芽孢杆菌活化土壤残留磷的机制及影响因素

归纳具有溶磷功能的芽孢杆菌种类,指出芽孢杆菌通过分泌有机酸、胞外多糖以及具有水解作用的磷酸酶等螯合物质来活化土壤难溶性残留磷,同时总结其活化机制并分析磷源、碳源、氮源和pH值等不同因素对芽孢杆菌活化土壤残留磷素的影响.这些机制为合理应用芽孢杆菌作为生物肥料,减少农业生产对化肥磷素的依赖,实现农业可持续发展提供理论参考.     

系列水分活度标准物质的研制

水分活度的准确测定对食品安全具有重要意义。水分活度仪急需水分活度标准物质进行校准。研制了氯化钠(NaCl)溶液和氯化锂(LiCl)溶液水分活度标准物质。采用质量平衡法和电位滴定法测定LiCl的纯度。采用重量法制备LiCl溶液,利用LiCl和水的质量以及LiCl纯度计算LiCl的质量摩尔浓度(m)。将m代入德拜-休克尔方程,计算得到渗透系数(?)。根据物理化学基本原理,由m和?计算得到水分活度的标准值。另外,还采用NaCl纯度标准物质制备了NaCl溶液水分活度标准物质,并计算出其水分活度标准值。7种标准物质的标准值分别为0.250、0.500、0.762、0.797、0.850、0.900和0.950,它们的扩展不确定度(U,k=2)不超过0.007。以德拜-休克尔方程表示的?的标准数据,由美国标准局(NBS)统计并发布。该系列水分活度标准物质可用于水分活度仪的校准和水分活度测量方法的验证。     

芽孢杆菌应用于聚乳酸的降解及其降解条件的研究

采用液体培养法,将巨大芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌应用于聚乳酸生物降解,探究降解过程中培养条件的改变,对蛋白酶活性以及薄膜降解过程的影响。结果表明：不同种类的诱导物能够提高芽孢杆菌的蛋白酶活性,巨大芽孢杆菌的最高蛋白酶活性约为23.79 U/mL,枯草芽孢杆菌的最高蛋白酶活性约为11.61 U/mL,解淀粉芽孢杆菌的最高蛋白酶活性约为21.23 U/mL。三种芽孢杆菌中,巨大芽孢杆菌对聚乳酸的生物降解影响最大。初始pH值为8.0,接种2%(V/V)种子液,1%酵母浸粉作为降解诱导物,可以有效加快巨大芽孢杆菌对聚乳酸的降解速率,5 d后降解率可达20.96%。薄膜表面存在菌生长,生物降解后出现轻微裂痕。     

一株碱性纤维素酶高产菌株的分离、鉴定、系统发育分析及酶学性质的研究

对从土样中分离得到的一株碱性纤维素酶高产菌株H9进行了鉴定,该菌株呈长杆状,革兰氏染色为阳性,产芽孢.通过对其形态、生理生化特性、16S rDNA基因序列(该序列已收录于Genebank,登录号为EF501974)同源性分析的多相分类研究,确定该菌株为短小芽孢杆菌.对酶的性质研究表明,其最适pH值为8,最适温度为55℃,在pH值5～9范围内具有良好的稳定性.     

氯灭活水中枯草芽孢杆菌的效果

以枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC6633)作为难灭活微生物的代表,研究了氯对水体中芽孢的灭活效果,考察了氯浓度、作用时间、反应体系pH值、温度以及芽孢初始浓度等因素的影响。结果表明,氯对芽孢的灭活过程可分为延滞期和灭活期;初始氯浓度在2.06~10.30 mg·L^-1,反应时间0~166 min,pH值6~9,温度1~30℃,初始芽孢浓度10²~10¹² cfu·ml^-1范围内,消毒剂浓度和反应时间共同影响着氯对芽孢的灭活效果,提高消毒剂投量或延长消毒反应时间,均可提高灭活率;酸性条件下氯灭活芽孢的能力强于碱性条件下;随着温度的上升,氯对芽孢的灭活能力增强;芽孢的初始浓度对氯灭活芽孢的效能影响不大。初始氯投量为8.30 mg·L^-1,pH=7,芽孢初始浓度10⁶ cfu·ml^-1,温度分别为5℃和25℃下,枯草芽孢杆菌对氯消毒剂的抗性强于炭疽芽孢杆菌。     

