考虑光伏发电单元孤岛检测影响的直流电网稳定性分析与阻尼控制

直流电网适合大规模光伏发电的集成接入。光伏发电单元在接入直流电网运行时,需要依托孤岛检测方法,使得发电单元可以在异常断开状态下得到保护。然而,前馈孤岛检测方法会向直流电网注入扰动,影响光伏发电单元在并网运行时的性能,甚至加剧由于变换器交互作用造成的振荡失稳问题。对此,建立直流电网中光伏发电单元、交直流互联变换器的小信号阻抗模型,并综合考虑最大功率跟踪控制、前馈孤岛检测方法对光伏Buck变换器端口特性的影响,探究影响直流电网稳定性的因素。然后,在不影响孤岛检测的情况下,提出一种有源阻尼稳定控制方法,在并网运行的光伏发电单元的直流电网侧端口串入虚拟电阻,使发电单元在输出不同功率时均有较好的稳定性。最后,仿真研究验证了分析内容的准确性和所提阻尼方法的有效性。     

基于峰值计数与参数辨识的光伏组件阴影判定方法

针对光伏组件中阴影难以判定的情况,提出了一种基于峰值计数与参数辨识的光伏组件阴影判别方法。首先,通过可编程直流电子负载对光伏组件I-V输出特性曲线进行全局快速扫描,以记录曲线中明显的多峰值个数;然后采用改进人工鱼群算法(IAFSA)对I-V特性曲线中采样值进行内部等效参数辨识,结合均方根误差(RMSE)进而判断组件中轻微阴影遮挡情况。通过上述两步法可对光伏组件中阴影情况进行有效判定,仿真和实验结果进一步说明了上述方法的有效性和准确性。     

基于Bezier曲线的CIGS薄膜光伏电池I-V曲线简单拟合方法

精准的光伏电池输出数学模型是研究光伏系统的必要条件,然而由于厂家提供的数据有限,铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜光伏电池的输出数学模型是包含若干未知参数的非线性特性曲线.因此提出仅利用厂家提供的有限数据,对CIGS薄膜光伏电池的电流-电压输出特性曲线,即I-V曲线进行拟合.首先利用Bezier曲线选取函数控制点,对CIGS薄膜光伏电池的I-V曲线进行拟合;然后找出Bezier曲线控制点位置与CIGS薄膜光伏电池的填充因子之间的函数关系;最后,利用4种新型CIGS薄膜光伏电池对该函数关系进行验证,并对结果进行了对比分析.分析结果表明,所提方法对4种CIGS薄膜光伏电池的I-V曲线的拟合方法的平均相对误差均小于0.8％,验证了所提方法的有效性.     

基于电容阵列I-V测试仪的光伏STC曲线拟合研究

现有的光伏组件在标准条件(STC)下I-V曲线的拟合算法存在计算过于复杂或准确度不足的问题。为提高曲线在偏离STC环境下的拟合准度,提出了一种依据太阳电池四参数结构,通过选取曲线最大功率点(MPP)附近6个点作为拟合点,计算组件I-V数学模型从而实现曲线拟合的拟合算法。不同光伏组件的最优拟合点间隔不同,为提高拟合精度,进一步提出了自适应拟合点选取方法,同时设计了以电容阵列为负载的I-V测试仪结构并研制了一套完整仪器。该测试仪可通过增加MPP附近数据点的密度,提升拟合点的选取精度。经过MATLAB仿真与实际验证表明,模型拟合算法的拟合结果在各种测试环境下的准确度均高于多项式拟合算法;所设计的I-V测试仪性能优越,适用于工程测量之中。     

Experimental investigation of PV based modified SEPIC converter fed hybrid electric vehicle (PV-HEV)

This paper presents a high gain modified three-port dual boost single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) converter operated hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/battery electric vehicle to improve the power transfer capability and efficiency of the power conversion stage. The proposed three-port dual boost high gain SEPIC converter accepts wide voltage range of input then the conventional single stage SEPIC converter. The three-winding high frequency coupling transformer integrates the two input sources and step-up the input voltage. The theoretical and experimental analyses are presented to validate the performance of the proposed modified SEPIC converter in boosting the wide range of input voltage. A 6 kW, 12 to 600 V of experimental model has been developed and tested. The efficiency obtained from the designed model is around 94.11%.     

