Use of Palm Mid-Fraction in White Chocolate Formulation

Samples of two types of palm mid-fraction (PMF I, a commercial sample and PMF II, from a laboratory-scale acetone fractionation of PMF I) and a Malaysian deodorised cocoa butter sample were used as the main components in the fat phase for white chocolate formulation. The monounsaturatedtriacylglycerol contents of these fats were 853, 899 and 903 g kg⁻¹, respectively.All the fats had free fatty acid contents of less than 10 g kg⁻¹ and melting points in the range of 34·0–34·5°C. The solid fat content profiles for the three fats were very steep. Differential scanning calorimeter analyses showed that all the fats had two melting peaks, T1 and T2. Results of the study showed that the tempering time to produce a well-tempered chocolate using PMF I was longer than that using PMF II, whereas, the time to produce a well-tempered cocoa butter chocolate increased with increase in the tempering temperature. Chocolates made with PMF I and II were well tempered between 17 and 19°C and with cocoa butter at 23°C. Thermal analyses, carried out on the chocolate showed that PMF I and II produced three melting peaks, T1, T2′ and T2 whereas most of the cocoa butter chocolates exhibited only one melting peak, T2. Storage studies showed that most of the chocolates had good bloom resistance for up to 12 weeks storage.     

Effects of milk fat, cocoa butter, or selected fat replacers on flavor volatiles of chocolate ice cream

Selected volatile compounds of chocolate ice creams containing 0.6, 4.0, 6.0, or 9.0% milk fat or containing 2.5% milk fat, cocoa butter, or one of three fat replacers (Simplesse, Dairy Lo, or Oatrim) were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using headspace solid-phase microextraction. The headspace concentration of most of the selected volatile compounds increased with decreasing milk fat concentration. Fat replacers generally increased the concentration of volatiles found in the headspace compared with milk fat or cocoa butter. Few differences in flavor volatiles were found between the ice cream containing milk fat and the ice cream containing cocoa butter. Among the selected volatiles, the concentration of 2,5-dimethyl-3(2-methyl propyl) pyrazine was the most highly correlated (negatively) with the concentration of milk fat, and it best discriminated among ice creams containing milk fat, cocoa butter, or one of the fat replacers.     

Tempering of Chocolate in a Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger

Crystallization of dark chocolate during different tempering processes has been studied in-situ in a lab-scale Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger. The linear relationship between torque and viscosity made possible the control of chocolate crystallization during tempering by following torque variations vs. time and converting them to equivalent viscosity values. These variations of equivalent viscosity of chocolate observed during tempering were correlated with temper-meter measurements which had been related to the content of cocoa butter seeding crystals. A temperature cycle (50-26.1-30.5-33.3°C) enabled preparation of a well-tempered chocolate stable for ≥30 min at that temperature. It was characterized by a seed crystals content of about 1.15 ± 0.1% of cocoa butter, crystallization temperature of 23.9 ± 0.2°C in the temper-meter and an equivalent viscosity of 3.0 ± 0.4 Pa.s.     

The application of Borneo tallow in dark chocolate shell

Dark chocolate shells, formulated using cocoa butter (CB shell), and fat blends containing 15% Borneo tallow (IP) in cocoa butter (CBIP shell), were filled with truffles formulated using white chocolate (W truffle), milk chocolate (M truffle) and dark chocolate (D truffle). Anhydrous milk fat (AMF) content of the W truffles, M truffle and D truffle were 26·3%, 13·7% and 9·2%, respectively. Degree of tempering was determined using a tempermeter. The chocolates were kept at ambient temperature (25·5±0·5°C) for 3 months. Physical changes of chocolate shells and centres were monitored using DSC and a texture analyser. Results showed that the CBIP shell had to be tempered at 32·5%, ie 1°C higher than the normal CB shell. Physical measurements indicated the occurrence of fat migration. The presence of IP reduced the effect and increased the bloom resistance of the chocolate. © 1998 SCI.     

