新疆赤霞珠葡萄酒发酵过程中生物胺含量的变化

利用高效液相色谱技术分析葡萄酒发酵过程中8种生物胺含量的变化。结果表明,葡萄酒发酵过程中8种生物胺总含量整体呈上升趋势。色胺含量最高,最高可达到98.03 mg/L;腐胺和组胺含量较低,含量均不超过2.48 mg/L;精胺和亚精胺含量变化相对平稳,波动范围在1.81～3.07 mg/L之间,除色胺外,其他生物胺含量均不超过4.50 mg/L。苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺等在酒精发酵后期和苹果酸-乳酸发酵初期大幅上升,在苹-乳发酵后期,酪胺和亚精胺含量有所下降,其他生物胺含量均有一定程度上升。     

发酵型饮料酒中生物胺含量的调查与分析

利用反相高效液相色谱技术,以丹磺酰氯柱前衍生,分析了我国市场中32个啤酒样品、32个葡萄酒样品和12个黄酒样品中生物胺的含量。结果表明,我国啤酒、葡萄酒样品中含有较低的生物胺物质,平均含量分别为4.787 mg/L和11.240 mg/L,黄酒中生物胺含量较高,达到了78.304 mg/L。3种饮料酒含量较多的单体生物胺均为腐胺和酪胺,我国葡萄酒中的组胺含量低于国际现有组胺标准的最低限量要求。不同企业生产的啤酒样品和不同原产地的葡萄酒样品中组胺含量存在显著差异,黄酒样品中生物胺含量为18.603～140.010 mg/L,样品间差异很大。     

水产品生物胺检测技术研究进展

水产品富含蛋白质等营养物质,在加工或贮存过程中易受到微生物的污染而发生腐败变质,研究发现这一过程往往伴随着大量生物胺的产生。进一步研究表明人体摄入过量的生物胺会引发食物中毒,因此有效的水产品生物胺含量检测方法对于保障水产品食用安全具有重要意义。鉴于此,本文对生物胺的形成机制、毒性和限量标准进行了总结,并深入讨论了目前常见的生物胺间接和直接检测方法,以期为建立更加精准、高效的生物胺检测和防控体系提供一定的支撑。     

葡萄酒中的生物胺的生产与工艺控制

生物胺存在于多种发酵食品中，人体吸收过量的生物胺后会引起不良的生理反应，在葡萄酒苹果酸－乳酸发酵（MLF）过程中，有些乳酸菌能够对氨基酸脱羧产生生物胺。利用PCR与DNA探针技术能够快速检测葡萄酒中的组胺产生菌。工艺上采用接种进行MLF，并在MLF完成后对乳酸菌进行有效清除，可以显著降低葡萄酒中生物胺的含量。     

Biogenic amines and the importance of starter cultures for malolactic fermentation

Biogenic amines are compounds produced mainly by microorganisms from the decarboxylation of some amino acids which may cause several health issues in susceptible people. In the winemaking process, one of the factors with the greatest impact on the final concentration of biogenic amines in wine is the malolactic fermentation, which mainly involves the action of lactic acid bacteria. This article gathers scientific literature on the importance of the use of inoculation in winemaking, especially for the potential formation of biogenic amines in spontaneous fermentations, with emphasis on malolactic fermentation. It establishes the set of attributes that influence the formation of biogenic amines in winemaking and aspects related to their toxicity, especially histamine and tyramine. With the growing interest of the market in products with less chemical appeal, the safety of wines, whether from non‐conventional or traditional winemaking, must increasingly be observed. Therefore, the importance of using cultivated starter cultures is discussed, along with the safety of organic wines and the presentation of articles that seek to reconcile the production of organic wine with the preservation of the ‘microbiological terroir’ in a safe way, using selected wild yeasts and lactic acid bacteria.     

Changes in Biogenic Amine Content of Tokaj Grapes, Wines, and Aszu-wines

ABSTRACT: Biogenic amines in grapes, aszu-grapes, wines, and aszu-wines of the Tokaj region of Hungary were separated, identified, and quantified by HPLC. The biogenic amine content of the Tokaj wines was well below the suggested limits for any of the biogenic amines. Histamine contents were especially low in all the samples investigated. The composition and concentration of the biogenic amines (polyamines) in the grape berries were altered remarkably by the Botrytis cinerea, and this resulted in a great change of the amine concentration in the aszu-wines compared to the wines. The composition and concentration of biogenic amines might provide useful information on the vintage and can support the authentication of the Tokaj aszu-wines.     

