稠密栅元不同子通道内湍流流动的RANS和URANS模拟

本工作采用RANS和非稳态雷诺平均纳维斯托克斯模拟（URANS）方法对稠密栅元内典型子通道——中心通道和壁面通道内的湍流流动进行CFD模拟。研究分析了稠密栅元子通道内的不同周向角度的主流速度、壁面剪应力、湍动能等参数。将模拟计算结果和实验测量结果进行对比,结果表明：RANS模拟在采用各向异性的湍流模型的情况下能较好地模拟P/D较大的稠密栅元通道,但对于P/D较小（P/D<1.1）的稠密栅元通道,CFD结果和实验数据存在较大差距。相比之下,URANS方法可模拟紧密栅元子通道间隙区的大尺度、准周期的流动振动,从而和实验数据拟合良好。推荐采用雷诺应力湍流模型(SSG,ORS)进行RANS模拟,而采用SAS湍流模型进行URANS模拟。     

燃料棒束对称近壁子通道内湍流结构的模拟实验研究

描述了棒束子通道内流速分布,壁面剪应力分布和湍流雷诺应力张量分布的实验研究。由四根棒组成的棒束平行对称地布置在一个矩形流道内。试验棒的中心距与棒直径之比为:P/D=1.148,而壁距与棒直径之比分别为W_1/D=1.045和W_2/D=1.074。两种不同几何条件下,实验中雷诺数分别为6.11×10~4和7.0×10~4。实验结果表明,棒束子通道内的湍流结构与圆管内的湍流结构有很大差别。特别是在棒和通道壁之间的窄缝区存在着相当强的轴向和周向湍流强度,因而那里也有相当强的湍流动能,这显然是由于通过棒-壁窄缝处强烈的湍流脉动流所造成的。和过去进行的非对称布置的子通道实验(子通道内有相同几何参数P/D及W/D,但与相邻子通道几何非对称地布置于同一矩形通道内)相比,发现对称子通道情况下子通道之间通过棒-棒窄缝处的湍流动量迁移例很小,可以忽略不计。壁面剪应力分布的实验值和用VELASCO程序计算结果相对比,发现两者之间有明显的差异,尤其是在棒—壁窄缝区,差异更大。建议有必要发展比现有程序更为完善的分析计算程序,以便提高对棒束子通道湍流流动的计算精度。     

稠密栅元内湍流流体的数值模拟

采用CFD软件Fluent对37棒束内的湍流流体进行了分析。利用实验数据对计算结果进行了验证,分析了棒 棒间隙的减小对稠密栅元内局部流动、传热和相干结构的影响。稠密栅元的临界P/D（棒间距/棒直径）约为1.03。随着P/D减小,相干结构和流体交混先增加然后迅速衰减。当通道间隙非常小时,相干结构运动非常弱以至于可将其忽略。其流速、壁面剪应力和壁面温度的波动也非常小,但其参数的空间分布的差异非常明显。     

燃料棒束对称近壁子通道内湍流结构的模拟实验研究

描述了棒束子通道内流速分布,壁面剪应力分布和湍流雷诺应力张量分布的实验研究。由四根棒组成的棒束平行对称地布置在一个矩形流道内。试验棒的中心距与棒直径之比为:P/D=1.148,而壁距与棒直径之比分别为W_1/D=1.045和W_2/D=1.074。两种不同几何条件下,实验中雷诺数分别为6.11×10~4和7.07×10~4。实验结果表明,棒束子通道内的湍流结构与圆管内的湍流结构有很大差别。特别是在棒和通道壁之间的窄缝区存在着相当强的轴向和周向湍流强度,因而那里也有相当强的湍流动能,这显然是由于通过棒-壁窄缝处强烈的湍流脉动流所造成的。和过去进行的非对称布置的子通道实验(子通道具有相同几何参数P/D及W/D,但与相邻子通道几何非对称地布置于同一矩形通道内)相比,发现对称子通道情况下子通道之间通过棒-棒窄缝处的湍流动量迁移则很小,可以忽略不计。壁面剪应力分布的实验值和用VELASCO程序计算结果相对比,发现两者之间有明显的差异,尤其是在棒-壁窄缝区,差异更大。建议有必要发展比现有程序更为完善的分析计算程序,以便提高对棒束子通道湍流流动的计算精度。     

方形组件紧密栅格内非稳态流动行为的研究

棒束子通道间冷却剂的交混作用能显著降低棒束周向壁面的温差,为进一步了解紧密栅棒束内特殊的流场结构,以水为工质,对P/D=1.1的双排六棒束方形通道内的流动进行了试验研究与数值模拟。采用流场示踪方法,在Re =2 000～40 000范围内拍摄了紧密栅内棒壁间瞬态流动可视化信息,捕捉到大尺度类周期性脉动结构,并获得了该脉动流的相关特征参数。结果表明：当Re≥5 000时,大尺度脉动流发生,并在实验工况内呈很强的周期性,脉动流的波长与Re无关,脉动主频率与Re成正比;采用SSG湍流模型对相同截面通道内的流动进行了非稳态计算,模拟出棒壁狭缝处的大尺度类周期性脉动行为,计算所得脉动流各项参数与试验值符合良好。     

