Infrared multiphoton dissociation in quadrupole ion traps

The development of new ion activation techniques continues to be a dynamic area of scientific discovery, in part to complement the tremendous innovations in ionization methods that have allowed the mass spectrometric analysis of an enormous array of molecules. Ion activation/dissociation provides key information about ion structures, binding energies, and differentiation of isomers, as well as affording a primary means of identifying compounds in mixtures. Numerous new activation methods have emerged over the past two decades in an effort to develop alternatives to collisional activated dissociation, the gold standard for providing structurally diagnostic fragmentation patterns. Collisional activated dissociation does not always offer sufficiently high or controllable energy deposition, thus rendering it less useful for certain classes of molecules, such as large proteins or macromolecular complexes. Photodissociation is one of the most promising alternatives and is readily implemented in ion trapping and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometers. Photodissociation generally entails using a laser to irradiate ions with UV, visible, or IR photons, thus resulting in internal energy deposition based on the number and wavelengths of the photons. The activation process can be extremely rapid and efficient, as well as having the potential for high total energy deposition. This review describes infrared multiphoton dissociation in quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry. A comparison of photodissociation and collisional activated dissociation is covered, in addition to some of the methods to increase photodissociation efficiency. Numerous applications of IRMPD are discussed as well, including ones related to the analysis of drugs, peptides, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:390–424, 2009     

离子阱质谱仪小型化的最新研究进展

为适应科技发展的需要，质谱议的小型化已成为目前分析仪器发展的一个重要趋势，其中离子阱质谱仪的小型化取得了举世瞩目的成果。离子阱的小型化是通过应用小型真空泵、小型真空系统及较低的射频电压和简化阱结构（从双曲线离子阱到圆柱型离子阱再到矩形离子阱）来实现的。和其他形式的Paul离子阱一样，在外部离子注入模式下，圆柱形离子阱具有较低的捕获效率和较低的储存容量（对于商业尺寸的离子阱只能存储大约500个离子），尤其是在低射频电压工作条件下，阱尺寸减小时更是如此。为克服这些缺点，出现了一种新的离子阱质量分析器一矩形离子阱质量分析器。本文介绍了离子阱质量分析器的小型化原理，对其最新研究进展进行了评述。     

Current mass spectrometry strategies for the analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices

Analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices continues to be an active research area closely related to food safety and environmental issues. This review discusses the most widely applied mass spectrometric (MS) approaches to pesticide residues analysis over the last few years. The main techniques for sample preparation remain solvent extraction and solid‐phase extraction. The QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) approach is being increasingly used for the development of multi‐class pesticide residues methods in various sample matrices. MS detectors—triple quadrupole (QqQ), ion‐trap (IT), quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT), time‐of‐flight (TOF), and quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QqTOF)—have been established as powerful analytical tools sharing a primary role in the detection/quantification and/or identification/confirmation of pesticides and their metabolites. Recent developments in analytical instrumentation have enabled coupling of ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and fast gas chromatography (GC) with MS detectors, and faster analysis for a greater number of pesticides. The newly developed “ambient‐ionization” MS techniques (e.g., desorption electrospray ionization, DESI, and direct analysis in real time, DART) hyphenated with high‐resolution MS platforms without liquid chromatography separation, and sometimes with minimum pre‐treatment, have shown potential for pesticide residue screening. The recently introduced Orbitrap mass spectrometers can provide high resolving power and mass accuracy, to tackle complex analytical problems involved in pesticide residue analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:907–939, 2011     

Real-time single particle mass spectrometry: a historical review of a quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols

Real-time single particle mass spectrometry, or continuous aerosol mass spectrometry, was originally developed in the 1970s for the purpose of identifying the chemical composition of airborne particulate matter in real-time. Although this technique has continued to evolve throughout the following decades, the fundamental characteristic of this method remains the same, involving the continuous introduction of solid particle or liquid droplets directly into the ion source region of a mass spectrometer. Continuous sample introduction allows for the chemical analysis of single airborne particles in real-time. A number of mass analyzers have been employed in real-time single particle mass spectrometry. The original real-time single particle mass spectrometer used a magnetic sector mass analyzer. Quadrupole, double-focusing, and ion trap mass spectrometers have also been utilized. The majority of the current real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques use time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In the literature, a variety of general names have been applied to real-time single particle mass spectrometry methods. These names include direct-inlet mass spectrometry, on-line laser microprobe mass spectrometry, particle analysis by mass spectrometry, particle beam mass spectrometry, and rapid-single particle mass spectrometry. This review covers real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques that were developed from 1973 through 1998, specifically for analyzing airborne particulate matter, including environmental aerosols, biological aerosols, and clean-room aerosols. Because the majority of the historical and current real-time single particle mass spectrometers have been employed for atmospheric aerosols, this topic is the primary focus of this review. This review does not include on-line mass spectrometry methods that are employed as a detector for other instrumental methods, such as liquid chromatography.     

