TIG与FSW焊接工艺下2219铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展性能研究

目的 研究钨极惰性气体保护焊（TIG）和搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）对2219铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,并探究这2种不同焊接技术条件下焊接接头疲劳裂纹的产生与裂纹扩展原理,了解2种焊接接头的抗裂纹扩展能力,为工程实践应用提供数据参考。方法 采用疲劳裂纹扩展试验方法,测试上述2种焊接工艺条件下焊缝金属和热影响区组织的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/d N和阈值,使用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察并分析金相组织和疲劳断口形貌特征。结果 疲劳裂纹倾向于沿裂纹处萌生,裂纹的存在成为主要的裂纹扩展源头,有利于加速裂纹向前延伸。热影响区由于组织结构不均匀,不同位置的晶粒尺寸存在明显差异,疲劳裂纹扩展路径倾向于沿靠近焊缝一侧向靠近母材区域扩展。TIG焊接工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的裂纹扩展速率明显低于FSW焊接工艺下的焊缝金属和热影响区,与此同时,TIG焊接接头表现出优良的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能。结论 通过此研究,建议2219铝合金焊接接头采用TIG焊接工艺,抗疲劳裂纹扩展效果更佳。     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系,测得疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率da/dN,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区,裂纹在铁素体材料侧,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线5～25μm扩展,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为：da/dN=7.07×10-13(△K)3.863。     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体／铁素体异种钢接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体 /铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系 ,测得疲劳裂纹在 Cr2 5 Ni13/ 13Cr Mo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率 da/ d N,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明 ,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径 ,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区 ,裂纹在铁素体材料侧 ,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线 5～ 2 5 μm扩展 ,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力 ,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在 Cr2 5 Ni13/ 13Cr Mo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为 :da/ d N=7.0 7× 10 - 1 3(△ K ) 3.86 3     

A7N01铝合金焊接接头中不同区域在不同介质中的电化学腐蚀行为

为了积累A7N01铝合金及其焊接接头在不同介质中的电化学腐蚀数据,采用ER5356焊丝分别焊接了A7N01-T5和A7N01-T4铝合金。采用动电位扫描法分别测试了2种铝合金焊接接头中的母材及焊缝分别在5%(质量分数)NaCl,Na2SO4,NaNO3溶液中的极化曲线,并计算出相应的电化学参数。结果表明:2种铝合金焊接接头中母材在3种腐蚀溶液中的腐蚀倾向大于焊缝,腐蚀速率也快于焊缝;Cl-,SO2-4和NO-3对2种铝合金焊接接头中的母材及焊缝的腐蚀加速作用依次减弱;A7N01-T5母材在3种腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性优于A7N01-T4母材的。     

高周疲劳载荷下6061-T6铝合金的温度演化

为了研究金属材料在疲劳载荷下的温度变化,采用红外热像系统对高周疲劳载荷下6061-T6铝合金的温度演化进行分析,用热像图对疲劳裂纹尖端的塑性区进行测量.结果显示,疲劳加载作用下,循环次数达到107次时6061-T6铝合金试样表面温度的变化分为四个阶段:初始温升阶段、温度缓降阶段、温度二次缓慢上升阶段和温度快速上升阶段.结合热弹性理论、铝合金塑性变形的微观机制分析并预测疲劳载荷下温度的演化和宏观裂纹扩展时裂纹尖端塑性区域大小.宏观裂纹开始扩展时,裂纹尖端的塑性区域可达3.6 mm2,红外热像仪测得结果为3.46 mm2,测试结果与理论结果吻合.     

