阳极结构对直流非转移型等离子体射流特性的影响

本文介绍了自行研制的直流非转移弧等离子体炬的结构和工作原理,研究了不同阳极结构等离子体射流的特性与气体流量、弧功率的关系,以及侧向垂直送气对射流形貌的影响.结果表明,阳极结构对等离子体射流特性的影响较大,弧压随着阳极压缩角的增大而下降,较小压缩角的射流稳定性更好;通道直径较小的等离子体射流刚性更强;不同阳极结构的等离子体炬可以有不同的应用领域.     

大气压下大功率等离子体炬的数值模拟

主要研究直流等离子体炬的数值模拟方法,通过求解等离子体弧社区域的能量守恒,动量守恒,质量守恒及电流连续性方程,得到不同边界条件下温度,速度,电流密度分布,计算了大气压下２００Ａ自由氩弧的温度分布,电势和电流分布,并与实验数据及现有的理论计算进行了比较,得到了较好的结果,在此基础上结合本实验室５０００Ａ大功率等离子体炬,讨论了有阴极喷口存在下的弧柱部分的数值计算,以及能量守恒方程中辐射项,焦耳热项的     

低能高束流氩离子源的结构及性能

离子源技术是等离子体研究中的一项重要内容,而低能大束流源则是离子源技术研究中的一个重要方向,因为这样的源在离子束刻蚀、离子束溅射镀膜以及荷能粒子与物质相互作用方面都有广泛的应用;本文采用空心阴极空心阳极结构,用热阴极电子发射弧放电驱动并用磁场约束产生等离子体,用曲面发射引出离子束,研制成了氩气放电溅射离子源;研究了灯丝加热电流、弧压对弧流的影响和弧流与工作气体压力对离子束引出的影响规律.离子源的引出电压在0-4.0 kV之间连续可调,最大引出束流为100 mA,束斑面积为φ6.0 cm,以Ti为溅射靶时的最大溅射沉积率为0.45 nm/s,离子源可连续工作160 h.     

脉冲液体射流泵装置性能试验研究

研究了脉冲液体射流泵装置性能随喷嘴出口断面与喉管断面的面积比、工作压力和脉冲参数的变化特点。研究表明:脉冲射流可显著提高射流泵装置的性能;面积比和脉冲参数是影响脉冲液体射流泵装置性能的决定因素,减小面积比或提高脉冲频率可显著提高射流泵装置的性能;脉冲液体射流泵装置的流量特性呈典型负线性特征,脉冲液体射流泵装置效率曲线呈抛物型,脉冲频率越高,射流泵装置最佳效率点向大流量比方向移动,将增大射流泵装置性能的高效区范围。     

含氦Ti膜的透射电镜研究

在氦气和氩气混合气氛中用磁控溅射法制备含氦Ti膜。应用透射电镜观察不同氦气和氩气流量比对Ti膜微观结构及氦泡形貌和分布的影响,并研究退火温度对氦泡聚集和长大行为的影响。研究观测到,Ti膜中氦泡的尺寸随氦流量的增加而增大,氦泡的密度随氦流量改变出现一最大值;温度低于0.5 Tm时,He泡以泡迁移和合并机制(MC)长大;温度高于0.5 Tm时,He从小泡离解,被大泡吸收,以OR机制长大,氦泡尺寸明显增加。     

等离子体参数对中性束注入下快离子自举电流影响

本文数值研究了等离子体参数对大纵横比托卡马克装置中性束注入时产生的快离子净电流密度分布的影响。研究表明净电流密度的大小随背景等离子体温度的增大而增大,随等离子体密度的增大而减小,等离子体有效电荷对净电流密度的大小影响较小,但随有效电荷的增大净电流密度的峰值向等离子体边缘偏移。     

摇摆运动下矩形窄通道内摩擦压降特性研究

以水为工质,进行了摇摆运动下矩形窄通道内单相与流动沸腾阻力实验,获得了摇摆运动下瞬态压降波动规律,并对摇摆运动影响压降波动的机理进行了分析。摇摆运动使摩擦压降产生周期性波动,单相流动时,随系统流量、工质温度的升高,摇摆对压降波动的影响越发减弱;流动沸腾时,摇摆运动通过改变系统空间位置使压降呈明显的周期性波动,其波动幅度随出口含气率、系统流量、摇摆周期和角度的增大而增大,随系统压力的增大而减小。     