Analysis and design of a two‐transformer active‐clamping ZVS isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter

This paper presents a two‐transformer active‐clamping zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter, which is mainly composed of two active‐clamping ZVS isolated inverse‐SEPIC converters. The proposed converter allows a low‐profile design for liquid crystal display TVs and servers. The presented two‐transformer active‐clamping ZVS isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter can equally share the total load current between two secondaries. Therefore, the output inductor copper loss and the output diode conduction loss can be decreased. Detailed analysis and design of this new two‐transformer active‐clamping ZVS isolated inverse‐SEPIC converter are described. Experimental results are recorded for a prototype converter with an AC input voltage ranging from 85 to 135 V, an output voltage of 12 V and a rated output current of 13.5A, operating at a switching frequency of 65 kHz. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

激光光伏转换器金属栅格结构的数值仿真优化

光纤激光供电技术是实现高压电气设备监测传感器节点能量供应的重要手段。激光光伏转换器前端接触金属栅格结构的优化设计对光纤激光供电技术的改进和应用至关重要。提出了用于小尺寸激光光伏转换器金属栅格结构优化设计的数值仿真方法。该仿真模型是基于开源Solcore Python库构建的,可以按3个步骤创建光伏转换器的混合准三维模型。基于砷化镓（GaAs）材料单结光伏转换器的不同层结构,仿真研究了不同照明模式下基础层厚度和金属栅格结构对光电转换效率的影响。结果表明：使用该模型可以对金属栅格结构进行优化设计,获得仿真模块在不同层结构配置和照明模式下的最优光电转换效率。该仿真模型和优化结果可用于指导激光光伏转换器的研制。     

Participation of Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generators in System Frequency Regulation

This paper proposes a control scheme that allows doubly fed induction wind generators (DFIWG) to participate effectively in system frequency regulation. In this control approach, wind generators operate according to a deloaded optimum power extraction curve such that the active power provided by each wind turbine increases or decreases during system frequency changes. The control strategy defined at the wind generator to supply primary frequency regulation capability exploits a combination of control of the static converters and pitch control, adjusting the rotor speed and the active power according to the deloaded optimum power extraction curve. Results obtained in a small isolated system are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.     

高阶开关功率变换器中的间歇现象

以四阶电流模式控制单端初级电感变换器(single ended primary inductor converter,SEPIC)为例,研究高阶开关功率变换器中的间歇混沌和间歇分谐波现象。从电路耦合滤波的角度考虑,建立具有耦合干扰信号的SEPIC变换器模型,通过数值仿真和电路仿真观察到了间歇现象,分析不同电路参数对干扰信号强度阈值的影响。并将时间分岔映射为参数分岔,继而以此为基础运用特征值分析方法对变换器的稳定性进行了分析。参数分岔图、特征值轨迹与时间分岔图完全一致,均表明干扰信号的强度和频率决定着间歇现象的类型和间歇周期的大小。     

新型无均衡管理光伏锂电储能发电模组及其MPPT控制策略

为解决既有基于锂电无均衡管理(NBCM)的光伏锂电储能发电模组存在的光伏电池面板与锂电池之间需要严格的电压匹配及其带来的能效损失问题,改善光伏电池面板串级阴影效应以及功率变换器高频开关耦合产生的对地漏电流效应,提出一种改进的NBCM光伏锂电储能发电模组拓扑结构,其控制单元由前级光伏电池自适应电压均衡单元和后级SEPIC馈电升降压(SFBB)变换单元构成。在此基础上,提出一种基于极值搜索控制(ESC)和Lyapunov开关耦合控制的2-Lyap ESC最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)控制策略,以提高NBCM光伏锂电储能发电模组内串联光伏电池模块的MPPT输出能效,优化模组能量管理。仿真结果验证了该拓扑及MPPT控制策略的有效性。     

Input parallel–output parallel connected modular nonisolated DC-DC converters with current self-sharing capability operating in discontinuous conduction mode

This paper covers the self-sharing analysis of dc-dc nonisolated converters with input parallel–output parallel (IPOP) configuration and operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The main contribution of the proposed system is its capability of providing self-sharing of the currents on both sides of each individual converter, without average current sharing control, even in the face of parametric variations. This self-balance only occurs for DCM. When the addressed converters operate in continuous conduction mode (CCM), the self-sharing does not occur naturally under parametric differences among them, requiring the use of additional control loops. The use of self-sharing converters in nonisolated converters simplifies the control system, it makes the modular solution being attractive for many applications, and it increases the power range that the DCM converters may be applied. This paper brings the theoretical study of self-sharing of the current mechanism to six basic nonisolated converters operating in DCM. The self-sharing is verified by experimental results, which are obtained from three modules of dc-dc SEPIC converters. Both converters were designed to operate with 200-V input voltage, 125-V output voltage, 1500-W rated power (500 W each module), and switching frequency at 30 kHz.     

光伏组件热斑电池片功率损耗的简化算法研究

热斑故障是光伏组件各类故障中最常见的一种。热斑电池发热越大,热斑故障越严重,对光伏系统的危害越大。针对常见晶硅光伏组件结构,剖析了光伏组件因热斑故障所引起的发热机理,结合单二极管等效电路模型提出一种简化的热斑电池片功率损耗计算方法;分析了光伏组件的不同工作状态,并结合组件的I-V曲线给出了各种工作状态下简化功率损耗算法中的关键参数确定方法。通过对光伏组件热斑电池片实验测试温度和热仿真温度对比,验证了所提简化功率损耗计算方法的准确性。     

