多糖对灵芝孢子油乳状液稳定性的影响

该文将大豆分离蛋白与多糖混合制备蛋白-多糖复合物,并以此为乳化剂,将灵芝孢子油包埋,构建蛋白-多糖-灵芝孢子油乳状液体系。研究阿拉伯胶和黄原胶的浓度对乳状液稳定性的影响。结果表明加入一定量的多糖能明显改善乳状液的粒径分布、增大乳状液电位绝对值和增强离心稳定性。加入阿拉伯胶的乳状液抗氧化性优于黄原胶。当阿拉伯胶浓度为0.20%时,经过10 d储藏后,过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）最低,为2.35 meq/kg;0.10%黄原胶的保护效果最好,POV最小,为5.22 meq/kg。表明大豆分离蛋白-阿拉伯胶和大豆分离蛋白-黄原胶复合体制备的乳状液体系优于单纯的蛋白制备的乳状液。     

不同乳化剂对油酸和亚油酸乳状液稳定性的影响

本文以粒径、稳定性和流变为考察指标,利用激光粒度仪、食品稳定性分析仪、流变仪等研究不同种类和添加量的食品乳化剂(阿拉伯胶、酪蛋白酸钠、吐温20)对不饱和脂肪酸(油酸和亚油酸)乳状液的制备及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,三种乳化剂均可制备出稳定性较好的乳状液,不同乳化剂的质量分数不同得到乳状液的稳定性不同。较高质量分数的阿拉伯胶(4%,w/v)乳状液,具有最低的澄清指数并且具有最大粘度(0.30~0.40 Pa·s)。当酪蛋白酸钠的质量分数为2%时,制备出的乳状液较稳定,但粒径较大,贮藏稳定性较差。较低质量分数的吐温20(1%,w/v)的乳状液具有最小粒径(0.20~0.21 μm),经过贮藏后变化程度也最小。本文研究了不同食品乳化剂制备的不饱和脂肪酸乳状液及其稳定性,可为不饱和脂肪酸乳状液的制备和应用提供参考。     

不同种类胶制备β-胡萝卜素乳状液研究

将β-胡萝卜素制成乳状液可以改善其水溶性,提高生物利用率.选择阿拉伯胶、纯胶、HiCap100三种具有乳化性能的胶,采用高压均质法制备β-胡萝卜素乳状液(1%,质量分数).利用激光粒度仪分析乳状液的粒径大小与分布,旋转式黏度计测定乳状液的黏度,Turbiscan浓缩体系稳定性分析仪监测乳状液稳定性变化趋势.研究结果显示,乳状液粒径主要分布在200 nm～660 nm,分散系数0.08～0.14,含有HiCap100的乳状液粒径显著小于含有纯胶或阿拉伯胶的乳状液;胶的浓度对HiCap100乳液的黏度影响不显著,而纯胶或阿拉伯胶乳液的黏度则随胶浓度的增加而迅速提高;快速稳定性分析表明,乳状液液滴团聚现象不显著,稳定性良好.其中,含阿拉伯胶的乳液稳定性最高,而HiCap100乳液的稳定性相对最差.在纯胶乳液和阿拉伯胶乳液中添加吐温20,司盘20、80等小分子乳化剂后,乳状液的稳定性受到破坏,迅速分层.     

不同食品级乳化剂对姜黄素乳状液贮存稳定性的影响

目的是比较4种不同食品级乳化剂(阿拉伯胶、吐温80、乳清分离蛋白和卵磷脂)制备的乳状液在4、37、55℃下贮藏25 d时,观察并分析其物理、化学性能的变化。结果表明,4种乳化剂对姜黄素乳状液物理稳定性的影响顺序为:吐温80阿拉伯胶乳清蛋白卵磷脂,而乳化剂对乳状液的化学稳定性顺序为阿拉伯胶乳清蛋白吐温80卵磷脂。这项研究对于开发设计合适的乳液运载体系有着重要的指导意义。     

变性淀粉作微胶囊壁材研究初探

主要研究用水解后的玉米淀粉经羧甲基化制备的变性淀粉部分替代阿拉伯胶作色拉油微胶囊化的壁材，实验结果表明，ＣＭＳ部分替代阿拉伯胶可以提高固形物的浓度但须增加乳化剂的用量。经正交试验优化工艺条件后得到的乳化温度、乳化剂的用量和ＣＭＳ的取代量分别为乳化温度６０℃，乳化剂用量０．８％，ＣＭＳ的取代量２０％。贮藏试验表明油脂经微胶囊化后贮存稳定性大为改善。     

香料乳状液的稳定性研究

香料在乳状液中因明胶(成膜材料)所形成的保护性包膜而增强稳定性.影响乳状液稳定的因素有乳化剂浓度、乳化温度以及明胶浓度等.正交试验结果表明,香料乳状液稳定的优化条件是乳化剂浓度0.3%～0.4%、乳化温度60℃、明胶(成膜材料)浓度4.0%～5.0%.     