Solid Fat Content,Pre-Crystallization Conditions,and Sensory Quality of Chocolate with Addition of Cocoa Butter Analogues

The objective of this study was to determine how the addition of two cocoa butter equivalents and cocoa butter improver affect the physical and sensory properties of chocolate. The laboratory-made chocolate samples were tempered at three different pre-crystallization temperatures (25, 27, and 29°C), using different concentrations (3, 5, and 7%) of two commercial cocoa butter equivalents as well as commercial cocoa butter improver of the chocolate. The nucleation time of the chocolate mass primarly depended on pre-crystallization temperature while the value of maximum torque of chocolate mass were influenced by both, pre-crystallization temperature and concentration of fats. Sensory evaluation revealed that cocoa butter equivalents were acceptable in chocolate formulation without producing a negative impact on the sensory quality, while usage of improver required adjustment of raw formulations or process parameters. The results of the instrumentally measured hardness revealed that addition of cocoa butter improver significantly (p > 0.05) increased hardness of chocolate samples.     

Enzymatically modified tea seed oil as cocoa butter replacer in dark chocolate

Cocoa butter replacer (CBR) was prepared by enzymatic interesterification of hydrogenated and solid fraction (SF) of tea seed oil at weight percent ratio of 30:70, using sn‐1,3 specific lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus. Dark chocolate samples were then prepared with the prepared CBR as a replacement for 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of cocoa butter (CB) and the effect of the replacement on hardness (as a key quality factor in chocolate) of the chocolate samples was investigated. Results showed that chocolate samples containing 5% and 10% of interesterified sample (EIS), had the closer texture to that of CB chocolate than other samples. The solid fat content (SFC) profiles also revealed that blending 10% of EIS with CB in chocolate formulation dose not affect the sharp melting point of CB. Based on the results taken from bloom formation, polymorphic structure and sensory evaluation, adding up to 10% of EIS in chocolate formulation reduces the bloom development without adverse affecting the desirable β crystal formation and sensory qualities in the chocolate samples.     

Review of cocoa butter and alternative fats for use in chocolate—Part A. Compositional data

This work reviews the literature on the compositional data of vegetable fats used or proposed as alternatives to cocoa butter in chocolate and confectionery products. Cocoa butter is the only continuous phase in chocolate, thus responsible for the dispersion of all other constituents and for the physical behaviour of chocolate. Unique to cocoa butter is its brittleness at room temperature and its quick and complete melting at body temperature. There were, and are, strong efforts to replace cocoa butter in part for chocolate production for technological and economic reasons. Such cocoa butter alternatives are the so-called cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs), cocoa butter substitutes (CBSs) and cocoa butter replacers (CBRs). These are mostly mixtures of various vegetable fats (often modified) and can consist of palm and palm kernel oil, illipé fat, shea butter, sal fat and kokum butter. In addition, a large variety of other vegetable oils can be used. Their composition according to triglycerides, fatty acids, sterols and other unsaponifiable components is discussed in this report.     

Structural characteristics of cocoa particles and their effect on the viscosity of reduced fat chocolate

Aimed at the manufacture of reduced fat chocolates, a novel method of trapped fat reduction was assessed: Manipulation of the cocoa ingredient. Cocoa mass was replaced with cocoa powder (11 g/100 g or <1 g/100 g fat) and added ‘free’ cocoa butter. A cocoa solids approach to design reduced fat chocolates with satisfactory flow properties is attractive to industry since it circumvents introduction of ingredients not commonly used in chocolate manufacture. Results showed that the cocoa mass chocolate had a higher viscosity than cocoa powder chocolates of the same total fat content due to the presence of trapped fat globules as identified by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The chocolate prepared with standard defatted cocoa powder containing 11 g/100 g fat had a lower viscosity than the chocolate containing highly defatted cocoa powder (<1 g/100 g) due to particle shape and fat diffusion into the particles as revealed by microscopy analyses. Based on the evidence presented, it can be concluded that standard defatted cocoa powder, as widely used by the industry, is indeed the best compromise in terms of free fat, particle size and morphology attempting to formulate fat reduced chocolate of acceptable molten state viscosity.     