干发酵香肠中生物胺的产生与控制

综述了干发酵香肠中生物胺产生的条件 ,国外干发酵香肠中生物胺的含量 ,与生物胺积累有关的微生物以及影响生物胺产生的理化因素 ,并提出了控制干发酵香肠中生物胺积累的措施。     

宣威火腿中生物胺的HPLC测定

以宣威火腿为对象分析其中8种生物胺含量,样品通过0.4 mol/L高氯酸提取后以丹磺酰氯柱前衍生,经ZORBAX XDB-C18柱分离以配备二极管阵列检测器的HPLC对生物胺进行测定。结果表明,该方法中8种生物胺的线性范围为0.5～20μg/mL,检测限为0.05～0.1μg/mL,回收率为81.58%～95.58%,相对标准偏差为2.48%～5.85%,该方法线性范围广,灵敏度和准确度高,可满足定量分析的要求。在宣威火腿中检测出6种生物胺,其中苯乙胺0.56 mg/100g,腐胺1.45 mg/100g,尸胺0.37 mg/100g,酪胺3.62 mg/100g,亚精胺1.26 mg/100g,精胺4.28 mg/100g。     

青稞酒发酵过程中生物胺动态变化

对青稞酒发酵过程中生物胺的动态变化规律进行研究。利用氨基酸自动分析液相色谱法测定青稞酒不同发酵阶段中7种生物胺的含量,来评价发酵环境以及控制合理发酵过程和发酵终产物的质量。结果表明：青稞原料中不含组胺,但是青稞酒醅及成品青稞酒中都含有组胺。传统发酵和多菌种发酵两种发酵方式青稞酒的生物胺含量变化规律是：腐胺及胍丁胺的含量变化随着发酵的进行呈下降趋势;组胺及酪胺的含量随发酵进程逐渐上升,尤其是酪胺,上升趋势明显,多菌种发酵由2.98μg/g上升至5.36μg/g,传统发酵由5.97μg/g 上升至11.67μg/g。其余各种生物胺含量变化不明显,发酵过程的生物胺总量变化也不显著。本实验检测的青稞酒醅中的生物胺总量范围在53.44～72.56μg/g,不存在生物胺安全问题。     

酿酒工艺对葡萄酒中生物胺的影响

探讨了不同酿酒工艺对葡萄酒中生物胺(组胺、苯乙胺、酪胺、色胺、腐胺、尸胺、精胺和亚精胺)含量的影响。结果显示,葡萄酒酿造过程中生物胺主要在酒精发酵和苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程产生。酒精发酵过程生成量较少,主要产生腐胺和精胺,果胶酶的使用、酵母接种量、发酵温度等因素可以调节酒精发酵过程生物胺的生成量;乳酸菌是葡萄酒生物胺最主要来源,在苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中会产生大量的组胺和色胺。     

赤霞珠、蛇龙珠和玫瑰香葡萄酒芳香性成分的差异性研究

芳香类物质种类及含量的差异是决定葡萄酒风味的重要因素。本文对赤霞珠、蛇龙珠和玫瑰香葡萄酒的芳香性成分进行探讨分析。结果表明,3种葡萄酒中3-甲基-1-丁醇的含量最高,相对含量分别为20.61%、21.00%和15.54%;次之为丁二酸单乙酯,含量分别为17.90%、8.94%和16.55%;再次为乳酸乙酯,含量分别为12.36%、17.01%和12.06%。赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中特有的检出成分为乙酸异戊酯和丙酸;玫瑰香葡萄酒中特有的检出成分为3-乙氧基丙醇。蛇龙珠葡萄酒中没有检出1-丁醇、4-酮基-戊酸乙酯和癸酸乙酯,赤霞珠和玫瑰香葡萄酒中均有上述成分;玫瑰香葡萄酒中未检测到(顺)3-己烯-1-醇和糠醇。     

A Review of Biogenic Amines and Polyamines in Beer

The presence of biogenic amines and polyamines in foods and alcoholic beverages is important from both toxicological and technological points of view. High amounts of these compounds can lead to health problems and accurate methods of determination, as well as knowledge on where the compounds originate and how they can be controlled at the lowest levels, are important in the food and beverage industry. In brewing, the types of amines are dependent on the raw materials in the beverage, as well as the method of brewing, and any microbial contamination that may have occurred during the brewing process or during storage. Studies looking at biogenic amine and polyamine levels in various beers have been carried out by a number of researchers in Europe, Brazil, Canada and Cuba. This paper reviews the work from studies carried out previously and summarizes the values found by the various research groups. Methods of analysis for the amines including HPLC, HPTLC and enzyme immunoassays are reviewed.     