大豆油乳状液体系氧化稳定性影响因素的研究

研究了乳状液体系中不饱和脂肪酸的氧化机制，重点探讨了乳化剂种类、用量、pH和EDTA对大豆油乳化体系（O／W）氧化稳定性的影响。结果显示：乳化剂种类和pH对于乳状液体系的氧化稳定性有显著影响，对于阴离子乳化剂SDS稳定的乳状液，pH4．0的氧化速率比pH7．0和9．0快得多；对于非离子乳化剂Tween20稳定的乳状液，pH的影响不显著；对于阳离子乳化剂CTAB稳定的乳状液，随着pH的升高，氧化速率变快；同时在pH4．0条件下，氧化速率SDS〉CTAB〉Tween20，而在pH7．0和9．0条件下，氧化速率CTAB〉SDS≌Tween20。乳状液体系中自带的微量金属离子对于体系也有相当大的影响，随着金属离子螯合剂EDTA浓度的增加，其乳状液氧化速率显著降低。乳化剂用量也会影响体系的氧化稳定性，随着乳化剂用量的增加，乳状液的氧化稳定性变差，这种稳定性的弱化是由于粒径变小、油滴表面积增大引起的。     

沙蒿多糖乳化特性研究

分别以沙蒿多糖（ASKP,Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch Polysaccharide）、沙蒿高分子量多糖（60P）、沙蒿低分子量多糖（60S）、脱蛋白质沙蒿多糖（ASKPE）为乳化剂,中链甘油三酯（MCT,medium-chain triglycerides）为油相,制备乳状液,测定乳滴粒径及Zeta电位,研究多糖乳化性。结果表明,ASKP乳化性最好,在ASKP和MCT浓度分别为1.2%、5%（w/w）时制备乳状液,25℃静置7d,乳液出现分层。ASKP乳化性稍逊于常用乳化剂阿拉伯胶（GA,gum arabic）、印度树胶（GG,gum ghatti）乳化性。      

乳状液成分对O/W乳状液性质的影响

采用单因素实验设计,通过机械搅拌方法制备O/W乳状液。通过乳状液的离心稳定性、粘度和乳状液的显微结构,研究不同HLB值的复合乳化剂及含量、脱脂乳粉溶液的浓度以及油和水比例对乳状液性质的影响,最终确定较佳的乳状液成分。实验结果表明:当以Span-80和Tween-80为复合乳化剂,其HLB值为9.6、复合乳化剂含量为16%(w/w)、脱脂乳粉溶液浓度为25%(w/v)、油与水比为1∶1(w/w)时,可以获得状态较好的乳状液,此时乳状液的离心稳定性最高,可以达到97.5%。     

甲基纤维素/羟丙基甲基纤维素替代阿拉伯胶在乳化香精中的应用

阿拉伯胶被认为是稀释水包油体系中最适用的胶体.一个典型的应用实例就是用阿拉伯胶将柑桔香精油制成水分散的乳状液,然后用在柑桔味的软饮料中.但是多年来,由于阿拉伯胶的主要生产地区非洲不可预测的气候波动以及政治动荡,阿拉伯胶的稳定供应得不到保证.本文研究了将甲基纤维素和羟丙基甲基纤维素应用在8%和12%的浓缩橙子油乳状液中以替代20%的阿拉伯胶,结果表明能够显著降低用量,并且能够在4个月以上的常温保藏状态下获得相当或更加的视觉和粘度的稳定性.将这种浓缩乳状液应用在冷灌装饮料(大部分的软饮料)中非常有效.     

