Effective Thermal Conductivity of Moist Porous Sintered Nickel Material

The effective thermal conductivity of capillary structures is an important parameter in the thermal performance analysis of loop heat pipes (LHP). In this paper, the effective thermal conductivity of porous sintered nickel material filled with water, ethanediol, and glycerin were measured by means of the hot disk thermal constant analyzer. The measured data were compared with similar measured data and calculated values from models in the literature. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of the porous material depends on the thermal conductivity of the fluid, the filled ratio, and the porosity of the material.Paper presented at the Seventh Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference, August 23–28, 2004, Hefei and Huangshan, Anhui, P. R. China     

未知系统周期激励源分离方法的有效性分析

建立了履带式挖掘机的11自由度简化力学模型,利用拉格朗日法完成了数学建模。确定了挖掘机越障过程中所受到的激励,求解了系统在不同激励输入形式下的动态响应。结合虚拟样机技术,完成了履带式挖掘机在只有路面障碍激励下的虚拟样机动力学仿真,将简化力学模型数值求解结果与虚拟样机动力学仿真结果相互对比。结果表明：两种分析方法得到的动力学响应结果均符合预期分析;两种方法分析结果基本吻合,实现了两种模型的相互校验,说明了所提出的动力学建模与分析方法的正确性,可为履带式挖掘机越障动态特性研究提供借鉴与参考。     

Analysis of multi-layered filament-wound composite pipes under combined internal pressure and thermomechanical loading with thermal variations

The composite pipes manufactured by filament winding technology have anisotropic behavior owing to different reinforced ply angles. Composite pipes can be exposed to the thermomechanical loading due to hot fluid that flows into them. In this paper, based on the three-dimensional anisotropic elasticity, an exact elastic solution for thermal stresses and deformations of the pipes under internal pressure and a temperature gradient has been studied. Giving heat convection conditions the variation of temperature field within the pipe is obtained by solving the conduction equation at the wall. The influence of temperature field in the governing equations of thermoelasticity has been considered via a constitutive law. The shear extension coupling is also considered because of lay-up angles. Stress, strain and deformation distributions for different angle-ply pipe designs are investigated using the present theory.     

Air cooling of concrete by means of embedded cooling pipes—Part II: Application in design

This paper relates the second part of the investigation of air-cooling in concrete; the first part is presented in “Air cooling of concrete by means of embedded cooling pipes—Part I: Laboratory tests and heat transfer coefficients” [1]. Embedded cooling pipes are used to reduce the risk of thermal cracking in early age concrete. Traditionally, water has been used as a cooling medium, but air cooling has been shown to be advantageous for many applications. The experimentally-determined heat transfer coefficients of cooling pipes [1], have been used and verified in comparisons ofin situ measurements at the Igelsta Bridge in Södertälje, Sweden. The close agreement between measured and calculated temperatures of air-cooled sections seems to justify the use of the averaged heat transfer coefficients determined in [1]. Some exemplifying calculations are also shown, and the general behaviour of cooled structures is discussed. The principles of designing a cooling system for a general case are proposed. It is concluded that it is possible to design prismatic structures, such as a columns, by the use of existing models and measured heat transfer coefficients.     

Meso-level analysis of moisture flow in cement composites using a lattice-type approach

In this paper, a simple flow model for stimulating mass or heat transfer in heterogeneous materials like concrete is presented. The material is discretized as a regular triangular lattice. The lattice elements are considered as conductive “pipes”. A generated particle structure of concrete is projected on the lattice, where-after different properties are assigned to “pipes” falling in different phases of the composite. Drying of a two-phase composite was analyzed. It is assumed that all mass or heat transfer can be described by means of a single diffusion equation. The comparison with finite element computations is found to be very satisfactory. A parameter analysis has been carried out, showing the effective transport properties of the composite as a function of geometrical or physical properties of the different phases in the heterogeneous material. In particular, the model has been used to study the effect of the permeability of the interfacial transition zone and the effect of using non-saturated porous aggregates on the moisture flow in concrete.     