石油降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解石油的初步研究

从被石油污染的土壤中分离得到一株石油降解菌O-D-1,通过形态、生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行了鉴定.结果表明,该菌的形态及生理特征与芽孢杆菌相似,芽孢杆菌的代表菌株B.anthracis、B.cereus、B.thuringienssi与该菌的同源性达99%.从系统发育树也可以看出,该菌与苏云金芽孢杆菌B.thuringiensis的距离最近,归属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus).通过对降解条件的研究,确定了降解菌O-D-1的最适生长条件为:初始pH值5、温度37℃、渗透压1%NaCl、辅助营养物质蛋白胨浓度4 g·L-1.     

有机物对针铁矿团聚氧化石墨烯(GO)的影响

研究了土壤矿物针铁矿与环境中存在的芽孢杆菌胞外聚合物(EPS)对氧化石墨烯(GO)团聚特性的影响.结果 表明氧化石墨烯纳米颗粒与土壤中的矿物和EPS发生作用.土壤中针铁矿对纳米颗粒GO的团聚有促进作用,受pH值影响大.针铁矿与EPS复合体对GO团聚也有促进作用,但较单独针铁矿作用弱且受pH值影响不明显.NaCl离子强度的增加促进了GO的团聚,降低了GO溶液的稳定性.明确了不同pH值和离子强度下针铁矿-EPS复合体系对GO在土壤中的状态产生重要影响.     

纳豆激酶液体发酵条件的优化

以纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis natto)为出发菌,研究了其液体发酵产生纳豆激酶(Nattokinase,NK)的培养基组成(碳源、氮源、碳氮比和金属离子组成)和培养条件(温度、初始pH值、发酵时间、接种量和装液量)对产酶量的影响.结果表明,液体发酵培养基的最佳碳源为麦芽糖,浓度为1.0%;最...     

曼陀罗总生物碱抑菌活性的初步研究

采用MIC和纸片法考查了曼陀罗提取物对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母菌的抑菌性能。结果表明,曼陀罗对4种受试菌株都有抑菌活性;100℃时,水提物对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果最好,最大抑菌圈为14.72 mm;pH值为8时,曼陀罗水提取对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母菌的抑菌性最好,最大抑菌圈分别为15.46、13.47、12.26和11.22 mm。曼陀罗水提取对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为8、8、4、6 mg/m L。     

仙人掌提取物的抑菌作用

分别对食用仙人掌(OpuntiaMiloaAlta)和野生仙人掌 (OpuntiadilleniiHaw)提取物进行了抑菌作用、最低抑菌和杀菌条件的研究。实验结果表明:野生仙人掌提取物对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有明显的抑制作用,食用仙人掌提取物的抑菌作用效果不明显。野生仙人掌乙醇提取物 (odh)最小抑菌质量分数分别为:大肠杆菌w(odh) =2. 5%,枯草芽孢杆菌w(odh) =5%;最低杀菌质量分数分别为:大肠杆菌w(odh) =5%,枯草芽孢杆菌w(odh) =10%。此外,正交实验的最佳抑菌条件为:提取物w(odh) =10%,提取剂φ(乙醇) =85%,pH=4 5。     

常用食品防腐剂以及酸性条件对乳酸菌的影响

乳酸菌是常见的益生菌和食源性酸败菌,为了研究它们对酸性条件、山梨酸钾、苯甲酸钠的耐受性,5株常见的乳酸菌被挑选出来,在不同pH值和防腐剂浓度下进行生长情况的监测和分析。结果表明,乳酸菌对于低pH值(3.0)和防腐剂(如苯甲酸钠浓度500×10-6)的耐受性均较强。     

Seawater Ozonation of Bacillus subtilis Spores: Implications for the Use of Ozone in Ballast Water Treatment

The potential of ozone for disinfection of ships’ ballast water was investigated using Bacillus subtilis spores as an indicator. The effects of pH, presence of iron, and bacterial strain on disinfection efficacy in seawater, under simulated ballast conditions, were investigated. Ozone dosages of 9 mg/L (pH 7) and 14 mg/L (pH 8.2) and 24 h contact achieved a 4-log inactivation with the various oxidant residuals formed. Iron surface at a ratio to water of 9 m²/m³ impaired the oxidant residuals and the disinfection of spores. Different strains of B. subtilis resulted in different CT values. Ozone does not seem to be a good choice for the control of spore-forming organisms in ballast water, but may be suitable for the control of other species.     

