Experimental investigation of a cooled thick fin in dry and humid air flows

The results of a study are reported in which a cooled, thick vertical fin was tested in a closed loop tunnel with and without condensation from the air flowing over it. In particular, the temperature distributions for the dry and wet fin cases, together with the condensate film thickness in the wet fin case, were investigated. From a flow visualization investigation, it was found that the boundary layer separates at the leading edge, resulting in a higher air heat transfer coefficient. The wet fin test results also indicated that the mode of condensation was dependent on fin surface characteristics and that the wet fin performance was governed by the air flow parameter. Within the laminar air flow range, the condensate film flowed downward under the action of gravity. However, at higher air velocities, both gravity and shear forces affected the condensate flow, a variation in the condensate film in the direction of air flow being noticed.     

A Theoretical Study of Steady State and Transient Condensation on Axisymmetric Fins Under Combined Capillary and Gravitational Forces

The present work attempts to model the case of combined gravitational and capillary motion of condensate for an axisymmetric fin under steady and transient fin operation conditions. The focus here is to examine the structure of the mathematical problem and to develop suitable numerical techniques rather than yield information on the macroscopic condensate flow rate and fin efficiency. The problem is formulated starting from general conditions and is simplified step by step by introducing corresponding assumptions. The particular fin shape of a paraboloid from revolution is chosen and the equations are properly non-dimensionalized. A vast reduction of the number of problem parameters is achieved in this way. The cases of isothermal fin, steady state operation and dynamic operation are treated separately using specialized numerical solution techniques developed for each case in order to improve computational efficiency and accuracy. Typical results of fin temperature and condensate film thickness are presented and discussed.     

Vapor Condensation on Curvilinear Disk-Shaped Fin at Microgravity

A problem of the film type condensation of the pure vapor on disk-shaped fin is considered with taking into account the essential influence of the capillary forces. Calculations for FC-72 condensation on such fin have been performed at microgravity conditions. A hump on the condensate film thickness curve is occurred on the concave part of the fin due to the additional curvature of the disc shape. The results have been compared to results for straight fin with the same surface area of condensation. Condensate outflow from the disk-shaped film is greater than from straight fin.     

Experimental Study of Film Condensation of FC-72 Vapour on Disk-Shaped Fin

The results of activity made in the framework of preparation of the experiment SAFIR (Single fin condensAtion: FIlm local measuRements) of European Space Agency are presented. First prototype of the test cell has been developed and tested. Confocal technique has been adopted for condensate film thickness measurements. Experiments on condensation of the liquid FC-72 have been carried out. Average heat transfer coefficient has been measured in the range of 880–1440 W/m² K and compared to the Nusselt theory.     

压缩式制冷空调机组壳管式换热器的传热强化研究进展

冷凝器和蒸发器是压缩式制冷空调机组中的重要设备,其传热系数的高低直接影响机组的效率和成本。采用强化传热技术是提高冷凝器与蒸发器传热性能的关键。对于管外冷凝传热强化,在Turbo-C管的基础上,将翅片从翅顶到翅根完全割裂,形成断裂的三维翅片管,以减少表面张力作用下冷凝液在传热管表面粘滞特性对传热的影响。采用螺旋隔板替代冷凝器和干式蒸发器的弓型隔板,能改善壳程流体的流动与传热性能;针对降膜蒸发器的降膜蒸发区与满液蒸发区的不同特点,应分别采用不同类型的强化管,以提高蒸发器传热系数。     

Condensation of downward-flowing HFC134a in a staggered bundle of horizontal finned tubes: effect of fin geometry

Experimental results are presented that show the effect of fin geometry on condensation of refrigerant HFC134a in a staggered bundle of horizontal finned tubes. Two types of conventional low-fin tubes and three types of three-dimensional fin tubes were tested. The refrigerant mass velocity ranged from 8 to 23 kg/m²s and the condensation temperature difference from 1.5 to 12 K. The effect of condensate inundation was more significant for the three-dimensional fin tubes than for the low-fin tubes. In most cases, the highest performance was obtained by the tube with a three-dimensional structure at the tip of low fins. In the case of high mass velocity and high condensate inundation rate, however, the highest performance was obtained by one of the low-fin tubes. The results were compared with previous results for bundles of smooth tubes and low-fin tubes.     