Thermal management with self-rewetting fluids

The present paper describes the results of a series of microgravity experiments on thermal management device, actually wickless heat pipes, with using the so-called “self t-rewetting fluids” (dilute aqueous solutions of high carbon alcohols) as a working fluid. Although most of liquids show a decrease in the surface tension with increasing temperature, self-rewetting fluids show exceptionally an increase in the surface tension with increasing temperature. This particular characteristic allows for a spontaneous liquid supply to hotter interface by the thermocapillary flow. When liquid/vapor phase change takes place, furthermore, additional Marangoni effect due to concentration gradient by the preferential evaporation of alcohol-rich composition in the aqueous solutions is induced. A considerably strong liquid inflow to dry patch or thin film is therefore expected at three-phase interline or liquid/vapor interface. One of the most promising applications of the self-rewetting fluids in space is wickless heat pipes in which condensate spontaneously returns to evaporation region by enhanced Marangoni effect. Demonstrational experiments on the fluid behavior in a transparent glass tube wickless heat pipe were conducted in JAMIC, and spontaneous liquid return velocities were measured. The present authors then performed parabolic flight experiments on heat transfer characteristics of prototype wickless copper heat pipes, and the performance was compared with ordinary heat pipe having wick structure and with other working fluid.     

Terrestrial and microgravity applications of self-rewetting fluids

Dilute aqueous solutions of high-carbon alcohols (number of C≥4) show an increase in the surface tension with increasing temperature in a particular temperature region. Liquid/vapor phase change in these aqueous solutions induces a very strong liquid flow in the vicinity of the interface due to both thermocapillary flow and the Marangoni flow caused by the preferential evaporation of alcohol-rich composition. Since such a spontaneous local liquid flow directs toward dry patch or hotter area, the expression of “self-rewetting” has been employed for these liquids. The present author focused his attention to this particular surface tension behavior, and has been studying both terrestrial and microgravity applications utilizing self-rewetting fluids as a working fluid in heat transfer devices. This article briefly introduces some of the recent research subjects related to self-rewetting fluids conducted by the present author and co-workers. First, the improvement in the thermal performance of wicked heat pipes with using self-rewetting fluids is emphasized based on detailed experimental evaluations. The experimental results on ultra-light weight wickless heat pipes, fabricated with 25µm thick polyimide film, in low gravity condition are then given.     

Investigation of turbulent heat transfer and nanofluid flow in a double pipe heat exchanger

In present study, heat transfer and turbulent flow of water/alumina nanofluid in a parallel as well as counter flow double pipe heat exchanger have been investigated. The governing equations have been solved using an in-house FORTRAN code, based on finite volume method. Single-phase and standard k-ε models have been used for nanofluid and turbulent modeling, respectively. The internal fluid has been considered as hot fluid (nanofluid) and the external fluid, cold fluid (base fluid). The effects of nanoparticles volume fraction, flow direction and Reynolds number on base fluid, nanofluid and wall temperatures, thermal efficiency, Nusselt number and convection heat transfer coefficient have been studied. The results indicated that increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction or Reynolds number causes enhancement of Nusselt number and convection heat transfer coefficient. Maximum rate of average Nusselt number and thermal efficiency enhancement are 32.7% and 30%, respectively. Also, by nanoparticles volume fraction increment, the outlet temperature of fluid and wall temperature increase. Study the minimum temperature in the solid wall of heat exchangers, it can be observed that the minimum temperature in counter flow has significantly reduced, compared to parallel flow. However, by increasing Reynolds number, the slope of thermal efficiency enhancement of heat exchanger gradually tends to a constant amount. This behavior is more obvious in parallel flow heat exchangers. Therefore, using of counter flow heat exchangers is recommended in higher Reynolds numbers.     

Numerical investigation on the effect of four constant temperature pipes on natural cooling of electronic heat sink by nanofluids: A multifunctional optimization

In the present study, natural-convective heat transfer along with the effects of radiation of aluminum/water nano-fluid between two blades of a heat sink, which is under the impact of a uniform magnetic-field, is studied numerically. The space between two blades of the heat sink is considered as a two-dimensional square enclosure. In the square cavity, there are four pipes with constant temperature T_h with a circular cross section. The RSM method is used to optimize the geometric parameters of the pipes. The results show that the heat transfer rate from the pipes and the irreversibility generation augment and the Bejan number reduces by augmenting the Rayleigh number. The heat transfer intensified 7% and 16% by doubling of the aspect ratio of the pipes at the Rayleigh number of 10³ and 10⁶, respectively. As the distance between constant-temperature pipes intensified, Nusselt number augments. As the horizontal enclosure rotates 90°, i.e., it becomes a vertical enclosure, the heat transfer decreases by 22% and total irreversibility decreases by 21%. The optimum physical conditions of the pipes are is in the diameter of 0.15 and 0.25 of distance from each other to have maximum heat transfer and the minimum irreversibility generation.     