丁香油喷雾干燥微胶囊技术研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法制得的丁香油中低沸点成分较多,为防止丁香油的挥发,采用喷雾干燥法对丁香油进行微胶囊化研究,并对产品进行了电镜观察。结果表明:壁材采用1:1的阿拉伯胶与麦芽糊精,心材与壁材的配比为1:12,固形物浓度为20%,乳化剂用量为乳化液的0.3%,在1.5×104～1.6×104r/min条件下均质15min,进风温度220℃,出风温度80℃,制得的微胶囊包埋效果最好。     

Response surface methodology and multivariate analysis of equilibrium headspace concentration of orange beverage emulsion as function of emulsion composition and structure

The influence of emulsion composition (i.e. Arabic gum, xanthan gum and, orange oil) and structural emulsion properties (i.e. average droplet size and apparent viscosity) on equilibrium headspace concentration of beverage emulsions was investigated. Increase in average droplet size led to increase the equilibrium headspace concentration of more hydrophilic volatile compounds (i.e. lower log P) such as ethyl acetate and octanal, but decrease in more hydrophobic volatile compounds such as 3-carene, myrcene and limonene. In most cases, apparent viscosity had significant positive effect on equilibrium headspace concentration. Principle component analysis (PCA) score discriminated the beverage emulsions containing the same orange oil content but different contents of emulsifiers in different classes, thus indicating the significant (p < 0.05) effect of emulsifier fraction on equilibrium headspace concentration. Beverage emulsion containing 22.2% (w/w) Arabic gum, 0.52% (w/w) xanthan gum and 14.21% (w/w) orange oil was estimated to provide the highest equilibrium headspace concentration.     

四种蔬菜固体保鲜剂对黄瓜的保鲜效果研究

研究蔬菜固体保鲜剂的保鲜效果。采用丁香、花椒、大蒜、生姜4 种天然香辛料精油,通过微胶囊技术分别制成挥发性保鲜剂,让其挥发性释放于黄瓜表面,于常温(25℃± 5℃)条件下贮藏30d,定期测定黄瓜的腐烂率、失重率、呼吸强度、总糖和叶绿素含量并观察其变化规律。结果表明：4 种天然香辛料精油制成的保鲜剂对黄瓜都有显著的保鲜效果,其中用丁香精油制成的保鲜剂保鲜效果最好,花椒次之,大蒜保鲜效果最差。     

菜籽油粉末油脂的工艺研究

以阿拉伯胶、麦芽糊精为复合壁材,使用复配乳化剂,采用喷雾干燥技术对菜籽油进行了粉末油脂制备工艺的优化。结果表明,菜籽油粉末油脂制备的最佳配方为阿拉伯胶和麦芽糊精的配比1∶1,芯材和壁材的配比1∶5,固形物质量分数25%,乳化剂添加量3.5%。在上述条件下制备的粉末油脂的包埋率达83.72%,总含油量为21.5%,表面含油率为3.5%,产品色泽及溶解性好。     

Emulsifying Properties of Angum Gum (Amygdalus scoparia Spach) Conjugated to β-Lactoglobulin through Maillard-Type Reaction

In this study, emulsifying properties of Angum gum were improved by covalent bonding with β-lactoglobulin (BLG). Angum gum is a natural gum exudate from mountain almond trees (Amygdalus scoparia Spach). Covalent linkage of β-lactoglobulin-Angum gum conjugate was confirmed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Emulsifying properties of emulsions containing β-lactoglobulin:Angum gum (1:1) conjugates were studied with the advancement of Maillard reaction. Dry-heating time showed no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the emulsion activity index; however, emulsion stability index were significantly increased over time and emulsion stability index of two weeks incubated β-lactoglobulin-Angum gum conjugate was significantly different (p < 0.05) from others (β-lactoglobulin-Angum gum mixture, 0, 2, 6 days, and 2 weeks). Moreover, the creaming index decreased with advancement of Maillard-type conjugation of β-lactoglobulin:Angum gum (1:1). β-lactoglobulin-Angum gum conjugates (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) exhibited much better emulsification performance than Angum gum and gum Arabic alone at the same emulsifier/oil ratio (1.5 wt. % total biopolymer/ 40% v/v oil). In addition, assessing droplet size distribution during storage and freeze-thaw treatment revealed that β-lactoglobulin:Angum gum (1:1) conjugate had finer droplet size compared to other β-lactoglobulin/Angum gum mixing ratios (1:2 and 2:1), Angum gum and gum Arabic.     