Survival of Bacteria After Ozonation

The change of the bacterial population after each water treatment process was examined in a full-scale water treatment plant that uses ozone as a primary disinfectant. The fluctuation of heterotrophic bacterial number along the water treatment processes was determined. After ozonation, the bacterial number decreased to 13 CFU/mL. The surviving bacteria after each water treatment process were identified to genus or species level. The significant finding was the predominance of double-layered gram-positives (75%) among the surviving bacteria after ozonation. It included Mycobacterium spp., Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Micrococcus spp. On the other hand, the dominance of gram-negatives was observed in most other water samples but each treatment process exerted different selection on dominant bacterial groups. The proportion of opportunistic pathogens was the lowest in the ozonated water.     

Biosynthesis of carbomycin,its extraction,purification and mode of action on Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-543

A fermentation medium containing (g dm^?3)—glucose, 10.0; soyabean meal, 10.0; NaCl, 5.0 and CaCO₃, 1.0 in distilled water—was used in the biosynthesis of the macrolide antibiotic carbomycin. Maximum yield of carbomycin was obtained after 120 h fermentation. Carbomycin was extracted by different organic solvents adjusted to different pH values. Extraction of the antibiotic was possible when the pH of the fermentation broth was neutral (6.5–7.5) with all organic acids used, but the most efficient organic solvent suitable for extraction of carbomycin was chloroform at a pH of 6.5. Further purification was carried out by preparative thin layer chromatography. The most efficient separation into carbomycin A and carbomycin B was obtained using a solvent system of ethanol-hexane-water [90:10:0.15 (v/v)]. Carbomycin inhibited the biosynthesis of the anabolising cellular constituents phosphoprotein, ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids in Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-543.     

The release of cefazolin from chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/sepiolite nanocomposite hydrogel films

Films of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sepiolite nanocomposite were prepared by a simple and “green” route through solution mixing; followed by freezing–thawing cycles. The structures of nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The SEM and TEM micrographs confirmed a needle-type dispersion of sepiolite nanoclay in the hydrogel nanocomposites. The effects of sepiolite and chitosan/PVA weight ratio on the swelling of nanocomposites were investigated. The water absorbency of nanocomposites was decreased by introducing sepiolite nanoclay. The nanocomposites with high content of chitosan showed high swelling capacity. The nanocomposite films showed pH-dependent swelling behavior with a maximum water absorbency under acidic pH. The cefazolin with a broad-spectrum activity toward gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was loaded in hydrogels. The release of cefazolin from nanocomposites was evaluated at pH 7.4. The content of released drug was affected by both sepiolite amount and chitosan/PVA weight ratio. The nanocomposites films released more cefazolin than the neat hydrogel film. Cefazolin-loaded nanocomposites showed the antibacterial activity with a large zone of inhibition against gram-positive Bacillus cereus bacterium.     

Performance of an Electrostatic Precipitator with Superhydrophobic Surface when Collecting Airborne Bacteria

Modern bioaerosol sampling and analysis techniques that enable rapid detection of low bioagent concentrations in various environments are needed to help us understand the causal relationship between adverse health effects and bioaerosol exposures and also to enable the timely biohazard detection in case of intentional release.

We have developed a novel bioaerosol sampler, an electrostatic precipitator with superhydrophobic surface (EPSS), where a combination of electrostatic collection mechanism with superhydrophobic collection surface allows for efficient particle collection, removal, and concentration in water droplets as small as 5 μ L. The sampler's performance at different sampling flow rates and sampling times was tested with two common bacteria: Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. The collection efficiency was determined using the traditional method of microscopic counting as well as the whole-cell quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (QPCR). The tests indicated that the new sampler achieves collection efficiency as high as 72%. A combination of the satisfactory collection efficiency and the small collecting water droplet volumes allowed achieving sample concentration rates that exceed 1 × 10 ⁶ . In addition, the collection efficiency for both bacteria obtained by the two different methods was not statistically different, indicating the sampler's compatibility with the PCR-based sample analysis techniques. In addition, the whole-cell QPCR does not require DNA extraction prior to the PCR reaction which offers faster sample processing.

