自然·人性·技术--班尼士-班尼士及其合伙人建筑师事务所作品分析

本文简要介绍了班尼土-班尼士及其合伙人建筑师事务所的创立与发展过程,以及事务所的可持续设计思想.通过事务所近年来可持续设计的4个成功案例,分析了事务所如何以多样的技术手法应对环境的特殊性,并合理利用资源,创造更符合逻辑的拥有美丽空间的可持续建筑.     

Weaverbird: Topological Mesh Editing for Architects

Design and computation consultant Giulio Piacentino is the developer of WeaverBird. Here he describes how the plug-in ‘gives architects more geometric control and allows them to create complex surface structures that join in orderly ways, yet in arbitrary configurations’.     

The Replanting and Localizing of Chineseness in Whampoa’s Garden of Singapore

Private Chinese gardens in 19th-century Singapore were rarely designed in the same way as their contemporary counterparts in China, though there were a few authentic Chinese mansions in the city. In response to this phenomenon, this paper attempts to use Whampoa’s Garden, the finest and earliest private Chinese garden on the island, as an example, to explain how and why garden owners selectively adopted certain Chinese features while designing the rest of their gardens in a way deviating from Chinese traditions. The study of Whampoa’s Garden begins with a sketchy introduction to the career and cultural background of the garden’s owner, Cantonese businessman Hoo Ah Kay, addressing his social connections, personal hobbies, and cultural identities. As the garden no longer exists, a study of available pictorial and written records from Chinese and Western sources is conducted in order to reveal the spatial layout and other designed features of the garden, some of which may have facilitated the display of Chineseness. Contemporaneous gardens from Hoo’s hometown will be compared to unveil hidden linkages between Whampoa’s Garden and Chinese garden ideas. Furthermore, the relationship between the selection of Chinese symbols and the identities of their audience is examined as an approach to studying what affected how Chineseness was presented and how the landscape of south China was transplanted to this equatorial colony.     

Axisymmetric loading on nanoscale multilayered media

Multilayered nanoscale structures are used in several applications. Because the effect of surface energy becomes nontrivial at such a small scale, a modified continuum theory is required to accurately predict their mechanical behaviors. A Gurtin–Murdoch continuum model of surface elasticity is implemented to establish a computational scheme for investigating an elastic multilayered system under axisymmetric loads with the incorporation of surface/interface energy. Each layer stiffness matrix is derived based on the general solutions of stresses and displacements obtained in the form of the Hankel integral transform. Numerical solutions to the global equation, which are formulated based on the continuity conditions of tractions and displacements across interfaces between layers, yield the displacements at each layer interface and on the top surface of the multilayered medium. The numerical solutions indicate that the elastic responses of multilayered structures are affected significantly by the surface material properties of both the top surface and interfaces, and that they become size dependent. In addition, the indentation problem of a multilayered nanoscale elastic medium under a rigid frictionless cylindrical punch is investigated to demonstrate the application of the proposed solution scheme.     

Deus Ex Machina: From Semiology to the Elegance of Aesthetics

Architecture's ability to realise large-scale effects permits its emphasis to shift aesthetics on a project-by-project basis. Elegance unleashes a specific visual intelligence that can be achieved by refinement and precision of surface. Here, Mark Foster Gage investigates how elegance can be designed into a project. This requires a ‘visual and formal expertise’ combined with a careful curation of mutation and awareness of ‘extreme differentiation’. Elegance often only reveals itself partially, acquired, in the design stage, through ‘isolated views and expertly calibrated moments’ and perceived fleetingly in built work. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

缆索承重桥并列索尾流致气弹失稳研究

为了研究表面粗糙度和雷诺数对并列索尾流致气弹失稳的影响规律,以圆心间距为4D(D为圆柱直径)的双圆柱为研究对象,通过风洞试验,在风向角α=0°～20°、雷诺数Re=18000～168800,研究下游圆柱发生尾流失稳的起振条件、振动幅度及运动轨迹等振动特性,分析增大阻尼比对尾流失稳的减振效果,探讨了圆柱表面粗糙度和雷诺数对尾流失稳的作用效应。研究表明,下游圆柱在不同的风向角及风速条件下会出现尾流驰振和尾流颤振2种气弹失稳形式;增大阻尼比对尾流驰振有明显的减振效果,但对尾流颤振的影响较小。尾流致气弹失稳有明显的雷诺数效应,随着雷诺数的增大,下游圆柱的振动形式会由尾流驰振转变为尾流颤振。增加上游圆柱表面粗糙度对下游圆柱气弹失稳的影响较小;而增大下游圆柱表面粗糙度,则会明显降低下游圆柱出现尾流失稳的可能性,并会使发散性振动转变为“限幅限速”振动。     

Effects of various physicochemical characteristics on the toxicities of ZnO and TiO nanoparticles toward human lung epithelial cells