Optimizing microencapsulation of peanut sprout extract by response surface methodology

This study was carried out to optimize conditions for peanut sprout extract microencapsulation by response surface methodology (RSM). The coating materials of microencapsulation were medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) for primary emulsion, and whey protein concentrates (WPC), maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (AG) for secondary emulsion. The yield of microencapsulation of peanut sprout extract was investigated with respect to four variables (ratio of core and coating materials, concentration of primary emulsifier, ratio of W/O emulsion and secondary coating materials and concentration of secondary emulsifier) in RSM. The optimal conditions for microencapsulation of peanut sprout extract were 1:2 as the ratio of core material to coating material, 1.25% (w/v) of primary emulsifier concentration, 1:1.23 as W/O emulsion to secondary coating material, 1.21% (w/v) as secondary emulsifier concentration and 30% (w/w) as WPC concentration for spray drying. In conclusion, the microencapsulation of peanut sprout extract under the optimized conditions by RSM ensures the smaller size (3–7 μm) of microcapsules with the highest yield reaching to 98.74%.     

Characterization of the influence of main emulsion components on the physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion using response surface methodology

The present work was conducted to investigate the influence of main emulsion components, namely Arabic gum (7–13% w/w), xanthan gum (0.1–0.3% w/w) and orange oil (6–10% w/w) contents on physical stability, viscosity, cloudiness and conductivity of orange beverage emulsion. In this study, 20 orange beverage emulsions were established based on a three-factor central composite design (CCD) involving 8 factorial points, 6 axial points and 6 center points. The main objective of the present study was to determine an optimal concentration level of main emulsion components leading to an optimum orange beverage emulsion with desirable physicochemical properties. In general, all response surface models were significantly (p<0.05) fitted for describing the variability of physical stability, viscosity, conductivity and cloudiness as a nonlinear function of the content of main emulsion components. More than 84% of the variation of physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion could be explained as a function of the content of the main beverage emulsion components. In general, the orange oil content appeared to be the most significant (p<0.05) factor influencing all emulsion characteristics studied except for conductivity. From the optimization procedure, the overall optimal region leading to the desirable orange beverage emulsion was predicted to be achieved by the combined level of 13% (w/w) Arabic gum, 0.22% (w/w) xanthan gum and 10% (w/w) orange oil.     

Response surface modeling for optimization of formulation variables and physical stability assessment of walnut oil-in-water beverage emulsions

The effect of Arabic gum content (5-10% w/w) and walnut-oil concentration (3-6% w/w) on properties of prepared walnut oil/water emulsion, including turbidity loss rate, density, size index, particle size and stability, was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). For each response, a second-order polynomial model with high coefficient of determination (R²) values ranging from 0.907 to 0.989 was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. The lack of significant difference between the experimental and predicted values proved the adequacy of response surface equations for describing the physical changes of emulsions. An increase of Arabic gum content in range and initial concentration of walnut oil were associated with high emulsion stability and minimum droplet size. It can be concluded that RSM can determine the most suitable formulation (3% w/w walnut oil and 9.62% w/w Arabic gum) to achieve the highest stability in a developed beverage emulsion based on walnut oil.     

亚麻籽胶的乳化性质

重点研究了亚麻籽胶的乳化性质，实验结果表明。亚麻籽胶的质量分数、溶解温度、乳化温度、加油量以度贮存温度等对亚麻籽胶的乳化性质都有影响。质量分数增加，亚麻籽胶的乳化稳定性增强；加油量增多。亚麻籽胶的乳化稳定性下降；溶解温度升高能提高亚麻籽胶的乳化稳定性；而乳化温度和贮存温度越高，亚麻籽胶乳状液越不稳定。由于亚麻籽胶与阿拉伯胶在相对分子质量、均方旋转半径、粘度、疏水性氨基酸含量上的差异，导致了亚麻籽胶与阿拉伯胶乳化性质的差异．     

葡萄籽油微胶囊的制备及氧化稳定性研究

研究了葡萄籽油微胶囊的制备工艺及其氧化稳定性,以葡萄籽油为芯材,阿拉伯胶与麦芽糊精为壁材,在复合乳化剂的作用下进行乳化,以喷雾干燥法得到微胶囊产品并测定其氧化稳定性。研究表明阿拉伯胶与麦芽糊精重量比为3∶1,乳化剂浓度为10%,芯壁比为1∶2,温度为45℃,均质速度为12000r/min,乳化时间为12 min时制备得到稳定的葡萄籽油乳液,在进风温度180℃、出口温度80℃、进料速率5mL/min条件下喷雾干燥得到葡萄籽油微胶囊,葡萄籽油微胶囊化效率达到72.56%,60℃条件下贮藏葡萄籽油微胶囊的氧化速率明显降低,贮存性能和抗氧化性显著提高。