肉制品中生物胺的形成、检测和控制研究进展

生物胺是肉制品等富含蛋白质或氨基酸的食物中常见的一类具有生物活性的低分子质量有机化合物,肉制品中生物胺的含量过高可能导致食物中毒事件的发生。本文对近年来国内外肉制品中生物胺的形成机理、检测技术、控制策略的研究进展进行较为系统地阐述,并简要介绍肉制品中生物胺的风险评估研究情况,以期为肉制品中生物胺的高效分析和有效控制提供理论依据和指导。     

黄酒前酵中生物胺生成规律的研究

本研究对黄酒前酵工序的生物胺生成规律及影响因素进行了分析探讨。采用反相高效液相色谱技术,改进了生物胺定量检测法,该检测体系准确可靠,样品峰型对称分离度好且缩短了检测时间。分析了前酵工序中主要微生物,氨基酸,发酵醪酸度、糖度、酒精度、p H对生物胺生成的影响。发现前酵工序对成品酒生物胺的影响度为77.67%,第一次开耙阶段生物胺总量增幅最大,达到7.63 mg/L。研究发现主要酿造微生物中乳酸菌总数与生物胺总量成正相关,乳酸菌在搭窝期间生长速率最大,为7.13×106CFU/(m L·h)。在前酵工序中生物胺总量与发酵醪酸度、酒精度、p H呈显著正相关,与糖度呈负相关;前酵过程中主要生物胺与前体氨基酸也呈明显正相关。本研究分析了黄酒前酵中生物胺生成规律,有助于建立降低黄酒生物胺含量的更安全、科学的工艺。     

北工商海洋杆菌诱导戊糖片球菌产生细菌素及降黄酒生物胺功效研究

利用功能微生物控制杂菌污染,是黄酒生产中控制生物胺含量的有效途径。从黄酒麦曲中分离筛选出新菌种[北工商海洋杆菌(Pontibacter beigongshangensis)]和新菌株[戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)M25]。北工商海洋杆菌能够诱导戊糖片球菌产生细菌素,对黄酒中产生物胺的腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus saprophyticus)、阪崎肠杆菌(Cronobacter sakazakii)、乳酪短杆菌(Brevibacterium casei)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)和阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)均具有抑制作用。北工商海洋杆菌和戊糖片球菌自身不产生物胺。添加北工商海洋杆菌和戊糖片球菌,制备强化功能曲,利用强化功能曲酿造黄酒,可使黄酒中的生物胺含量降低29.8%,而对黄酒的风味物质影响不明显。因此,未来北工商海洋杆菌和戊糖片球菌可以作为降生物胺功能菌株应用在黄酒酿造中。     

鱼露中生物胺降解菌的筛选及其特性

从天然发酵鱼露中筛选具有生物胺降解活性的微生物,并研究发酵时间和发酵温度对其降解生物胺的影响。以天然发酵3个月的鱼露为分离材料,对鱼露中的生物胺降解菌进行分离纯化,获得10株具有生物胺降解活性的微生物。分离到的10株菌株在30℃发酵72h组胺降解率在17.3%～62.2%,酪胺降解率在12.4%～57.3%。其中M8菌株生物胺降解活性最高,经26S rDNA测序及在线序列比对,M8菌株鉴定为奥默柯达酵母。奥默柯达酵母M8在30℃条件下降解生物胺活性最强;其降解生物胺的时间变化规律为发酵第1天生物胺含量降低,第2天和第3天生物胺含量升高,第4天开始生物胺含量持续降低,30℃发酵9d后,组胺和酪胺降解率分别为69.6%和79.2%。奥默柯达酵母M8在25%食盐条件下生物胺降解效果最好,组胺和酪胺的降解率分别为64.4%和72.4%。     

Distribution of Biogenic Amines and Polyamines in Cheese

ABSTRACT Biogenic amines and polyamines were measured in unripened cheese and 4 types of ripened cheese. The study included cheeses produced from both pasteurized and raw milks. All amines were lower in unripened than in ripened cheeses. The amine contents varied among different types of ripened cheese, within the same type of cheese, and also within the parts of cheeses. The main amines in ripened cheeses were tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine. The highest concentration of tyramine was found in hard-ripened raw-milk cheeses, while blue cheese had the highest level of cadaverine. Unripened cheeses could be considered as well-tolerated products for histamine- and tyramine-sensitive individuals, whereas the wide variability in biogenic amines makes it difficult to generalize this consideration for all ripened cheeses.     

Biogenic Amines in Dairy Products: Origin,Incidence, and Control Means

Biogenic amines (BAs) are toxic compounds produced by a number of microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, and molds) as a result of the metabolism of some amino acid, usually decarboxylation reactions. BA‐producing microorganisms are not necessarily pathogenic, such as lactic acid bacteria, which are, on the contrary, among the most beneficial microbiota to human beings and some of which even have probiotic properties. However, the incidence of BAs in dairy products and their possible implication in serious dairy‐borne intoxications has long been overlooked. Consequently, the implementation of control measures to limit such an incidence has not been considered among the priorities of the food safety authorities. Nonetheless, there is a growing concern with regard to the presence of BAs in dairy products, because their toxicological status as toxins that may have serious acute and/or chronic adverse health effects is becoming increasingly evident and well‐documented. The main BAs associated with dairy products are reviewed herein from the perspective of their incidence in these food products, and to draw the attention of readers to the shortage in data to perform pertinent risk assessment, which is considered to be a key action to provide efficient control means and to help decision makers issue appropriate legislative and regulatory measures.