单相4×4棒束流动试验的CFD方法验证

为研究计算流体力学（CFD）方法预测棒束通道内流场分布的准确性,基于网格敏感性分析所确定的网格方案,采用标准k-ε模型（SKE）、可实现k-ε模型（RKE）、标准k-ω模型（SKW）和剪切应力传输模型（SST模型）对单相棒束流动进行模拟,并将横向速度与轴向速度与试验结果进行量化比较。结果表明:4种湍流模型均能较好地预测棒束通道内的流场分布,其中SKE与RKE的在横向速度预测上相对偏差较小,为19.6%;对于近格架区域的横向流场分析,SKE模拟较优,反之RKE模拟较优;对于轴向速度的预测,SKE的相对偏差最小为4.9%;4种湍流模型均低估均方根（RMS）速度,但能够预测棒束通道内RMS速度的分布规律,近格架区域采用RKE,反之SST较优。本文的计算结果可为单相棒束流动CFD分析的最佳实践导则建立提供参考。      

稠密栅元内湍流流体的流动传热

本文对稠密栅元内的湍流流动和传热特性进行了分析。首先利用实验数据对计算结果进行了验证,然后分析了Re和P/D等参数对稠密栅元内的摩擦阻力系数和传热系数的影响。Re和P/D均会对稠密栅元内的流动传热特性产生显著影响,但传统的理论模型无法描述P/D对栅元内的摩擦阻力系数和传热系数的影响。P/D=1.03是一临界点,这种条件下的稠密栅元内的流动和传热是最安全的,也是最高效的。此时核反应堆的功率和系统的传热能力可同时达到最大。     

快堆组件稠密棒束数值模拟

为详细研究快堆组件稠密棒束中的冷却剂流动方式,本工作采用Fluent程序对169棒束快堆燃料组件进行了三维数值模拟,并与已公开发表的文献结果进行了对比。由计算结果可知：计算得到的摩擦系数结果在Re为35885～61354时与试验结果符合较好;从中心到外围,横向流和轴向流在不同的方向和位置呈现出不同的流动特性。根据模拟结果可更准确地预测棒束通道内的流动情况,可为今后稠密棒束组件水力学设计和子通道内流量测量试验提供参考。     

基于PIV技术的低雷诺数下棒束通道流场研究

基于粒子图像测速(PIV)技术开展了低雷诺数(Re)条件下5×5棒束通道内充分发展段的流场可视化研究,试验Re从310～12296内选择了22组工况进行研究。试验结果表明:在低Re下,棒束通道内部的相对速度梯度较大,随着Re的上升,棒束通道内速度趋向于均匀化分布;通过阻力特性观察到的棒束通道中转捩相对于圆管较为模糊,转捩Re为900左右;在低Re效应的影响下,无量纲速度均方根随Re的增大而减小,而在转捩Re附近出现了无量纲速度均方根随Re的增大而增大的现象;此外该试验可以用于验证湍流模型对于不同Re的适用性。     

加/减速流动下棒束通道内速度分布和湍流特性研究

事故工况及海洋条件下反应堆处于非稳态工况,堆芯燃料组件内热工水力行为复杂多变,对反应堆安全提出了更高挑战,因此有必要对非稳态下燃料组件内流动换热特性开展研究。基于粒子图像测速（PIV）技术,结合远心镜头和脉冲控制器,实现对燃料组件内复杂流场的高时空分辨率、长时间的连续测量,获得了流量波动下燃料组件内时空演变的流场结构,分析了棒束通道内速度分布、湍流强度、雷诺应力等瞬时流场信息的空间演变特性。以定常流动下流场分布特性为基准,对比分析了加速度对燃料组件内空间流场分布的贡献特点。实验结果表明：加速流动提高了棒束通道内流层之间的速度梯度,抑制了横向速度和湍流强度;减速流动减弱了棒束通道内流层之间的速度梯度,提高了横向速度和湍流强度。实验结果有助于揭示燃料组件在非稳态条件下的瞬态特性,并为燃料组件的设计和优化奠定基础。     

三角形排列的紧密栅元棒束内流动行为的数值模拟

对三角形排列紧密栅元通道内的空气湍流流动进行了数值研究,系统考察了涡粘性和雷诺应力两类湍流模型模拟紧密栅元通道内流动特征的适用性.结果表明:SSG雷诺应力模型对流动有较好的模拟,这说明湍流各项异性的模拟在紧密栅元中十分重要;不同雷诺数和几何结构下的模拟显示,二次流的大小和雷诺数的相关性不大.但随着棒间距和棒径比(P/D)的增大,二次流减小.     