美国应用生物系统公司串联液质系统--食品安全的卫士

高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术在近几年发展迅猛，已成为在复杂体系中进行微量组分的筛选、定性和定量极其可靠、快速和准确的分析手段。受到了学术界和分析测试行业的普遍青睐，并在生命科学、药学、医学、环境与健康等领域得到广泛应用。本文论述了美国应用生物系统公司串联液质系统用于食品安全领域关键的技术要点，比如三级四极杆质谱技术擅长快速定量分析，就好比是“长了眼睛的分析检测技术”，不需要液相色谱的完全分离，提高了方法建立与分析检测的速度，并拓展了分析测试的检测下限；同时。线性离子阱技术可提供高质量的化合物碎片离子全扫描图谱以及多级串联质谱功能，大大增强了系统的定性功能。而两种技术的完美组合即“串联四极杆-线性离子阱融合质谱技术”不仅出色地完成高灵敏度、高选择性的定量分析，同时可以获得增强性化和物结构碎片图谱，使定性、定量工作一次完成，大大提高了食品安全中分析检测的通量．本文介绍了这种新技术的基本原理及其在食品安全中的经典应用。     

Application of mass spectrometry in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers

This review summarized the applications of mass spectrometric techniques for the analysis of the important flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to understand the environmental sources, fate and toxicity of PBDEs that were briefly discussed to give a general idea for the need of analytical methodologies. Specific performance of various mass spectrometers hyphenated with, for example, gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, and inductively coupled plasma (GC/MS, LC/MS, and ICP/MS, respectively) for the analysis of PBDEs was compared with an objective to present the information on the evolution of MS techniques for determining PBDEs in environmental and human samples. GC/electron capture negative ionization quadrupole MS (GC/NCI qMS), GC/high resolution MS (GC/HRMS) and GC ion trap MS (GC/ITMS) are most commonly used MS techniques for the determination of PBDEs. New analytical technologies such as fast tandem GC/MS and LC/MS become available to improve analyses of higher PBDEs. The development and application of the tandem MS techniques have helped to understand environmental fate and transformations of PBDEs of which abiotic and biotic degradation of decaBDE is thought to be one major source of Br_1‐9BDEs present in the environment in addition to direct loading from commercial mixtures. MS‐based proteomics will offer an insight into the molecular mechanisms of toxicity and potential developmental and neurotoxicity of PBDEs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 29:737–775, 2010     

Mass spectrometric determination of insulins and their degradation products in sports drug testing

Insulins' anabolic and anti-catabolic properties have supposedly led to its misuse in sport. Hence, doping control assays were developed to allow the unequivocal identification of synthetic insulin analogs and metabolic products derived from human insulin and its artificial counterparts in urine and plasma specimens. Analyses were based on immunoaffinity purification and subsequent characterization of target analytes by top-down sequencing-based approaches, which were conducted with hybrid tandem mass spectrometers that consisted of either quadrupole-linear ion trap or linear ion trap-orbitrap analyzers. Diagnostic product ions and analytical strategies are presented and discussed in light of the need to unambiguously identify misused drugs in urine and plasma specimens for doping control.     

Determination of dioxins/furans and PCBs by quadrupole ion-trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The versatility and sensitivity of the quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometer has been applied to the determination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), and of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A brief introduction to the theory of ion confinement in a quadrupole ion trap permits discussion of ion trajectory stability, mass-selective ion ejection, the frequencies of ion motion, and the role of resonant excitation of ion motion. The tandem mass spectrometric examination of PCDDs and PCDFs eluting and co-eluting from a gas chromatographic column is described. Illustrative examples are given of the analysis of field samples containing PCDDs and PCDFs. A comparison is presented of the performance of each of a quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometer, a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer, and a sector instrument of relatively high mass resolution for the determination of PCDDs and PCDFs. This comparison is made with respect to instrument tuning, calibration plots, detection limits, ion signals at low concentration, relative response factors, ionization cross-sections, and the examination of field samples. The application of quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometry to the examination of PCBs is focused upon those PCB congeners that have the greatest toxicity. 39 congeners of the total of 209 PCB congeners have been identified as having the greatest toxicities. Chemical ionization has been used for the determination of co-eluting congeners #77 and #110 where the toxicity of the former is much greater than that of the latter. An analytical protocol, based on the variation of molecular ion fragmentation according to the degree (or absence) of chlorine ortho-substitution, has been proposed for distinguishing between toxic and nontoxic PCB congeners.     