EFFECTS OF CONCHING TIME AND INGREDIENTS ON PREFERENCE OF MILK CHOCOLATE

The objective of this study is to determine how the conching time and the quantity of sucrose, lecithin, cocoa butter and whole milk powder affect consumer preference for milk chocolate. Untrained panelists performed a sensory study consisting of acceptability, preference and attribute intensity. Longer conching time produced significantly smoother chocolate with smaller particle size. The longest conche times had the smallest particle size and were the most mouthcoating. There was no change in flavor with conching. The longer conche times were preferred. Panelists preferred higher sucrose levels, and increasing sucrose decreased bitterness and increased chocolate flavor. Increasing lecithin increased smoothness, but less lecithin was preferred, possibly due to off-flavors at high levels of lecithin. Increasing cocoa butter yielded softer chocolate but did not affect bitterness. Panelists preferred 10% over higher levels of cocoa butter. More milk powder produced smoother chocolate with more caramel flavor and was preferred.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The perceived quality of milk chocolate is affected by conching time, sucrose, lecithin, cocoa butter and whole milk powder. Texture was affected the most by conching, milk powder, lecithin and cocoa butter. Flavor was affected the most by milk powder and sugar. The only variable that did not affect acceptability and preference of milk chocolate was time for underconched samples. While this study did not determine the optimum conditions for milk chocolate, the most preferred and/or acceptable samples were conched for at least 12 h, had 35 to 50% sucrose, 0–0.5% lecithin, 5–10% cocoa butter and 13–30% milk powder.     

巧克力用脂肪替代品——类可可脂

<正> 巧克力产品的质量,如软硬度、口感细腻度、风味特性等,主要取决于其配料成分的质量及加工工艺的优化程度。作为巧克力产品的主要成分,可可脂和乳脂的种类及功能特性是重要的生产及质量指标。基本上,可可脂和乳脂都是取自天然的原材料,在不同的季节、产地来源所得的质量均会有所不同,要保持产品质量稳定一致,对巧克力生产商来说无疑是一项大挑战。 为了解决这个难题,食品配料及添加剂生产商一直致力于研究开发各     

Enzymatically Modified Beef Tallow as a Substitute for Cocoa Butter

ABSTRACT: Dark "chocolate" samples were formulated with either cocoa butter (CB), randomized tallow (RT) made with Candida antarctica (SP 435) lipase, or a beef tallow: stearic acid structured lipid (SL) made by acidolysis using Rhizomucor miehei (IM 60) lipase. Fatty acid composition, thermal profile, solid fat content (SFC), hardness, and polymorphic structure were determined for the fats and/or "chocolate" samples. An accelerated fat bloom study was performed on the "chocolate" samples. Neither of the modified tallows had a detrimental effect on the crystallization of CB after proper tempering of the "chocolates." RT did not soften the "chocolate" and both of the modified lipids reduced bloom rates.     

Cocoa butter fats and possibilities of substitution in food products concerning cocoa varieties,alternative sources,extraction methods,composition, and characteristics

The current concern for cocoa butter fat as major ingredients of chocolate intake in the World has raised the question of the high price of cocoa butter among all other vegetable fats. Productions of natural cocoa butter fats are decreasing day by day due to the decrease of cocoa cultivation worldwide; moreover, cocoa fruit contains only a little amount of cocoa butter. Therefore, the food industries are keen to find the alternatives to cocoa butter fat and this issue has been contemplated among food manufacturers. This review offers an update of scientific research conducted in relation to the alternative fats of cocoa butter from natural sources. The findings highlights how these cocoa butter alternatives are being produced either by blending, modifying the natural oils or fats from palm oil, palm kernel oil, mango seed kernel fats, kokum butter fat, sal fat, shea butter, and illipé fat.     

Detection and quantification of cocoa butter equivalents in chocolate model systems: analysis of triglyceride profiles by high resolution GC

The detection of vegetable fats added to cocoa butters in chocolate formulations was investigated in model mixtures. Cocoa butters varying in origins, crop and treatment were analysed alone and combined at levels of 5, 10, 15 or 20% to a variety of cocoa butter equivalents. Triglyceride profiles were obtained by high resolution GC. The areas of the major triglycerides present were plotted one vs the other. The plots of percentages of specific triglycerides allowed detection of vegetable fats added to cocoa butters in these model systems, and quantification of the addition could be done down to a 5% level on a cocoa butter basis. The detection was most difficult in the case of the addition of illipe fat and the quantification could not be done below 10%. The results suggest that, in chocolate, which contains 20–25% cocoa butter, this detection system works down to 1–2%, and thus well below the proposed 5% regulatory level. ©     

低热量巧克力制品的研究进展

从低可可脂用量巧克力的制备、低热量可可脂替代物的开发和低热量甜味剂替代蔗糖的研究3个方面论述了低热量巧克力制品的研究进展。主要涉及了结构化甘油三酯、功能性甘油二酯和碳水化合物基脂肪替代品等可可脂的低热量替代物的性质及其应用于巧克力制品中对流变性能、工艺特性等的影响,以期为低热量巧克力的研究与生产提供参考。     

