density and high durability are the main targets for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) development at Forschungszentrum Jülich. Power density has been further increased by variation of the material composition of perovskite-based cathodes (Sr content, Co content, substoichiometry) and by optimization of the diffusion barrier (Gd-substituted ceria) between an electrolyte and a cathode. The application of dense diffusion barrier layers significantly improved the performance. The associated avoidance of SrZrO₃ formation, however, contributed only to a small extent to the improvement of durability of SOFCs with LSCF cathodes. The redox stability of anode-supported SOFCs has been addressed in two ways: (a) conventional Ni/yttria-stabilized zirconia anode substrates have been investigated to explore the limits of re-oxidation and to determine the degree of oxidation at which no damages occur. (b) Alternative anodes and anode substrates are under development, which basically consist of mixed-conducting ceramics. Avoiding the high amount of nickel decreases the probability of failure, but does not automatically lead to redox-stable anodes. The differences in the materials' properties of such ceramics in oxidizing and reducing environment are addressed.     

质子导体基固体氧化物燃料电池的新认识

质子导体基固体氧化物燃料电池(P-SOFC/PCFC)是建立在质子传导机制上的全固态、绿色、经济的发电装置。鉴于目前固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的低温化发展趋势,本综述系统分析了PCFC内部的质子传导机制,总结了目前常见的PCFC电解质和电极材料,探讨了PCFC内部质子传导通道的高效构建问题。在材料研究方面,重点分析了各类PCFC材料的设计理念和目前仍存在的问题。针对PCFC的未来发展趋势,指出开发新型的质子导体电解质和电极材料仍然是目前这一领域亟需进行的工作。     

固体氧化物燃料电池的关键材料概述

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFCs)因具有能量转换率高、燃料适应性强、环境友好和操作方便等优点,受到了人们的普遍关注,但是SOFCs的广泛应用还有待于其关键材料的进一步发展。本文系统的介绍了固体氧化物燃料电池对关键材料——电解质材料、阳极材料、阴极材料的要求及其研究现状,并提出了固体氧化物燃料电池在其关键材料方面的一些有待解决的问题。     

挤出成型法制备阳极支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池

采用挤出成型法制备了添加石墨、淀粉、玉米粉3种不同阳极造孔剂的NiO-YSZ阳极支撑型管式固体氧化物燃料电池阳极基体,并用浸渍法制备了YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia)膜电解质,以LSM(La0.85Sr0.15MnO3)为阴极制备成单电池.以空气为氧化剂,加湿氢气(约含有体积分数为3％的...     

固体氧化物燃料电池电解质材料的研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)被誉为21世纪最具有发展潜力的能源材料之一,它的热效率高、燃料的适应性强,能很好地满足区域供电、供热的需要,具有重要的经济和社会意义。本文综述了SOFC电解质的研究进展,指出在诸多的电解质材料中,尽管氧化铋系电解质拥有最高的电导率,但由于其化学稳定性很差,难以获得广泛的应用;氧化钇全稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)由于其中低温的电导率较低,只适用于高温SOFC;稀土掺杂的氧化铈和LaGaO3钙钛矿材料拥有较高的中低温电导率,性质较为稳定,是适用于中低温SOFC的电解质材料。     

Sealing Technology for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

A variety of seals such as metal–metal, metal–ceramic, and ceramic–ceramic are required for a functioning solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). These seals must function at high temperatures between 600 and 900°C and in oxidizing and reducing environments of the fuels and air. Among the different type of seals, the metal–ceramic and ceramic–ceramic seals require significant attention, research, and development because the brittle nature of ceramics and glasses can lead to fracture and loss of seal integrity and functionality. This paper addresses the needs and possible approaches for high-temperature ceramic–metal seals for SOFC and seals fabricated using some of these approaches. A new concept of self-healing glass seals is proposed, developed, and used for making metal—glass–ceramic seals for potential application in SOFC in order to enhance the reliability and life of a cell. In this study, glasses displaying self-healing behavior are investigated and used to fabricate seals. The performance of these seals under long-term exposure at higher temperatures coupled with thermal cycling is characterized by leak tests. The self-healing ability of these glass seals is also demonstrated by leak tests along with the long-term performance.     

Cell Configurations for Performance Evaluation in Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Cell configurations with asymmetric and symmetric electrode geometries and different reference electrode positions were investigated on 50 mm×50 mm planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The reliability and accuracy of the polarization performance of individual electrodes were studied with respect to the electrode geometry and the reference electrode position. The results indicate that a centrally located reference electrode creates inactive electrolyte regions in the center of the cell, pushing the equipotential lines close to the electrode–electrolyte interface region and thus introducing error in the measurement of polarization performance. The potential of reference electrodes located at the corner of the electrode coating was not stable due to the steam build-up in the reference electrode region. Cells with a symmetric electrode geometry arrangement and reference electrodes located at the side of the working electrodes, away from the receiving end of the fuel and oxidant gases, were found to be suitable for performance evaluation in planar SOFC.