高强度结构钢及其接头热影响区的疲劳及断裂性能分析

采用焊条电弧焊对48 mm厚高强度结构钢进行焊接,对焊接接头热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔK_th、裂纹扩展速率da/dN和断裂韧度K_IC进行研究并与基体进行对比。结果表明,在室温下,焊接接头热影响区具有更好的疲劳和断裂性能;随着与熔合线距离的增大,热影响区的组织依次为粗大板条状贝氏体+奥氏体薄膜、细粒状贝氏体、回火索氏体+细粒状贝氏体,硬度逐渐下降;在室温下,焊接接头热影响区和基体冲击韧性均位于上平台。热影响区的残余奥氏体薄膜和硬度较高的贝氏体是影响其疲劳和断裂性能的重要因素。      

HT80钢焊接接头在几个应力比之下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和门槛应力强度因子

采用200毫米宽的中心裂纹试样测量了焊接接头和基体金属的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和门槛应力强度因子。业已发现,不管裂纹在哪种区域扩展(即热影响区和焊缝金属区)和采用何种焊接工艺(埋孤焊和金属极气体保护电孤焊),焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率都是相似的。然而,焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展性能要比基体金属的差。通过对裂纹闭合情况的观察,揭示了这样的事实:疲劳裂纹在整个加载过程中是完全张开的,这是由于焊接接头中间部分的残余应力分布处于拉伸状态之故。这种观察也解释了应力比对焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展性能的影响不大及以焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展性能之所以比基体金属的差的原因。     

轨道交通用6082-T6铝合金MIG焊接接头组织与疲劳性能

对轨道交通用6082-T6铝合金进行MIG焊接,使用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计分别对焊接接头的显微组织、相结构与显微硬度进行观察与分析。结果表明,熔合区为柱状晶组织,焊缝主要由树枝晶和胞状晶组成,焊缝中心为等轴晶,焊缝体现出联生结晶的特点。母材相组成为基体α-Al固溶体、β-Mg2Si以及单质Si,焊缝金属相组成主要为α-Al固溶体。热影响区的宽度达31mm,且存在一个软化区。设定应力比R=0,测试了铝合金的疲劳寿命,通过拟合试验数据得到S-N曲线,得到MIG焊接6082-T6铝合金焊接接头的条件疲劳极限为99MPa,为母材的72.26%。用扫描电镜对疲劳断口进行观察和分析,结果表明,疲劳断口分布的二次裂纹促进了疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展,第二相粒子对疲劳裂纹的萌生起着重要的作用,焊缝中的气孔则容易成为疲劳源。稳态扩展区出现大量呈平行趋势且具有规则间距的疲劳条带,瞬断区存在大量韧窝和撕裂棱,体现出韧性断裂的特征。     

6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能

目的 为了适应空间曲面构件的搅拌摩擦焊,开展6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能的研究。方法 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊用的搅拌头,对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材进行试验,研究焊缝成形及接头力学性能,并分析接头组织特征。结果 零倾角搅拌摩擦焊接头从组织上可区分为5个不同区域：焊核区(WNZ)、热力影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)、轴肩影响区(SAZ)和母材(BM);随着搅拌头转速增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均先变大后变小;随焊接速度增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均逐渐变小;当焊接速度固定时,随搅拌头转速增加,接头拉伸强度先增加后减小;当搅拌头转速固定时,随焊接速度增加,接头拉伸强度逐渐增大。结论 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊接方法,能够实现对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材的有效焊接。     

6082-T6/7075-T6异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头的疲劳性能研究

为提高异种高强度铝合金焊接接头在复杂交变载荷作用下的服役可靠性,采用疲劳极限测量、疲劳断口形貌分析、金相分析和显微硬度测试等方法,研究了6 mm厚的6082-T6/7075-T6异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头疲劳性能及疲劳断裂的影响因素.结果 表明,1200 r/min、80 mm/min条件下,焊接接头疲劳极限为107.5 MPa.110 MPa疲劳载荷下,疲劳裂纹起源于前进侧(6082-T6)的焊核区与热机械影响区(TMAZ)交界位置的试样棱边尖角附近.这是由于焊接热循环导致β"相转变为β'相并粗化形成软化区、试样表面存在脆性第二相、2种材料在焊核区与热机械影响区交界处混合不均匀引起的应力集中,以及试样棱边尖角引起的应力集中等几种因素共同叠加作用所致.     