Effect of sugar, cocoa particles and lecithin on cocoa butter crystallisation in seeded and non-seeded chocolate model systems

The effect of major chocolate ingredients (sugar, cocoa particles and lecithin), in combination with the two pre-crystallization techniques, seeding and non-seeding, was investigated with respect to the kinetics of cocoa butter crystallisation and the resulting microstructure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to monitor microstructural evolution under dynamic thermal conditions. DSC measurements and image analysis were also applied in order to quantify the impacts of processing and formulation on microstructure. All ingredients and pre-crystallisation techniques considered proved to have a large impact on fat crystallisation kinetics and the resulting microstructure. Seeded samples tended to form multiple nucleation sites, inducing rapid growth of a crystal network. The non-seeded samples showed an altering structure, with some domains developing large spherical crystals while in other domains a more heterogeneous microstructure resulted. Lecithin showed a remarkable impact on crystallisation kinetics in both the seeded and non-seeded samples. For the seeded samples, the effect was most noteworthy in samples containing cocoa butter and sugar, where lecithin significantly reduced the induction time. In the absence of seeds, lecithin itself acted as the nucleation site for fat crystallisation.     

Oil Migration in 2-Component Confectionery Systems

ABSTRACT:  Oil migration from high oil content centers into chocolate coatings results in product quality changes. The objective of this study was to monitor and model peanut oil migration in 2-layer systems of increasing phase complexity. Three 2-layer systems were prepared: peanut oil/cocoa butter; peanut butter paste/cocoa butter; and peanut butter paste/chocolate. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure liquid oil signal as a function of position over a storage time of 193 days at 25 °C. The 3 types of samples exhibited appreciably different patterns of oil migration. The peanut oil/cocoa butter samples had mass transfer typical of oil being absorbed into a liquid/solid region. The peanut butter paste/cocoa butter magnetic resonance profiles were characterized by mass transfer with a partition coefficient greater than unity. The peanut butter paste/chocolate samples exhibited a time-dependent peanut oil concentration at the interface between the chocolate and peanut butter paste. The spatial and temporal experimental data of the peanut butter paste/chocolate samples were modeled using a Fickian diffusion model, fitting for the effective diffusivity. Values of the diffusivity for the 6 chocolate formulations ranged from 1.10 to 2.01 × 10⁻¹³ m²/s, with no statistically significant differences.     

纯脂巧克力用脂及其分析、应用研究进展

近年来纯脂巧克力日渐受欢迎,但可可原料面临产量有限且不稳定的制约因素,限制了纯脂巧克力的发展。作为与可可脂组分及特性最为接近的可可脂替代品,类可可脂的原料来源广泛,产品稳定性有提升空间,并且在提升纯脂巧克力品质方面有改善作用,因此类可可脂的相关研究也获得国内外广泛关注。通过对可可脂及类可可脂的组成、结晶特性、分析方法及纯脂巧克力的耐霜、抗热品质改善等方面进行综述,以期对纯脂巧克力用脂、巧克力品质改善等提供相关参考。     

巧克力样品中反式脂肪酸含量的测定

采用气相色谱内标法,对20个巧克力样品中的反式脂肪酸含量进行测定分析。试验结果表明,以代可可脂为主要原料的巧克力样品中,反式脂肪酸含量范围在未检出至4．96％之间。以可可脂为主要原料的巧克力样品中,反式脂肪酸含量范围在未检出至0．844％之间。所测定的巧克力样品中反式脂肪酸以反十八碳一烯酸为主。     

巧克力香精新典范——可可脂浓缩物

<正> 钟情于巧克力的消费者们所关注的是巧克力的风味和产品所富含的奶油口感。在市场倡导天然健康食品的今天,为达到上述两个质量重点而又能减少产品的脂肪含量,原料供应商便开发出一种称为可可脂浓缩物的配料产品、在提供浓郁芳香口味的同时,能降低生产成本及加工方面所受的限制,也减少了产品的脂肪含量,为巧克力产品生产商及消费者带来了佳音。 风味质感来源 浓郁的巧克力香味基本上取决于可可豆中香味物质正确的平衡比例,这是因为某些香味特征只来自可可固体物,部分则来自可可豆的脂肪中,而来自可可固体物的香味又比来自可可脂肪的最