A turbulence model study for simulating flow inside tight lattice rod bundles

Performances of various turbulence models are evaluated for calculation of detailed coolant velocity distribution in a tight lattice fuel bundle. The individual models are briefly outlined and compared with respect to the prediction of wall shear stress and velocity field, for a fully developed flow inside a triangular lattice bundle. Comparisons clearly show the importance of proper modeling of the turbulence-driven secondary flows in subchannels. A quadratic k– model, which showed promising capability in this respect, is adjusted in its coefficients, and the adjusted model is applied to fully developed flow in an infinite triangular array, with various Reynolds numbers. The results show that the inclusion of adequate anisotropy modeling enables to accurately reproduce the wall shear stress distribution and velocity field in tight lattice fuel bundles.     

Simulation of turbulent flow inside different subchannels in tight lattice bundle

In this paper, both steady and unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS and URANS) methodology are applied to the prediction of turbulent flow inside different subchannels in tight lattice bundles.Two typical configurations of subchannels (i.e., wall subchannel and center subchannel) are chosen to be investigated. In this work the application of different turbulence models implemented in the commercial code CFX v12 is shown. The validity of the methodology is assessed by comparing computational results of axial velocity, wall shear stress and turbulent intensity distributions with the experimental data (Krauss, 1996; Krauss and Meyer, 1998). This study shows that RANS simulation with anisotropic turbulent model produces excellent agreement with experiment, whereas it failed to predict the flow behavior accurately in the case of tightly packed geometries (P/D < 1.1). On the other hand, the URANS simulation is in good agreement with the results in tightly packed geometries with flow oscillation in the gap region. The effects of the Reynolds number and the bundle geometry on the flow oscillation are investigated in details.     

Fully developed rod bundle flow over a large range of Reynolds number

In an investigation of the fluid mechanics of single phase reactor cores, extensive measurements of mean axial velocity, wall shear stress and all six Reynolds stresses have been made in fully developed flow through a square pitched rod bundle array with pitch to diameter ratio of 1.107. The range of Reynolds numbers, based on bulk velocity and hydraulic diameter was 22600 to 207600. The mean secondary flow velocities could not be measured at any Reynolds number, implying that they were always less than about 1% of the bulk velocity. The axial momentum integral equation is used to show that the wall shear stress distribution is determined primarily by the pressure gradient and the transverse shear stress |ovbar|uw, a result that confirms the negligible size of the mean secondary flow. The implications of the results for current engineering calculation methods are discussed.     

Flow measurements in rod bundle subchannels with varying rod-wall proximity

Detailed measurements of fully developed, turbulent, air flow through a five-rod sector of a 37-rod bundle have been conducted for the design geometry of the bundle, as well as for several cases with the central rod displaced towards the external tube wall and/or towards a neighboring rod, including cases with rod-wall and rod-rod contact. The wall shear stress on an outer rod reached minima at rod-wall and rod-rod gaps and maxima at open flow regions. The average and the minimum wall shear stresses decreased dramatically only for very small values of the rod-wall gap. Measurements of the mean velocity, Reynolds stresses and turbulent scales in the wall and inner subchannels are presented mostly as iso-contours. Isotachs bulged towards narrow gaps and corners, with the bulging becoming more pronounced as the rod-wall gap decreased. The local friction factor not only varied appreciably around the rod as the gap decreased, but also had values much larger than the average friction factor based on the subchannel bulk velocity, due to the variability of the local flow width.     

The structure of turbulent flow in triangular array rod bundles

A wind tunnel study of fully developed uniform-density turbulent flow through triangular array rod bundles is described. Measurements were made for three tube spacings (

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) over a Reynolds number range of 12 000–84 000. The data include friction factors, local wall shear stresses, and the distributions of mean axial velocity, Reynolds stresses and eddy diffusivities. The secondary flow pattern is from the available evidence.     

Developed single phase turbulent flow through a square-pitch rod cluster

An experimental study of developed single phase turbulent flow through a square pitched array of rod bundles is described. Measurements were made at two spacings (p/d = 1.194, 1.107) of the mean velocity distribution and wall shear stress variation, together with the six terms of the symmetrical Reynolds stress tensor. The departure of the turbulent flow structure from axisymmetric pipe flow, particularly in the rod gap region, was found to depend strongly on the (p/d) ratio.     

On the transport mechanisms in simulated heterogeneous rod bundle subchannels

Experimental results are presented on fully developed turbulent flow through simulated heterogeneous rod bundle subchannels. The emphasis of this study is on the universality of the cross-gap turbulence convection transport with respect to symmetric versus asymmetric subchannels. The flow passage was formed by a rod asymmetrically mounted in a trapezoidal duct. The Reynolds number based on the equivalent hydraulic diameter and bulk average axial velocity is 26 300. The measurements include mean axial velocities, r.m.s. values of the fluctuating velocity components and the energy density spectra. The results demonstrate the existence of an unusual region near the asymmetric rod-to-wall gap characterized by high levels of axial turbulence intensity with a remarkably different type of distribution compared with a normal boundary layer. It is also shown that the strength of the cross-gap transport is subchannel geometry dependent. The distributions of wall shear stress and turbulence kinetic energy indicate that mean convection by secondary flow is also an important transport mechanism that should be taken into account in the analysis of momentum/heat transfer in rod bundle subchannels.