Mikrostrukturelle,mechanische und korrosive Eigenschaften reibrührgeschweißter Stumpfnähte in Aluminiumlegierungen

Microstructural, mechanical and corrosive properties of friction stir welded aluminium joints Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel solid state welding process. It allows joining of high strength aluminum alloys, generally considered as difficult-to-weld with conventional technologies, without loss in joint strength. Results of investigations on selfmade FSW butt joints of the aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 6013-T4 are presented. First, the microstructure of the weld seam and heat affected zone is characterised metallographically and by hardness measurements. By tensile, fatigue endurance (SN) and fatigue crack propagation tests it is demonstrated, that especially the FSW-joints of 2024–T3 sustain high mechanical loadings. Investigations on the corrosion properties reveal a certain sensitivity of the 2024-T3 joints to intergranular and exfoliation corrosion.     

THE EFFECTS OF A MARINE ENVIRONMENT ON THE CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION RATE OF PURE TITANIUM AND ITS WELD METAL

The effects of stress ratio and microstructure on fatigue crack growth rate in air and natural seawater were investigated for pure titanium and its weld metal. The corrosion fatigue characterization of pure titanium was also studied under a cathodic potential in natural seawater. In air, the fatigue crack growth rates of pure titanium and its weld metal increased with increasing stress ratio. In natural seawater, the effect of stress ratio was similar to that in air. However, the crack growth rates were greater for pure titanium than for the weld metal. These results indicate that the corrosion action is sensitive to the microstructure in front of the crack tip. When the crack growth rate for the weld metal was plotted using the effective stress intensity factor range, the crack growth rate in natural seawater was coincident with that in air, regardless of stress ratio. For the base metal, there is a significant difference in the crack growth rate between natural seawater and air.     

Analysis of crack propagation resistance of Al–Al2O3 particulate-reinforced composite friction stir welded butt joints

This work is devoted to the analysis of fatigue crack propagation resistance of particulate metal-matrix composites butt joints obtained by friction stir welding. Two different aluminum alloy matrices reinforced with alumina particles were examined. Tests were conducted on both parent material and welded joint for comparison. Fatigue crack propagation was carried out both within the weld nugget and in the thermo-mechanically altered zone at the side of the weld. The comparison between parent material and joint showed that the welding process affects fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate differently depending on the material. The analysis of crack path roughness helped to understand those differences in the fatigue crack growth rate. Therefore, roughness-induced crack closure arguments have been introduced to discuss data obtained under different testing conditions (parent material/joint, R-ratio, crack location, crack growth regime). Both the classical Elber’s approach and more recent approaches based on partial crack closure concept (adjusted compliance ratio, ACR, and 2/π methods) were considered. The results showed that, using partial crack closure, all of the data collapse within a reasonable scatterband.     

Effects of welding residual stresses on fatigue crack growth behaviour in butt welds of a pipeline steel

In the present test the fatigue crack growth rate in the parent plate, weld and cross-bond regions was measured and the results were correlated with the stress intensity range ΔK and the effective stress intensity range ΔK_eff. It is indicated that the welding residual stresses strongly affect the crack growth rate. For the weld metal and cross-bond compact tension specimens in which crack growth is along the weld line the fatigue crack growth rate increases as the crack grows. However, for the T compact tension specimen in which crack growth is perpendicular to the weld line at a constant value of applied ΔK the crack growth rate initially decreases as the crack grows. Particularly, at a low constant value of applied ΔK the crack growth rate obviously decreases and the crack fails to grow after short crack growth. When the crack grows to intersect the welded zone, the fatigue crack growth rate gradually increases as the crack grows further. It is clear that the effect of welding residual stresses on the crack growth rate is related to the position of the crack and its orientation with respect to the weld line. Finally, the models of welding residual stress redistribution in the compact tension specimens with the growing crack and its influence on the fatigue crack closure are discussed. It appears that for a butt-welded joint one of the crack closure mechanisms may be considered by the bend or rotation deformation of crack faces due to the welding residual stress redistribution as the fatigue crack grows in the welded joint.     