Although novel nanomaterials are being produced and applied in our daily lives at a rapid pace, related health and environmental toxicity assessments are lagging behind. Recent reports have concluded that the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) have a crucial influence on their toxicities and should be evaluated during risk assessments. Nevertheless, several controversies exist regarding the biological effects of NP size and surface area. In addition, relatively few reports describe the extents to which the physicochemical properties of NPs influence their toxicity. In this study, we used six self-synthesized and two commercial ZnO and TiO₂ nanomaterials to evaluate the effects of the major physicochemical properties of NPs (size, shape, surface area, phase, and composition) on human lung epithelium cells (A549). We characterized these NPs using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, and dynamic laser scattering. From methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and Interleukin 8 (IL-8) assays of both rod- and sphere-like ZnO NPs, we found that smaller NPs had greater toxicity than larger ones—a finding that differs from those of previous studies. Furthermore, at a fixed NP size and surface area, we found that the nanorod ZnO particles were more toxic than the corresponding spherical ones, suggesting that both the size and shape of ZnO NPs influence their cytotoxicity. In terms of the effect of the surface area, we found that the contact area between a single NP and a single cell was more important than the total specific surface area of the NP. All of the TiO₂ NP samples exhibited cytotoxicities lower than those of the ZnO NP samples; among the TiO₂ NPs, the cytotoxicity increased in the following order: amorphous > anatase > anatase/rutile; thus, the phase of the NPs can also play an important role under size-, surface area-, and shape-controlled conditions.     

建筑设计与自然辩证法

建筑设计是一项协调人与自然关系的实践活动，从系统观、科学技术观和创新观这三个方面对建筑设计进行哲学的思考，以促进人与自然的协调，科技与文化的共同发展。     

压缩空气泡沫扑灭变压器全液面溢油火灾试验研究

从变压器溢油火灾的产生原因出发,开展压缩空气泡沫灭变压器全液面溢油火的缩尺实验,对压缩空气泡沫喷淋系统和泡沫枪两种灭火方式进行了研究,考察了压缩空气泡沫扑灭此类火灾的优势以及火灾变化规律。研究表明,成膜型压缩空气泡沫扑灭变压器全液面溢油火是有效的,能够在高温油面形成稳定覆盖层,防止沸溢喷溅;冷却降温是灭火的关键因素,将油温降低到燃点以下,可扑灭溢油火灾并防止发生复燃。     

基于Trapdoor试验的双线隧道地表沉降预测公式探讨

城市隧道开挖引起的地层扰动不可避免。为了探讨双线隧道间相互影响以及可靠的地表沉降预测方法,利用课题组开发的多沉陷门(Multi-trapdoor)模型试验装置和钢棒相似土构建二维试验条件,通过沉陷门下沉模拟隧道开挖变形。先通过单Trapdoor试验获取表面沉降曲线,拟合得到单线隧道开挖地面沉降Peck公式参数。再进行双Trapdoor试验,利用单Trapdoor参数叠加得到双线隧道地表变形,并与双Trapdoor模型试验结果进行对比。结果反映,在埋深较大、隧道间距较小的情况下,沉降曲线较早的由双峰形态过渡到单峰形态,从而利用模型试验数据划分了两种形态的大致范围。引入了峰值修正系数和间距影响系数对叠加公式进行修正,建立了基于模型试验数据的双线隧道地表沉降叠加修正公式。     

大型冷却塔表面脉动风压原型实测与分布准则

我国冷却塔规范风荷载条款仍源自20世纪80年代原型冷却塔（约90m高）实测资料,且仅规定了塔筒表面静态风压分布。事实上,超大型冷却塔（高度≥165m）风振问题与风荷载脉动作用关系更加密切,由此导致了冷却塔数学和物理试验模型雷诺数效应模拟准则的不完整性,难于准确再现冷却塔表面动态风荷载与来流条件、塔群组合状况等参数间的合理关系,已成为制约大型冷却塔抗风性能研究和结构设计的瓶颈。为此,采用全天候动态风压采集设备,对某电厂冷却塔（约166m高）进行通风筒表面动、静态风压长期现场观测,量化表面脉动压力与来流紊流度之间的影响关系,提出具有原创性的冷却塔超高雷诺数条件（Re≥6E7）脉动风压雷诺数效应模拟准则。     

大型罐区构建大流量液氮泡沫系统的探讨

针对我国大型浮顶储罐的发展趋势,指出移动式大流量消防炮与远程供水系统是国外处置大型储罐全面积火灾的主要方式。研究了固定式和移动式液氮泡沫灭火系统在我国大型罐区的应用方式,根据液氮泡沫在全尺寸油盘上的喷射与灭火试验结果,指出在罐顶集中布置泡沫喷射器有利于全面积火灾扑救。考虑到我国大型储罐的分布特点和数量,移动式大流量液氮泡沫灭火系统与储罐半固定式泡沫喷射系统结合是最适合于我国应对大型储罐全面积火灾的方式。     

Numerical Ecosystems

Despite computation's wholescale adoption for the generation of complex geometries, the application of computer code has remained relatively undeveloped in an environmental context. Anna Pla Catalá discusses the use of computation in relation to ecological systems and how it might be applied within projects with a complex set of urban components. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Manipulation and Control of Micro-Organic Matter in Architecture