主动移频法在光伏并网逆变器并联运行下的孤岛检测机理研究

孤岛检测是光伏并网逆变器所必备的功能。在各种孤岛检测技术中,主动移频法及改进后的带正反馈主动移频法被广泛采用。该类方法通过对逆变器输出电流的频率进行扰动来实现孤岛检测。目前针对该类方法的研究主要集中在单台逆变器。该文采用相位原理和基于负载品质因数与谐振频率坐标系的盲区空间理论,对多机并联工作方式下主动移频法及带正反馈的主动移频法之间的相互影响及孤岛检测有效性进行深入理论分析,揭示了多机并联下孤岛检测可靠性与工作条件的关系,仿真与实验验证了理论分析的正确性。     

基于GPR的变工况下闭环SEPIC的故障预测

变工况下闭环单端初级电感变换器(SEPIC)系统级的故障预测,不仅受故障模式的影响,还受工况变化的影响。针对此问题,采用了一种新颖的变工况下闭环SEPIC变换器系统级故障特征参数(S-FCP)的提取方法,并提出了一种基于高斯过程回归(GPR)对S-FCP退化状态预测的方法。首先,研究了在不同工况下闭环SEPIC变换器关键元件的退化对系统级参数的影响。其次,选取对关键元件退化敏感且退化趋势有规律的系统级参数作为闭环SEPIC变换器的S-FCP,并利用多元最小二乘回归得到额定工况下的S-FCP。最后,基于GPR对S-FCP进行故障预测,实现变工况下闭环SEPIC变换器的故障预测。实验结果证明了该S-FCP提取方法和预测框架的可行性。     

Coordinated operation of a battery energy storage system and thermal generators for supply–demand balance maintenance and efficient use of photovoltaic energy

In future power systems with extremely large integration of photovoltaic (PV) generation, it is necessary to not only properly maintain supply–demand balance without power shortfall but also utilize as much PV energy as possible. The application of PV power forecast and energy storage devices to power system operation is necessary. In this study, we propose a method for determining and modifying the charging and discharging schedule of a battery energy storage system (BESS) and the unit commitment of thermal generators based on the PV power forecast. The proposed method is evaluated by numerical simulations for one year. The results show that both the energy shortfall and PV curtailment can be reduced by the proposed method.     

基于可变电子负载的光伏阵列特性测试技术

针对光伏阵列的现场I-V特性曲线测试,提出了一种基于非线性可变电子负载的简易测试方法,该方法利用MOSFET的压阻控制特性作为非线性可变电阻负载,结合高速AID采样和数据处理,实现对光伏阵列的I-V特性测试.较常规的电容动态充电I-V特性曲线测试方法,该方法具有体积小、成本低、精度高、测试过程可控等特点.详细介绍了该系...     

一种数字式光伏阵列模拟系统的研究

针对模拟式光伏阵列模拟器的缺点,提了以光伏电池数学模犁为基础,由直流斩波器构成的数字式光伏阵列模拟器.该模拟器可以模拟任意太阳辐射强度、环境温度的光伏阵列1-V特性.实验结果证明该模拟器的输出特性非常接近实际情况,并且动态响应良好.     

基于RLS-SVR的光伏并网变流器早期故障预测方法研究

针对光伏并网变流器故障预测问题,提出了基于鲁棒最小二乘-支持向量回归(RLS-SVR)的早期故障预测方法.从系统层面分析了光伏并网变流器脆弱元件退化互相耦合机理及对系统状态特征和早期故障特征选取的影响,进而提出了以特征相对变化量表征变流器状态的电路故障预测方法.为了减小工作条件对特征退化预测的影响,方法首先采用RLS-...     

部分遮挡条件下光伏组件的建模与仿真研究

当光伏组件被部分遮挡时,输出的伏安特性曲线呈阶梯状,功率电压特性曲线会产生多个局部峰值点,在此情况下,现有的单体光伏电池数学模型和传统的单峰最大功率点跟踪算法都不再适用.研究和建立了适用于部分遮挡情况下串联光伏组件的数学模型,并通过Matlab软件对其进行仿真研究,分析了光伏组件在部分遮挡时Ⅰ-Ⅴ,P-Ⅴ特性曲线及输出...     

Detection and estimation of behind-the-meter photovoltaic generation based on smart meter data analytics

With the economic development and the implementation of national policies, the penetration rate of distributed photovoltaic (PV) panels, especially those behind the meter, has been greatly increased at the customers' side, which has been changing the operational landscape of the distribution network. In that regard, a critical challenge is that the PV generation behind the meter cannot be detected and measured directly by the utility company. There are even cases where customers install PV without authorization. To ensure the secure and reliable operation, the utility company has to perceive the total PV generation from smart meter data while making operational decisions to strike a balance of power supply and demand. This paper presents a novel two-stage PV detection and capacity estimation method purely based on smart meter data, which is essentially a data-driven model based on machine learning. First, given the net load curves of customers, the PV capacity features are extracted and the support vector machine (SVM) model is used to classify the customers with or without realistic PV installations. Second, based on the spatial correlation of original power demand, the total PV capacity curve is estimated by using the difference between daytime and nighttime data based on the aggregated load information. Finally, the capacity curve, along with the net load curve, is fed into Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) model as input to estimate the real-time PV generation of individual customers.