醇还原胺化反应催化剂研究进展

醇还原胺化反应是胺合成最有效、最有应用潜力的方法之一,而催化剂是还原胺化反应的关键。本文详细阐述了Ru、Ir、Pd、Cu、非金属等均相催化剂和Co、Ni、Ru、Pd等非均相催化剂在醇还原胺化反应中的研究进展,介绍了不同催化体系的催化性能和反应规律、应用特点和局限性。指出了均相催化体系的回收使用仍然是阻碍其应用的难题,研究重点应集中在高效、廉价催化体系开发、拓展应用范围和分离回收研究;非均相反应催化剂的专用性强,性能难以满足工业应用需求,加强微观结构及反应机理、高性能催化剂、高压体系中流场状态与过程研究以及提高活性、选择性和稳定性是未来的研究重点。     

金属催化制备手性胺的研究新进展

手性胺化合物广泛存在于自然界中并扮演着重要的角色,亚胺的不对称催化还原反应是制备手性胺化合物的最直接有效的方法。金属钯、钴、铜、铼和锌作为亚胺不对称还原的新型催化剂是最近几年发展起来的,在底物普适性和产物对映选择性方面取得了很大的进展。综述了这五种金属催化体系在制备手性胺中的研究进展和存在的问题,总结了每一催化体系的优缺点。     

TiCl4-Et3N催化体系在有机合成中的应用

介绍了Ticl4-Et3N催化体系在醇醛缩合、偶联、芳构化、还原胺化、氧化等反应中的应用。用Ticl4-Et3N催化的反应,很容易实现反应物一步转化成产物,因此具有操作简便、产率高以及选择性强等特点,是一类新型的催化体系。     

非均相金属催化剂催化醇类还原胺化合成伯胺的研究进展

综述了近年来非均相金属催化剂在醇与NH_3还原胺化制备伯胺体系中的应用研究,重点阐述了醇胺化(包括缩合胺化和还原胺化)的反应机理,以及还原胺化制备伯胺所需催化体系的研究进展。醇的脱氢步骤是醇与氨还原胺化制备伯胺反应中的速率控制步骤,不同金属组分由于对NH_3与有机胺的吸附能不同而导致脱氢活性不同。在醇还原胺化制备伯胺的体系中,开发适用于无氢气条件下氢转移胺化的非均相催化剂、选择合适的载体、开发生物质醇合成伯胺的催化技术具有广阔的前景。     

生物催化羰基不对称还原合成手性醇的研究及应用进展

综述了国内外利用生物催化羰基的不对称还原合成手性醇的研究情况。介绍了生物催化各类潜手性羰基化合物不对称还原的原理、菌种的筛选,以及生物催化不对称还原各类羰基化合物的实例。     

醛／酮与胺还原烷基化反应的研究进展

介绍了实现醛／酮与胺的还原烷基化是制备高级胺反应的2种重要方法：催化加氢和硼氢化物化学还原,叙述了这2种反应体系的主要研究进展。介绍了催化加氢中常用的催化剂,指出对金属催化剂进行硫化处理是提高选择性的有效方法：介绍了硼氢化物化学还原法中常用的催化体系,讨论了醛／酮与胺还原烷基化反应中的影响因素,特别是原料的空间住阻、脱水剂、原料配比和溶剂等因素的影响,指出可以通过改变原料配比和溶剂等条件提高目标产物的选择性。     

水相和无溶剂体系中生物质基乙酰丙酸制备γ-戊内酯的研究进展

γ-戊内酯(GVL)是一种颇具应用潜力的生物质基平台化合物,可通过乙酰丙酸(LA)催化加氢的方式合成.目前,研究者已针对不同的溶剂体系开发出多种催化剂用于LA选择性加氢还原制备GVL.其中,水相和无溶剂体系中催化LA加氢是绿色经济的GVL合成途径,但上述体系对催化剂的水热稳定性和耐酸稳定性具有非常高的要求.该文着重对近年来在水相和无溶剂体系中催化LA加氢合成GVL的进展进行了归纳总结.此外,还分析了不同催化体系中LA加氢合成GVL的优劣势.最后,对水相和无溶剂体系由LA制备GVL提出了建议.     

2,6-二甲基苯酚原位还原胺化反应研究

采用浸渍法制备Pd基催化剂,用于甲醇水相重整反应与2,6-二甲基苯酚还原胺化反应的耦合。研究载体、甲醇用量、反应温度、催化剂用量以及反应时间等因素的影响,结果表明,在Pd基催化剂作用下,可以实现甲醇水相重整反应与2,6-二甲基苯酚还原胺化反应的耦合,2,6-二甲基苯酚还原胺化反应按照加氢-胺化-加氢-脱氢机理进行,Pd/C催化剂同时具备制氢、加氢、胺化和脱氢的均衡性能,是理想的耦合催化剂。     

影响面包酵母催化还原羰基的因素探究

利用活性微生物细胞催化还原羰基是不对称合成手性醇的重要方法。微生物催化羰基还原反应的效率和立体化学选择性要受多种因素的影响,这些因素包括有机溶剂种类、水分含量、微生物形式、底物结构和辅酶再生等。     

Leuckart还原胺化法的应用进展

叙述了由醛、酮与氨、伯胺或仲胺以及甲酸或甲酸铵或甲酰胺等作为还原剂经还原胺化制备伯胺、仲胺和叔胺的Leuckart反应的应用进展,总结了催化剂、溶剂等反应条件的影响.指出应加强对催化Leuckart反应及非经典Leuckart反应条件如离子液体中的还原胺化研究,从而使该反应的条件更温和,产物收率更高,适用的化合物范围更广.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。