Very high concentration rates achieved with the new sampler as well as its compatibility with the QPCR methodology point toward its suitability for detecting low concentrations of airborne bacterial agents in various environments.     

Improving water solubility of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐styrene) copolymers by adding styrene sulfonic acid as a termonomer

Acrylic acid is often used to make water‐soluble polymers while styrene is often modified to add special functions to polymers. However, when styrene and acrylic acid are copolymerized, the resulting polymer is much less water soluble. To regain water solubility, the effect of styrene sulfonic acid on solubility of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐styrene) copolymers was investigated. Even though acrylic acid polymers are known for their water solubility, the presence of styrene units within acrylic acid copolymers reduces the solubility of the copolymer substantially at the natural pH of the solutions. By adding styrene sulfonic acid as a termonomer, polymers that are water soluble at the natural pH of the polymerization could be obtained. The solubility of the polymer after removal of the solvent and by redissolving at different concentrations and pH levels is also reported. Solubility increases at higher pH especially with low styrene concentration in the copolymer. It was found that incorporation of as little as 5 mol % of styrene into poly(acrylic acid) reduced the aqueous solubility to less than 0.5 g dL^?1 at pH 7. Upon adding 7 mol % styrene sulfonic acid as a termonomer, the water solubility increased to 5 g dL^?1 at pH 7. At higher levels of styrene, more styrene sulfonic acid was needed, especially at low pH. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

专性嗜碱芽孢杆菌Bacillus pseudofirmus 的基因导入方法

引言 极端微生物可以为改善传统生物催化剂的"脆性"提供新的方法, 从而提高酶在高温、高压、高酸碱性等条件下的催化活性[1].嗜碱菌是一类最适生长pH＞10的极端微生物,可以生产碱性淀粉酶、碱性蛋白酶、碱性纤维素酶等碱性酶,具有重要的工业应用价值[2].     

Simple,convenient, low‐cost,and solventless greener way to pH‐responsive polymeric hydrogels: Synthesis and characterization

Utilization of hydrogels in a simple, low‐cost, solventless. and greener approach toward the pH‐responsive hydrogels which comprise of citric acid (CA) with varying glycol unit viz., ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and triethylene glycol (TEG) were prepared along with methacrylic acid (MAA). The formations of pre‐polymer and hydrogels were confirmed using ¹³C‐NMR and FT‐IR spectral techniques. Thermal studies (TGA, DTA, and DSC) and morphology (SEM) of various hydrogels have been investigated. Swelling studies of hydrogels at different pH ranging from 4.0 to 10.0 have also been performed. The results of swelling studies imply that the percentage of swelling is comparatively higher at neutral pH than acidic and alkaline pH. The reciprocal relationship was identified among thermal stability and swelling behavior of hydrogels while increasing the chain length from EG to TEG. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41921.     

Studies of substrate specificities of lipases from different sources

Although lipases are widely applied in a wide variety of reactions, available information on the factors that are responsible for the substrate specificities of lipases from different sources is scarce. In this paper, nine lipase‐producing microorganism strains were isolated from oil‐containing samples. The properties of these enzymes, including pH optima, temperature optima, thermal stability, and pH stability, vary significantly with the different sources from which these lipases were isolated. The substrate specificities of the nine lipases, including fatty acid and positional specificities, were also studied. The fatty acid specificities of the nine lipases were observably different toward 15 substrates with different carbon chain lengths, different saturation degrees and different side chains. The lipases from S₃ Penicillium citrinum (PCL), MJ₁ Aspergillus niger (ANL), MJ₂ Aspergillus oryzae (AOL), YM Bacillus coughing (BCL), S₉ Geotrichum candidum (GCL), and S₁₁ Candida lypolytica (CLL) showed the strongest specificities to short‐chain esters, and the other lipases showed strong selectivity for medium‐ or long‐chain and branched esters. The positional specificities were examined by analyzing the hydrolytic products of triolein catalyzed by the nine lipases, using TLC. The lipases can be mainly classified into two groups by their specificities for the ester bond at position 2 of triglycerides; one group can selectively hydrolyze the ester bond at position 2 of the triglycerides, the other group cannot. All these nine lipases were divided into four groups by hierarchical clustering analysis on the basis of the results of fatty acid and positional specificities.