Air cooling of concrete by means of embedded cooling pipes-Part I: Laboratory tests of heat transfer coefficients

Embedded cooling pipes can be used to reduce the temperature rise in massive structures as a measure against thermal cracking. When air is used as a cooling medium, relatively large diameters with profiles causing friction losses along the pipe are preferred. In this paper, heat transfer coefficients for two different types of cooling pipes have been determined for different pipe flows in combination with various temperature levels. This paper relates to the first part of the investigation dealing with the laboratory tests of heat transfer coefficients. The second part, dealing with application in design, is presented in “Air cooling of concrete by means of embedded cooling pipes-Part II: Applications in design” [1].     

Experimental and numerical study on the orthogonal and oblique impact on water filled pipes

A 300 mm long piece of copper (ASTM B280) pipe with an outer diameter of 35 mm and 0.7 mm wall thickness was subjected to a rigid steel pipe impact under a drop weight loading configuration where the pipe was simply supported at its ends. Differences in deformation features for a pipe filled with water and an empty pipe were investigated for two configurations namely orthogonal and oblique impact. Compared to orthogonal pipe impact the oblique pipe impact has not been reported in the literature. It is hoped that current work would serve as a first step in this direction. Finite Element Method coupled with Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) available in LS-DYNA was used to simulate the empty and water filled pipe impacts under orthogonal and oblique configurations respectively. Fluid structure interaction (FSI) during the water filled pipe impact was successfully modeled using SPH which is a simple method for predicting the short duration FSI events. Experimental results of the effect of varying D/T ratio on the empty and water filled pipes have been reported.     

Prüfmethoden zur Ermittlung des Verhaltens von Polyolefinen bei der Einwirkung von Chemikalien

Methods to Determine the Behavior of Polyolefines in Contact with Chemical Agents Two test methods to determine the behavior of thermoplastics in contact with chemicals were compared. These are the immersion test and the internal pressure creep test of pipes filled with a chemical agent. Concerning the immersion test the mechanical properties of tensile bars after the test procedure were determined. The results only are valid for constructions without any load. In the internal pressure creep tests the influence of a chemical agent and the stress is considered simultaneously. By comparison with the long term behavior under the influence of water the chemical resistance factor is given. The test procedure and the evaluation of the results of the immersion tests were strown at two examples. A test station for internal pressure creep tests with pipes which are filled with a chemical agent is described. Many resistance factors were listed up and their application in two examples explained.     

Local and global heat transfer coefficients of a stabilised ice slurry in laminar and transitional flows

The thermal behaviour of a new two-phase secondary refrigerant has been analysed. The “stabilised ice slurry” is a suspension in a low viscosity oil of ultraporous polymeric particles filled with water. In order to determine the convective heat transfer coefficient of this secondary refrigerant with water–ice phase change, an experimental set-up was built. It allows determining the local heat transfer coefficients inside two heat exchangers, having rectangular sections (80 × 8 mm²) of 1 m length, by mean of fluxmeters located along the working section. The slurry is first cooled and frozen in one of the exchangers, then heated and melted in the other exchanger. The results obtained for laminar or transitional flows shows that the heat transfer coefficients of the ice slurry are obviously higher than the heat transfer coefficients obtained with the single-phase fluid (oil). Correlations giving the local and global Nusselt numbers, depending on the Graetz or Reynolds numbers and on the particle mass fraction, have been established.     

Effect of moving walls on heat transfer and entropy generation in a nanofluid-filled enclosure

In this work, a numerical investigation of mixed convection has been carried out in a two-sided lid-driven enclosure filled with copper–water nanofluid. Three different cases have been discussed depending on the direction of moving vertical walls to analyze the behavior of fluid flow and heat transfer in nanofluid. The buoyancy effects are incorporated using two discrete heat sources placed on the bottom wall maintaining a fixed distance from both the side walls. The stationary part of the bottom wall is kept insulated while other walls are maintained at constant low temperature. A two-dimensional computational visualization technique has been employed to demonstrate the main findings of the presented work. The effect of higher nanoparticle volume fraction (up to 20%) with variations of Reynolds number and Richardson number is studied to find the rate of heat transfer. The results are presented using streamlines, isotherms, and energy flux vectors. The thermodynamic optimization of the system is analyzed by using Nusselt number and entropy generation.     