Steve Pike looks to a future in which architects will work alongside microbiologists and mycologists, in much the same way as they now engage with a team of engineering consultants. He explains how, with the merging of the design studio and laboratory, the manipulation and control of micro-organisms themselves have to take precedence in any successful design and production process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三参数强度理论及其在脆性材料中的应用

为了完善岩石、混凝土等脆性材料的强度理论,在双τ²强度理论的基础上,考虑两个较大的主剪应力和静水压力对岩石类材料强度的不同贡献,提出了一个新的含有3个参数的双τ²强度理论。推导出了该理论的数学表达式,分析了主应力空间极限面的相关特性,研究了该理论在几种应力状态下的理论预测曲线,并与一些实验数据进行了对比分析。结果表明:该理论在主应力空间的极限面为在拉伸区封闭而在压缩区开口且沿着静水压力轴不断增大的曲面,子午线为椭圆曲线,极限面的形状由材料的极限应力比α、β决定;在σ₁＞σ₂=σ₃或σ₁=σ₂＞σ₃的应力状态下,该理论的理论预测曲线与极限应力比β无关,极限应力σ₁随着压拉比α的增大而增大;双τ²的三参数强度理论与部分岩石和混凝土材料的实验数据吻合较好,完善了脆性材料的强度理论。     

钢纤维混凝土桥面铺装的施工与质量控制

结合某高速公路特大桥钢纤维混凝土桥面铺装的施工实践，介绍了钢纤维混凝土滑模施工的施工工艺，并提出了相应的保证质量的控制措施。     

Conscious worst case definition for risk assessment, part II: A methodological case study for pesticide risk assessment

This paper illustrates, by a case study, how to apply the conceptual Worst-Case Definition (WCD) model, developed in the methodological paper in the current journal, by Sørensen et al. (2010-this issue). The case is about eco-toxicological risk assessment of pesticides under Danish conditions. Cumulative aspects are included on a conceptual basis as elements of the worst-case conditions. This defines factors that govern the risk assessment, including location in time and space of risk “hotspots”. Two pillars of concern drive the conceptual modelling: (1) What to protect (denoted Protected Units (PUs)) and (2) the reason for increased risk level (denoted Causes of Risks (CRs)). Both PUs and CRs are analysed using hierarchical procedures that facilitate a complete listing of concrete factors governing increased risk for adverse effect due to agricultural usage of pesticide. The factors governing pesticide risk are combined in a context that combines the protection of relevant groupings of organisms with the factors for increased risk level for each of these. Identification of the most important relations between defined types of PUs and CRs is illustrated using expert knowledge. Existing databases are used to form spatial distributed risk indicators as estimators for a selection of important relations between PUs and CRs. This paper illustrates how the WCD model can break down the complex issue of uncertainty into fractions that are more open for evaluations. Finally, it shows application of risk indicators in a multi-criterion analysis using respectively self organizing mapping and partial order technique in a comparative analysis that highlights critical aspects of uncertainty, due to the ambiguity between single risk indicator rankings.     

#br# 考虑填土各向异性的主动土压力计算#br#

根据已有试验结果分析了土的强度各向异性,得到土的内摩擦角随大主应力方向与沉积面夹角的变化关系。然后在各向同性主动土压力解的基础上,假定内摩擦角随主应力方向的变化为抛物线,考虑两滑面（墙背和填土内滑移面）处由于主应力旋转引起的强度变化,推导考虑填土各向异性的主动土压力公式,最后分析了主动土压力对内、外摩擦角以及各向异性参数的敏感性,并与各向同性结果进行比较。研究表明：各向异性填土下的土压力分布与各向同性的分布类似,但随着各向异性参数的增大,主动土压力系数和作用点高度都近似线性减小;假设填土各向同性的土压力计算方法低估了土压力的大小和作用点高度,不利于挡土结构的安全性和稳定性。     

Details Around the Corner

Munich-based DETAIL magazine is an internationally renowned architecture and construction publication, uniquely focused on the architectural detail. Here, its Editor-in-Chief Christian Schittich acknowledges how design concepts provide the key driver for architectural detailing, as details combine to provide the overall character or aesthetic quality of a building. However, how might an increasingly diverse design team collaborate on the execution of high-quality detailing when designing large-scale schemes?     

Development of Cultural Ecosystem Services Contributes to a Plural Perspective for Human-Nature Studies—Interview With Tobias Plieninger

Tobias Plieninger has contributed to framing Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) by his studies in Europe and Asia from forest to agricultural ecosystems. He introduced how the term of CES as a part of ecosystem services was raised by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment but largely neglected at the beginning. From his projects, he explored how to set up indicators and the development of a method Public Participation Geographic Information Systems to map cultural values in landscapes for CES assessment. Because of the limitation of CES, the new inclusive concepts like Nature’s Contributions to People arose. Plieninger gave us his perspective about the new tendency to use social media data to broaden the research scale, and shared his opinions about CES research in developing countries, like India and China. He suggested people should apply the methods not only in technocratic or purely in academic exercises, but to deal with real-world problems. He encouraged the young generation to further explore the frontier topics such as the role of CES in increasingly unstable times.