钠冷快堆超导钠泵建模与性能研究

为克服钠冷快堆机械式钠泵机械磨损、噪声大、泄漏以及普通电磁泵流量小、扬程小等问题，提出了大流量鞍型磁体的电磁泵作为驱动钠循环的主泵设计方案。对其结构进行了研究并建立了相应的数学模型，利用Matlab编写程序进行了不同电流、磁感应强度和温度条件下泵的扬程、流量和效率的性能研究。结果表明，扬程随通道宽度的增加、电流的减小、磁感应强度的减小而减小，效率随电流的减小、磁感应强度的减小而减小，温度高于400 ℃时由于接触电阻的降低可使效率提高，鞍型超导钠泵的流量可由电流、磁感应强度控制，但较为实用的是电流控制。该研究可为具体设计提供依据。     

基于遗传BP神经网络的超临界水自然循环稳态流量研究

利用遗传BP神经网络建立超临界水自然循环稳态流量预测模型,采用平均影响值(MIV)的概念进行参数敏感度分析。研究结果表明,遗传BP网络可以很好的预测超临界水自然循环稳态流量值,误差落在了±10%范围内。在所选的参数范围内,入口温度增大,稳态流量减小,提高试验段高度或减小加热段长度、出入口阻力系数可以使自然循环流量增加,其重要度排序为入口温度、试验段高度、入口阻力系数、出口阻力系数、加热段长度,且入口阻力系数、出口阻力系数、加热段长度影响基本对等。     

H-D体系的气液催化交换实验研究

采用Pt-SDB疏水催化剂与亲水填料混装,考查了氢同位素氘从气、液两相间相互交换过程的影响因素。结果表明:随着天然水流量的增大,开始时催化交换效率增大,而后趋于平稳;在相同的液体流量下,随着气体流量的增大,催化交换效率减小;随着温度的升高,催化交换效率增大;在同一温度下,随着液体流量的增大,气相总传质系数(Kya)没有什么明显的变化,而反应温度对Kya影响显著,高、低气体流速下两者的活化能相差很小。     

Numerical study of atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jet propagating into ambient nitrogen

A 2D axial symmetry fluid model is applied to study the features of an atmospheric-pressure argon (Ar) plasma jet propagating into ambient nitrogen (N₂) driven by a pulsed voltage, emphasizing the influence of gas velocity on the dynamic characteristics of the jet. The results show that the Ar jet exhibits a cylindrical-shaped channel and the jet channel gradually shrinks with the increase in propagation length. The jet propagation velocity varies with time. Inside the dielectric tube, the plasma jet accelerates propagation and reaches its maximum value near the nozzle. Exiting the tube, its velocity quickly decreases and when approaching the metal plane, the decrease in jet velocity slows down. The increase in gas speed results in the variation of jet spatial distribution. The electron density presents a solid structure at lower gas flow speeds, whereas an annular structure can be observed under the higher gas flow velocity in the ionization head. The jet length increases with the flow velocity. However, when the flow velocity exceeds a critical value, the increase in the rate of the plasma jet length slows down. In addition, the gas velocity effect on the generation and transport of the reactive particles is also studied and discussed.     

Characteristics of Single Cathode Cascaded Bias Voltage Arc Plasma

A single cathode with a cascaded bias voltage arc plasma source has been developed with a new quartz cathode chamber,instead of the previous copper chambers,to provide better diagnostic observation and access to the plasma optical emission.The cathode chamber cooling scheme is also modified to be naturally cooled only by light emission without cooling water to improve the optical thin performance in the optical path.A single-parameter physical model has been developed to describe the power dissipated in the cascaded bias voltage arc discharge argon plasmas,which have been investigated by utilizing optical emission spectroscopy(OES) and Langmuir probe.In the experiments,discharge currents from 50 A to 100 A,argon flow rates from 800 sccm to 2000 sccm and magnetic fields of 0.1 T and 0.2 T were chosen.The results show:(a) the relationship between the averaged resistivity and the averaged current density exhibits an empirical scaling law as η∝ j~(-0.63369) and the power dissipated in the arc has a strong relation with the filling factor;(b) through the quartz,the argon ions optical emission lines have been easily observed and are dominating with wavelengths between 340 nm and 520 nm,which are the emissions of Ar~+-434.81 nm and Ar~+-442.60 nm line,and theintensities are increasing with the arc current and decreasing with the inlet argon flow rate;and(c) the electron density and temperature can reach 2.0 × 10~(19) m~(-3) and 0.48 eV,respectively,under the conditions of an arc current of 90 A and a magnetic field of 0.2 T.The half-width of the n_e radial profile is approximatively equal to a few Larmor radii of electrons and can be regarded as the diameter of the plasma jet in the experiments.     