Correlation of fatigue properties and microstructure in investment cast Ti-6Al-4V welds

The effect of microstructural characteristics on high-cycle fatigue properties and fatigue crack propagation behavior of welded regions of an investment cast Ti-6Al-4V were investigated. High-cycle fatigue and fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted on the welded regions, which were processed by two different welding methods: tungsten inert gas (TIG) and electron beam (EB) welding. Test data were analyzed in relation to microstructure, tensile properties, and fatigue fracture mode. The base metal was composed of an alpha plate colony structure transformed to a basket-weave structure with thin platelets after welding and annealing. High-cycle fatigue results indicated that fatigue strength of the EB weld was lower than that of the base metal or the TIG weld because of the existence of large micropores formed during welding, although it had the highest yield strength. In the case of the fatigue crack propagation, the EB weld composed of thinner platelets had a faster crack propagation rate than the base metal or the TIG weld. The effective microstructural feature determining the fatigue crack propagation rate was found to be the width of platelets because it was well matched with the reversed cyclic plastic zone size calculated in the threshold ΔK regime.     

Residual stress effects on fatigue crack growth in a Ti‐6Al‐4V friction stir weld

Recent studies have illustrated a predominant role of the residual stress on the fatigue crack growth in friction stir welded joints. In this study, the role of the residual stress on the propagation of fatigue cracks orthogonal to the weld direction in a friction stir welded Ti‐6Al‐4V joint was investigated. A numerical prediction of the fatigue crack growth rate in the presence of the residual stresses was carried out using AFGROW software; reasonable correspondence between the predictions and the experimental results were observed when the effects of residual stress were included in the simulation.     

Zr58Nb2.76Cu15.46Ni12.74Al10.34Y0.5非晶合金激光焊接接头微观结构及显微硬度表征

目的 探究激光焊接参数对非晶合金焊接接头的组织演变、焊缝成形、晶化程度等的影响规律,以及控制接头晶化的有效途径.方法 采用碟片激光器对Zr58Nb2.76Cu15.46Ni12.74Al10.34Y0.5非晶合金进行激光焊接,对比分析不同激光功率下,焊接速度对接头熔宽和晶化组织形成的影响规律,并对接头各区域微观组织特征...     

6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊数值模拟

为研究铝合金中厚板-节点套接头在多层多道焊后的残余应力和变形分布,本文基于ABAQUS软件建立了该接头三维有限元模型,采用双椭球热源、生死单元法以及顺序耦合法,对6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊进行数值模拟,并分析了接头的温度场,以及在夹具约束下的焊接残余应力及变形的分布情况。研究结果表明:数值模拟与实际接头的熔池形状吻合度较高;摆动焊接过程中温度曲线呈多峰结构;焊件的升温速率明显大于冷却速率,且冷却速率随时间逐渐减小;焊接残余应力主要集中在焊缝及夹具区域,且小于6061-T6铝合金在室温下的屈服强度;接头的最大横向残余应力为129.9 MPa,中厚板上的横向残余应力大于节点套上的横向残余应力;接头的最大纵向残余应力为132.9 MPa,沿焊接方向,焊缝处的纵向残余应力呈山峰状分布;该接头在Y轴方向上的变形最大,为1.494 mm,该接头的最终变形结果为上凸变形。     

6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织与力学性能

对8mm厚的6082-T6铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊接试验,焊后对工艺参数与接头显微组织及力学性能的关系进行了分析。结果表明：焊核区显微组织为细小等轴晶组织。分析焊接速度对接头抗拉强度的影响得出规律：随着焊接速度的增大,接头强度增大,但焊接速度达到一定值时,接头性能达到最高值,之后随着焊接速度变大,接头就会出现缺陷,影响接头的性能。