Basic study on heat rejection system using high heat flux micro channel evaporator

Thermal management system which can reject very high amount of heat by small thermal devices will be required for future space systems. Our purpose is to develop miniaturized heat rejection system that can reject more than 100 W/cm². In the evaporator, thin liquid film vaporization which can dissipate very high heat flux, was utilized. The liquid film is stabilized in micro-channels by capillary forces. The microchannels are fabricated by chemical etching on silicon and copper plate. Also miniaturized condenser which utilized droplet condensation was tested. Droplets were produced on a cooled plate covered by non-wetting coating. After we built a heat rejection system constructed by above mentioned evaporator and condenser, influence of heat flux, coolant flow rate, and inlet temperature on the temperature of the heater element were investigated. Water is used as working fluid. Heat flux of 100 W/cm² could be achieved for water inlet temperature in flow rate of 3.0 mL/min. The temperature of the heater element is kept constant at about 120°C.     

Vapor condensation on nonisothermal curvilinear fins

An analytical expression is obtained for the optimum curvature of a nonisothermal fin featuring stationary condensation of motionless vapor under the conditions of a significant influence of the surface tension on the motion of a condensed liquid. An algorithm is proposed and realized that finds the optimum surface shape for an unknown temperature distribution in the nonisothermal fin. The algorithm is based on a joint solution of the equations of heat conduction and condensed liquid film flow on the fin surface. Allowance for the thermal conductivity of a material in optimization of the fin shape provides for a significant increase in the condensate outflow as compared to the case of the optimum isothermal fin shape and a finite thermal conductivity of the material.     

空气侧结构对多元微通道平行流冷凝器传热流动性能的影响

建立了多元微通道平行流冷凝器的稳态分布参数模型,与实验对比验证了模型的正确性。利用所建立的模型,研究了翅片高度、翅片间距、百叶窗开窗间距、百叶窗开窗角度变化对多元微通道平行流冷凝器传热和流动性能的影响。结果表明,随着翅片高度的增大,换热量逐渐增大,空气侧压降逐渐减小;随着翅片间距或者百叶窗开窗间距的增大,换热量和空气侧压降都是逐渐减小;随着百叶窗开窗角度的增大,换热量和空气侧压降都是逐渐增大。     

Reasons for drop in shell-and-tube condenser performance when replacing R22 with zeotropic mixtures. Part 1. Analysis of experimental findings

An experimental and theoretical investigation was made to find out the reasons for the drop in shell-and-tube condenser performance when replacing R22 with a zeotropic mixture R407C. Measurements show that at lower condenser loads the reduction in performance can be as large as 70% compared to the full condenser load. Calculation results are compared with experimental results for two different condensers, one with micro-finned tubes and one with 3-D finned tubes. Calculations show that the degree of mixing of the newly formed condensate on a tube and the drained condensate is a factor influential enough to explain the performance drop. 3-D finned tubes seem to have better mixing in the condensate than integral finned tubes.     

间接空气冷凝扩展表面换热器结构优化

铝翅片管由于成本低、易于成型在间接空冷冷凝器上有广泛应用,其传热系数和阻力与空气速度之间的关系对铝翅片管换热器设计和运行很重要。应用计算流体力学（CFD）方法,对三种结构铝翅片换热器的换热及阻力性能进行了数值模拟,计算结果表明,对于相同的管径,单桥与双桥结构的传热系数基本相同,而双桥的阻力有所增大;对于单桥或双桥结构来说,大管结构的传热系数增大,同时阻力增大较多;当翅片减薄时,传热系数基本不变,而阻力有明显的减小。研究结果对提高空冷凝汽器乃至空冷电厂的运行经济性都具有重要的参考价值。     

Improvement of condenser performance by phase separation confirmed experimentally and by modeling

This paper presents results of an experimental study to determine the effect of vapor–liquid separation in a header of microchannel condenser for a MAC system. R134a is used as the working fluid. A condenser with separation and a baseline condenser identical on the air side have been tested to evaluate the difference in the performance due to separation. Two categories of experiments have been conducted: the heat exchanger-level test and the system-level test. In the heat exchanger-level test, it is found that at the same inlet and outlet temperatures the separation condenser generates 1.6% to 7.4% more condensate flow rate than the baseline. The separation condenser also lowers the refrigerant exit temperature compared with the baseline at the same condensate flow rate. The improvement in the separation condenser confirms the results by a model. In the system-level test, COP is compared under the same superheat, subcooling and refrigerating capacity. System with separation condenser shows up to 6.6% a higher COP than the system with baseline condenser.     