Numerical study of the effect of coflow argon jet on a laminar argon thermal plasma jet

The effects of the velocity and width in coflow argon jet inlet on the flow characteristics of laminar argon thermal plasma jet flowing into the cold air have been studied by the large eddy simulation methods. The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability between argon thermal plasma jet and coflow argon jet causes the transition from a laminar jet to a turbulent jet in the presence of coflow argon jet. Moreover, increasing the velocity and width in coflow argon jet inlet can enhance turbulent transport and provoke coherent structure in the downstream of thermal plasma jet. And the mixing characteristics between argon thermal plasma, coflow argon and ambient air are strengthened. In addition, the width in coflow argon jet inlet has a significant effect on the distribution of temperature in the upstream of thermal plasma jet. It was also found that the transition occurs in advance with the increase of velocity and width in coflow argon jet inlet.     

Diagnosis of Electron, Vibrational and Rotational Temperatures in an Ar/N2 Shock Plasma Jet Produced by a Low Pressure DC Cascade Arc Discharge

In this paper,a low pressure Ar/N2 shock plasma jet with clearly multicycle alternating zones produced by a DC cascade arc discharge has been investigated by an emission spectral method combined with Abel inversion analysis.Plasma emission intensity,electron,vibrational and rotational temperatures of the shock plasma have been measured in the expansion and compression zones.The results indicate that the ranges of the measured electron temperature,vibrational temperature and rotational temperature are 1.1 eV to 1.6 eV,0.2 eV to 0.7 eV and 0.19 eV to 0.22 eV,respectively,and it is found for the first time that the vibrational and rotational temperatures increase while the electron temperature decreases in the compression zones.The electron temperature departs from the vibrational and the rotational temperatures due to non-equilibrium plasma efects.Electrons and heavy particles could not completely exchange energy via collisions in the shock plasma jet under the low pressure of 620 Pa or so.     

Characterization of Short Intense Pulsed Electrothermal Plasma Capillaries for Use as Fusion and Launchers Heat Flux Sources

Electrothermal plasma sources operating in the confined capillary arc regime are characterized by the magnitude and shape of the discharge current. The desired plasma parameters at the source exit, especially the pressure and heat flux, are highly dependent on the arc due to the effect of the arc radiant energy that ablates the inner wall of the source. These sources have applications in fusion as drivers for pellet injectors and as high heat flux sources for fusion materials studies. The high-pressure high heat flux flow is also of application in mass accelerators and launch technology systems. The 1-D, time-dependent ETFLOW capillary code models the plasma generation and flow inside the capillary discharges and determines the plasma parameters. The input file to the code is the discharge current density providing the Joule heating in the energy equation. A circuit module has been developed and incorporated in the code to generate desired current shapes and magnitudes. The current pulse length was varied between 5 and 100 μs at constant amplitude of 50 kA, and then the pulse amplitude was varied between 10 and 200 kA at a constant pulse length of 20 μs. Increasing the pulse length while maintaining its amplitude increases the plasma density and the total ablated mass, which have accumulation behavior by increasing the pulse length, and subsequently increases the exit pressure from 60 to 410 MPa in the cases studied herein. The pressure increase allows the thermalization of the plasma particles through more collisions, which reduces the plasma temperature by about 0.2 eV. The bulk velocity follows the trend of the plasma temperature, but at shorter pulse lengths the total ablated mass is lower and enables the plasma to carry the particles with increasing velocity. Increasing the pulse amplitude up to 200 kA increases the density to about 18 kg/m³ and the bulk velocity, which varies between 6.1 and 10.7 km/s. A sharp increase in most plasma parameters occurs as a result of the increase in the pulse amplitude.     

Parametric Study on Arc Behavior of Magnetically Diffused Arc

A model coupling the plasma with a cathode body is applied in the simulation of the diffuse state of a magnetically rotating arc.Four parametric studies are performed:on the external axial magnetic field (AMF),on the cathode shape,on the total current and on the inlet gas velocity.The numerical results show that:the cathode attachment focuses in the center of the cathode tip with zero AMF and gradually shifts off the axis with the increase of AMF;a larger cathode conical angle corresponds to a cathode arc attachment farther away off axis;the maximum values of plasma temperature increase with the total current;the plasma column in front of the cathode tip expands more severely in the axial direction,with a higher inlet speed;the cathode arc attachment shrinks towards the tip as the inlet speed increases.The various results are supposed to be explained by the joint effect of coupled cathode surface heating and plasma rotating flow.     