Thermal Characteristics of a Sealed Glass-Water Heat Pipe from 0?��C to 60?��C

Investigations into the thermal characteristics of glass-water heat pipes from 0 °C to 60 °C were carried out at the National Institute of Metrology (NIM), China. In this paper, studies on a glass-water heat pipe with four thermometer wells are described. The experimental results indicated that the temperature stability and uniformity of the thermometer well of the glass-water heat pipes are within several tenths of a millikelvin when the heat pipes are immersed in a constant-temperature liquid bath, since they have a highly effective thermal conductivity. They are able to maintain a constant temperature by the absorption or liberation of the latent heat of evaporation to attenuate temperature fluctuations of the surroundings. Also, above 0 °C to 30 °C, the temperature stability of the thermometer well of the glass-water heat pipe is better than 0.1 mK for approximately 16 h. The maximum temperature differences among the thermometer wells are less than 5.5 mK when the water heat pipes operate in the range from 0 °C to 60 °C. Therefore, water heat pipes are very promising to improve the performance of liquid baths and to accurately calibrate thermometers by comparison.     

A system for magnetostrictive transduction of guided waves in fluid-filled pipes of small diameter

This paper is concerned with the design of magnetostrictive transducers for the excitation and detection of guided waves in metal pipes of small diameter (mm) and their application to the study of wave propagation in pipes filled with water or supercritical CO/sub 2/. Optimized system design is based on a simulation of the overall signal pathway which includes the electric circuit conditions at the transducers, mode excitability, and the wavenumber filtering effect of the spatial distribution of the exciting alternating magnetic field. A prototype system was built, and experimental observations on small diameter pipes indicated good agreement with expected results from simulations. The reassigned spectrogram has been used to compare expectation on the basis of guided wave dispersion curves for fluid-filled pipes with experimental data.     

A Series-Parallel Model for Estimating the Thermal Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils

The effective thermal conductivity of unsaturated soils was estimated by an enhanced series-parallel model of conduction heat flow through a unit cell of soil. The cell is composed of three heat flow paths: solid contacts, solids + miniscule pores (filled with air and water, both parallel to heat flow direction), and a fluid path (water and air). The two basic characteristics of the soil cell, namely, the solid contact path volume fraction and the miniscule pore volume fraction, were estimated by simultaneously solving the model expressions at dryness and saturation with known measured thermal-conductivity data at these two states. In addition, the model utilized data on the thermal conductivity of soil solids and the degree of saturation of miniscule pores. The degree of saturation of miniscule pores was modeled as a function of the degree of saturation of the soil with a miniscule pore water retention factor. Water and air, in the fluid path, were modeled as being arranged in series or in parallel to the direction of heat flow. The model was calibrated using experimental thermal-conductivity data of five soils of different texture (coarse, medium, and fine). Then, empirical relations for all the model parameters were developed. The obtained thermal conductivity estimates of tested soils closely follow experimental data.     

A novel measurement theory for inventory of working fluid and vacuum pressure of heat pipe

Abstract

Heat pipes are transport mechanisms that can carry heat fluxes ranging from 10 W/cm² to 20 KW/cm² at extremely fast speeds. Therefore, heat pipes are widely used in 1U servers, notebooks, PCs, etc. A heat pipe is a heat removal device comprising a vacuum pipe that charges a certain amount of working fluid and seals the tube. Hence, the heat pipe performance depends not only on the geometric parameters such as wall thickness, tube material, and wick material but also on the thermal properties of the working fluid such as latent heat, vapor pressure, viscosity, and vacuum pressure.

Traditionally, the fluid inventory of heat pipes was measured by the lost weight method, that is measuring the weight of the heat pipe first, then, breaking the heat pipe, after drying in the oven, then weighting again, and the lost weight would be the weight of the working fluid. This paper presents a new methodological concept to measure the inventory by a basic energy mass balance equation. The Measurement theory not only calculates the fluid inventory but also the vacuum pressure data. The experimental results show that when the weight percentage of working fluid was larger than 10% of total pipe weight, the relative errors were within 4% when compared with the known inventory.     

换热器直管非线性振动分析与控制

利用等价线性化解析方法,分析换热器直管的非线性振动,并指出振动的控制方法。通过对传热管的数学分析,得出振动系统的等价固有频率计算公式,对振型也作了探讨,为进一步分析直管的振动情况打下基础;根据得出的固有频率和通过分析流体的流动特性,可以采取相应的措施控制和避免振动,防止振动的破坏。把非线性运动理论应用于传热管运动分析,对传热管振动控制和换热器的工程应用具有重要的指导意义。