四极离子阱阱内离子解离技术的研究进展

准确高效的离子解离技术对串联质谱分析方法具有非常重要的影响。四极离子阱可以存储离子，实现离子选择存储或逐出并进行多级质谱分析，适合各种解离技术在阱内的实施。由于生物质谱分析等研究工作对分子结构鉴定的需求，研究人员陆续开发了一系列阱内离子解离技术，推动了相关仪器与应用的发展。本文在离子阱几何结构和阱内离子运动规律的基础上，对是否依赖背景气体碰撞的两类阱内离子解离技术进行综述。其中，将依赖于背景气体碰撞的解离技术分为基于共振激发和非共振激发两类，归纳了每种解离技术的实施过程、解离特点及应用，并对各种解离技术存在的问题以及未来的研究方向进行总结。     

Analysis of macrolide antibiotics, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, in food, biological and environmental matrices

Macrolides are a group of antibiotics that have been widely used in human medical and veterinary practices. Analysis of macrolides and related compounds in food, biological, and environmental matrices continue to be the focus of scientists for the reasons of food safety, pharmacokinetic studies, and environmental concerns. This article presents an overview on the primary biological properties of macrolides and their associated analytical issues, including extraction, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), method validation, and measurement uncertainty. The main techniques that have been used to extract macrolides from various matrices are solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction. Conventional liquid chromatography (LC) with C18 columns plays a dominant role for the determination of macrolides, whereas ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) along with sub-2 microm particle C18 columns reduces run time and improves sensitivity. Mass spectrometry (MS), serving as a universal detection technique, has replaced ultraviolet (UV), fluorometric, and electrochemical detection for multi-macrolide analysis. The triple-quadrupole (QqQ), quadrupole ion trap (QIT), triple-quadrupole linear ion trap, time-of-flight (TOF), and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) mass spectrometers are current choices for the determination of macrolides, including quantification, confirmation, identification of their degradation products or metabolites, and structural elucidation. LC or UPLC coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode (LC/MS/MS) is the first choice for quantification. UPLC-TOF or UPLC-QqTOF has been recognized as an emerging technique for accurate mass measurement and unequivocal identification of macrolides and their related compounds.     

Mass spectrometric glycan rearrangements

Mass spectrometric rearrangement reactions have been reported for a large variety of compounds such as peptides, lipids, and carbohydrates. In the case of carbohydrates this phenomenon has been described as internal residue loss. Resulting fragment ions may be misinterpreted as fragments arising from conventional glycosidic bond cleavages, which may result in incorrect structural assignment. Therefore, awareness of the occurrence of glycan rearrangements is important for avoiding misinterpretation of tandem mass spectra. In this review mass spectrometric rearrangements of both derivatized and underivatized (native) oligosaccharide structures are discussed. Similar phenomena have been reported for glycopeptides, labeled glycan structures and other biomolecules containing a carbohydrate part. Rearrangements in oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates have been observed with different types of mass spectrometers. Most of the observed carbohydrate rearrangement reactions appear to be linked to the presence of a proton. Hence, tandem mass spectrometric analysis of alkali adducts or deprotonated ions often prevents rearrangement reactions, while they may happen with high efficacy with protonated glycoconjugates.     

GC-MS-SIM检测糕点中的防腐剂和抗氧化剂

利用气相色谱-离子阱质谱联用仪和选择离子监测（SIM）技术建立了同时检测糕点制品面包、蛋糕、月饼中7种防腐剂（山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯）和3种抗氧化剂（叔丁基对苯二酚、叔丁基羟基茴香醚、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚）的方法。优化了色谱、质谱仪器参数。根据10种添加剂的特征离子峰进行定性定量,方法学数据良好。10种添加剂的检出限分别为0.10、0.050、0.015、0.038、0.025、0.019、0.036、0.060、0.050、0.060mg/kg;精密度为2.2%～5.5%;回收率为81%～98%。将本法应用于糕点中食品添加剂的检测,效果良好,检测效率大大提高。     