湿工况下翅片表面冷凝水滴运动的数值模型

了解析湿过程中冷凝水对换热器翅片侧换热和压降的影响机制,需要首先建立湿工况下翅片表面冷凝水滴的运动模型。通过对翅片表面上冷凝水滴进行受力分析,得出了水滴运动的判断条件;建立了水滴接触角预测模型,并结合VOF界面追踪方法来描述气液相界面、计算表面张力,从而建立了预测冷凝水滴在竖直翅片表面运动过程的数值模型。通过水滴运动实验对模型的可靠性进行了验证：水滴与翅片表面接触角的模拟值与实验值的平均误差为2.11%,最大误差为2.51%;水滴运动速度的模拟值与实验值的平均误差为6.5%,最大误差为10%。结果表明：水滴运动模型能够准确的预测水滴在翅片表面的运动规律。     

螺旋槽锯齿翅片管在空调机冷凝器上的应用

螺旋槽锯齿翅片管是一种新型高效冷凝换热管。试验表明，在额定工况下，以R22为制冷剂，螺旋槽锯齿翅片管冷凝器与通常使用的低肋管冷凝器相比具有较高的冷凝换热性能，在换热面积减少30％的情况下，空调机的制冷量增加3．3％，能效比提高6．9％。     

仿真技术在小型空气冷凝器设计中的应用

依据冷凝器设计原理,通过Matlab仿真软件对空冷式冷凝器进行设计研究。计算模型为稳态分布模型,选取的研究对象为目前最为实用的四种肋片管,通过对每一种肋片形式的冷凝器管内制冷剂的不同状态分别做分析,以此达到较高的仿真效果。分别根据管壁肋片的不同形式,综合分析各种肋片在不同空气流速、不同肋间距下换热情况,以及不同制冷剂流量对换热情况的影响。在仿真结果上对比实际冷凝器的换热情况,比较仿真的结果,提出了系列设计意见。     

Air-side performance evaluation of three types of heat exchangers in dry,wet and periodic frosting conditions

The performances of three types of heat exchangers that use the louver fin geometry: (1) parallel flow parallel fin with extruded flat tubes heat exchanger (PF²), (2) parallel flow serpentine fin with extruded flat tubes heat exchanger (PFSF) and (3) round tube wave plate fin heat exchanger (RTPF) have been experimentally studied under dry, wet and frost conditions and results are presented. The parameters quantified include air-side pressure drop, water retention on the surface of the heat exchanger, capacity and overall heat transfer coefficient for air face velocity 0.9, 2 and 3 m/s, air humidity 70% and 80% and different orientations. The performances of three types of heat exchanger are compared and the results obtained are presented. The condensate drainage behavior of the air-side surface of these three heat exchanger types was studied using both the dip testing method and wind tunnel experiment.     

凝露水滞留量测量方法及分析

采用浸渍试验和风道试验2种方法分析翅片片型、有无亲水性、放置方式和折数等因素对翅片管换热器上凝露水滞留量的影响。指出凝露水滞留量主要受片型及有无亲水性的影响,换热器放置方式和结构对其有一定的影响。给出换热器结构改进方向。     

利用蒸发式冷凝器改善高温环境下R410a空调器性能的研究

R410a空调器在高温环境下制冷能力显著下降.本文通过凝结水量的计算及喷淋装置的设计,利用凝结水、喷淋管、冷却盘管、冷却风机构成的蒸发式冷凝器来改善环境高温下R410a空调器的性能.     

铜翅片换热器开发应用的分析Ⅱ--铜翅片换热器对空调器性能影响分析

在Part Ⅰ中对铜翅片效率、铜换热单元传热系数以及整个铜换热器换热特性分析的基础上，理论分析了空调换热器采用铜翅片后，换热器单体性能以及空调系统性能的变化。结果显示：采用铜片铜管换热器后(不论是蒸发器，还是冷凝器)，制冷系统的制冷系数较之铝翅片换热器均有提高。蒸发器换热性能的变化比冷凝器换热性能的变化对系统性能的影响要大。当同时采用铜片蒸发器和铜片冷凝器时，传热强化系数按照通常所能达到的1．1计算时，COP随着工况变化而变化的范围可以达到3．0％-10．0％；如果单独设计换热器使换热强化系数达到1．3时，则COP的提高可达4．0％～25．0％。以上对铜翅片换热器开发应用的分析，为空调换热器的高性能化、小型化提供一条可行的发展方向。     

水平管外二氧化碳膜状凝结传热分析

综述了水平低翅片管外凝结传热的基本模型,阐述了二氧化碳制冷剂的物性特点,讨论了表面张力与凝液滞留角及二氧化碳管外凝结换热系数的关系,分析了翅片密度、环形翅片管尺寸对翅片效率、滞留角、凝结换热系数以及传热增强比的影响,优化了外翅片管的齿高与齿距,并求得相应的强化传热增强比.结果表明,对于根径为20mm的低翅片管,最佳翅片密度为每米435个翅片,最佳齿高为5.1mm,最佳齿距2.3mm.