Effect of methane content and the oscillating electric field between electrodes on atmospheric Ar/methane plasma jet and DLC coating deposition

In this work, the effects of the methane gas flow and the internal oscillating electric field between electrodes on radio-frequency(RF) atmospheric pressure argon/methane plasma jet and process of diamond-like carbon(DLC) film deposition have been investigated. Properties of RF atmospheric Ar/methane plasma jet such as active species density, length, electron temperature,appearance and ionization process of argon/methane plasma jet are changed due to the changing of methane flow content and electric field vector and its gradient. With increasing methane flow,the formation of C2 hydrocarbon and CH band content is decreased because injected electrical energy to a mixture of Ar/methane gases is insufficient to stabilize the ionization process of methane gas and the electrical-chemical reaction rate is decreased. With shortening the gas gap between two electrodes, electric field strength and its gradient are increased leading to more energy injection to the electron. Electrical-chemical reactions are strengthened leading to increasing the CH band content. These phenomena introduce the Ar/methane plasma jet in different modes causing to deposit the DLC film with different structures and properties. With using quartz glass and alumina ceramic as dielectric barriers tubes, RF atmospheric pressure Ar/methane plasma jet has been used to deposit DLC coating in different modes. Increasing methane content and shortening the gas gap leads to decreasing sp3 bonded content and the quality of the deposited film.     

Analysis of an Ar plasma jet in a dielectric barrier discharge conjugated with a microsecond pulse

In this work, an Ar plasma jet generated by an AC-microsecond-pulse-driven dielectric barrier discharge reactor, which had two ring-shaped electrodes isolated from the ambient atmosphere by transformer oil, was investigated. By special design of the oil insulation, a chemically active Ar plasma jet along with a safe and stable plasma process as well as low emission of CO and NO_x were successfully achieved. The results indicated that applied voltage and frequency were basic factors influencing the jet temperature, discharge power, and jet length, which increased significantly with the two operating parameters. Meanwhile, gas velocity affected the jet temperature in a reverse direction. In comparison with a He plasma jet, the Ar plasma jet had relatively low jet temperature under the same level of the input parameters, being preferable for bio-applications. The Ar plasma jet has been tested to interact with human skin within 5 min without the perception of burnt skin and electrical shock.     

Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet in Ar and O2/Ar Mixtures： Properties and High Performance for Surface Cleaning＊

An atmospheric pressure plasma jet generated in Ar and O2/Ar mixtures has been investigated by specially designed equipment with double power electrodes at 20~32 kHz, and their effects on the cleaning of surfaces have been studied. Properties of the jet discharge are studied by electrical diagnostics, including the waveform of discharge voltage, discharge current and the Q-V Lissajous figures. The optical emission spectroscopy is used to measure the plasma parameters, such as the excitation temperature and the gas temperature. It is found that the consumed power and the excitation temperature increase with increase of the discharge frequency. On the other hand, at the same discharge frequency, these parameters in O2/Ar mixture plasma are found to be much larger. The effect on surface cleaning is studied from the changes in the contact angle. For Ar plasma jet, the contact angle decreases with increase of the discharge frequency. For O2/Ar mixture plasma jet, the contact angle decreases with increase of discharge frequency up to 26 kHz, however, further increase of discharge frequency does not show further decrease in the contact angle. At the same discharge frequency, the contact angle after O2/Ar mixture plasma cleaning is found to be much lower compared to the case of pure Ar. From the results of quadrupole mass-spectrum analysis, we can identify more fragment molecules of CO and H2O in the emitted gases after O2/Ar plasma jet treatment compared with Ar plasma jet treatment, which are produced by the decomposition of surface organic contaminants during the cleaning process.     

Modelling Study to Compare the Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Low-Power Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Argon Arc-Heated Thrusters

A modelling study is performed to compare the plasma flow and heat transfer characteristics of low-power arc-heated thrusters (arcjets) for three different propellants: hydrogen, nitrogen and argon. The all-speed SIMPLE algorithm is employed to solve the governing equations, which take into account the effects of compressibility, Lorentz force and Joule heating, as well as the temperature- and pressure-dependence of the gas properties. The temperature, velocity and Mach number distributions calculated within the thruster nozzle obtained with different propellant gases are compared for the same thruster structure, dimensions, inlet-gas stagnant pressure and arc currents. The temperature distributions in the solid region of the anode-nozzle wall are also given. It is found that the flow and energy conversion processes in the thruster nozzle show many similar features for all three propellants. For example, the propellant is heated mainly in the near-cathode and constrictor region, with the highest plasma temperature appearing near the cathode tip; the flow transition from the subsonic to supersonic regime occurs within the constrictor region; the highest axial velocity appears inside the nozzle; and most of the input propellant flows towards the thruster exit through the cooler gas region near the anode-nozzle wall. However, since the properties of hydrogen, nitrogen and argon, especially their molecular weights, specific enthalpies and thermal conductivities, are different, there are appreciable differences in arcjet performance. For example, compared to the other two propellants, the hydrogen arcjet thruster shows a higher plasma temperature in the arc region, and higher axial velocity but lower temperature at the thruster exit. Correspondingly, the hydrogen arcjet thruster has the highest specific impulse and arc voltage for the same inlet stagnant pressure and arc current. The predictions of the modelling are compared favourably with available experimental results.