脉冲离子阱的设计

本文提出了一种适用于飞行时间质谱仪的新颖离子阱。它可在脉冲状态下工作，并可存储极宽质量范围的离子。离子的存储量与离子阱中心所加的负电位理论上成正比，并可选择被存储离子的能量范围，可做为能量过滤器，减小离子的能量分散对分辨本领的影响；特别是该离子阱具有独立于离子源而引入离子的特点，扩大了应用范围。与通常所用的三维四极离子阱相比，其机械加工和配套电子线路都比较简单，可在一般的实验室内制做。     

Recent developments in the ion/ion chemistry of high-mass multiply charged ions

The ability to form multiply charged high-mass ions in the gas-phase, most notably via electrospray ionization (ESI), has allowed the study of many different combinations of positively and negatively charged ions. The charged products are directly amenable to study with mass spectrometry. Ion/ion reactions have proved to be "universal" in the sense that the high exothermicities and large rate constants associated with essentially any combination of oppositely charged ions lead to reaction regardless of the chemical functionalities associated with the ions. These characteristics make ion/ion reactions potentially analytically useful provided reagent ion densities and spatial overlap of the oppositely charged ions are high. These conditions can be readily met by several instrumental configurations. The focus of this review is to highlight developments in this field since 1998. Novel instrumentation has been developed to study ion/ion reactions, such as atmospheric pressure ion/ion reactors followed by mass analysis, or electrodynamic ion trap mass spectrometers, which are used as reaction vessels at sub-atmospheric pressures. A wide variety of reaction phenomenologies have been observed in various ion/ion reactions, with proton transfer being the most common. New phenomenologies have been observed in the reactions of multiply charged positive ions with singly charged negative ions, including cation transfer and cation exchange. A new series of reactions between multiply charged positive ions and multiply charged negative ions have been made possible by recent instrumentation developments. These reactions have led to the observation of proton transfer and complex formation. These observations have provided new insights into ion/ion reaction dynamics and a bound orbit model appears to best account for experimental results. New applications are also discussed for a several ion/ion reaction.     

电压不稳定性对离子阱中离子运动特征的影响

在离子阱共振激发过程中,电压的微小变化可能导致离子的运动特征发生显著改变。本工作基于赝势理论,建立了电压不稳定时3D离子阱中离子运动的理论模型,并以辅助交流电压AC的毛刺和端盖电极施加的直流电压为例,揭示端盖电极上辅助交流电压AC的稳定性对离子阱性能的影响。结果表明,当辅助交流电压存在毛刺时,离子的运动速度和振幅将发生突变,扰乱离子阱内离子的冷却状态,致使部分离子在激发阶段打在阱壁上而无法被检测,从而降低了离子阱质谱仪的灵敏度。同时,该模型表明,对于处于冷却状态的离子,可以通过测量其在脉冲激励作用下的响应来测量离子运动的久期频率。若在端盖电极上施加直流电压,离子运动的平衡位置将发生明显的偏移,通过将离子检测器置于偏移的一侧,可以明显地提高离子的检测效率,从而提高离子阱质谱仪的灵敏度。     

Recent advances in mass spectrometry analysis of phenolic endocrine disruptors and related compounds

This article reviews recent literature on current methodologies based on chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to analyze phenolic compounds with endocrine‐disrupting capabilities. For this review we chose alkylphenol ethoxylates, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and their degradation products and halogenated derivatives, which are considered important environmental contaminants. Additionally, some related compounds such as bisphenol diglycidylethers were included. Growing attention has been paid to the mass spectrometric characterization of these compounds and the instrumentation and strategies used for their quantification and confirmation. The current use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) methodologies with different mass spectrometers and ionization and monitoring modes is discussed. Practical aspects with regards to the use of these analytical techniques, such as derivatizing reagents in GC–MS, ion suppression in LC–MS, and the most problematic aspects of quantification, are included in the discussion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 29:776–805, 2010     

基于离子阱质谱的离子碰撞截面积测量方法研究进展

近年来,随着分子结构分析需求的不断增加,开发离子阱质量分析器测量离子碰撞截面积的方法成为研究热点。该方法能降低仪器复杂度,并且能同时获得高分辨的质量和分子立体结构信息,逐渐成为与离子淌度谱(IMS)互补的测量碰撞截面积的有效手段。目前,已经实现了傅里叶变换离子回旋共振阱(FT-ICR)、轨道离子阱(Orbitrap)、四极离子阱(QIT)、静电线性离子阱(ELIT)测量离子碰撞截面积(CCS)。但该项技术仍存在诸多挑战,如分辨率不高、受气压因素影响、无法区分同分异构体等。本文阐述了离子与缓冲气体分子碰撞理论、不同离子阱质谱仪测量碰撞截面积的方法,并总结测量方法的优缺点,展望未来的研究方向。