一种近场无源定位方法

提出了一种近场方位和距离联合估计的无源定位算法.根据阵列信号协方差矩阵的Toeplitz特性,重构出只与信源方位角相关的近似远场协方差矩阵.对该协方差矩阵做子空间分解,通过方位估计的求根MUSIC算法得到对信源的方位角估计值;对信源距离的估计,定义了一种新的空间谱函数,仅通过一次一维搜索便可以得到所有距离谱峰;再将方位和距离配对进行简单的配对操作即完成信源的定位.最后通过计算机仿真验证了该算法的有效性.     

The efficiency of near-field Cassegrainian antennas

The aperture efficiency of a near-field Cassegrainian antenna is approximated with a Fresnel field analysis. Curves are presented which give the efficiency of the system in terms of the amplitude distribution on the feed aperture and the Raleigh distance to the subreflector. It is found that separation between feed aperture and subreflector can be as great asfrac{1}{2}d^{2}/lambdawithout excessive loss.     

Passive localization of near-field sources by path following

A new algorithm for passively estimating the ranges and bearings of multiple narrow-band sources using a uniform linear sensor array is presented. The algorithm is computationally efficient and converges globally. It minimizes the MUSIC cost function subject to geometrical constraints imposed by the curvature of the received wavefronts. The estimation problem is reduced to one of solving a set of two coupled 2D polynomial equations. The proposed algorithm solves this nonlinear problem using a modification of the path-following (or homotopy) method. For an array having m sensors, the algorithm reduces the global 2D search over range and bearing to 2(m-1) independent 1D searches. This imparts a high degree of parallelism that can be exploited to obtain source location estimates very efficiently     

Reducing the computational overhead of the near-field transformthrough system identification

The system identification technique is applied to the output of a time-domain near to far-field transform employed with the FDTD algorithm. The technique is used to characterise the far field of a microstrip antenna, the accuracy of the results is evaluated, and the computational savings and overheads involved are discussed     

Improved efficiency and photo-stability of methylamine-free perovskite solar cells via cadmium doping

Although perovskite solar cells containing methylamine cation can show high power conversion efficiency, stability is a concern. Here, methylamine-free perovskite material Cs_xFA_1–xPbI₃ was synthesized by a one-step method. In addition, we incorporated smaller cadmium ions into mixed perovskite lattice to partially replace Pb ions to address the excessive internal strain in perovskite structure. We have found that the introduction of Cd can improve the crystallinity and the charge carrier lifetime of perovskite films. Consequently, a power conversion efficiency as high as 20.59% was achieved. More importantly, the devices retained 94% of their initial efficiency under 1200 h of continuous illumination.     

Improved algorithm for probe-corrected spherical near-field/far-field transformation

The technique for computation of antenna far fields from spherical near-field measurements has been improved, allowing large antennas to be treated. The efficiency and accuracy is demonstrated for an antenna without rotational symmetry and about 50 wavelengths in diameter.     

基于二阶统计量的四维近场源定位

本文针对近场窄带信源频率、仰角、方向角和距离四维参数的估计问题，提出了一种基于二阶统计量的近场源四维参数估计方法。该方法利用中心对称的十字阵列和多重旋转矢量不变技术估计信源参数，无需谱峰搜索，同时避免应用四阶累积量，减轻了算法的计算量。仿真实验证明了该算法的有效性。     

Rapid near-field antenna testing via arrays of modulated scatteringprobes

Key results are summarized of efforts to significantly reduce the near-field measurement time by utilizing one- or two-dimensional arrays of modulated scattering probes in lieu of the single probe ordinarily used in conventional near-field measurement techniques. Results of analytical, numerical, and experimental investigations show that the modulated-scattering technique (MST) using arrays of hundreds or even thousands of modulated scattering probes can be used to map the complex near-field of antennas or scatterers in a few seconds or minutes. The results also strongly indicate that classical (nonmodulated) receiving/transmitting arrays can be adapted for rapid near-field data collection. Major factors affecting the accuracy and speed of probe arrays for near-field measurement are delineated and discussed. Experimental results obtained using laboratory prototype MST systems are also presented and discussed     

Mixed near-field and far-field source localization revised: propagation loss included

Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing - This paper is concerned with source localization when path loss is taken into account. We modify multiple signal classification method to localize...     

Sparse recovery method for far-field and near-field sources localization using oblique projection

In this paper, we propose a novel source localization method to estimate parameters of arbitrary field sources, which may lie in near-field region or far-field region of array aperture. The proposed method primarily constructs two special spatial-temporal covariance matrixes which can avoid the array aperture loss, and then estimates the frequencies of signals to obtain the oblique projection matrixes. By using the oblique projection technique, the covariance matrixes can be transformed into several data matrixes which only contain single source information, respectively. At last, based on the sparse signal recovery method, these data matrixes are utilized to solve the source localization problem. Compared with the existing typical source localization algorithms, the proposed method improves the estimation accuracy, and provides higher angle resolution for closely spaced sources scenario. Simulation results are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.     

Maximum-likelihood source localization and unknown sensor locationestimation for wideband signals in the near-field

In this paper, we derive the maximum-likelihood (ML) location estimator for wideband sources in the near field of the sensor array. The ML estimator is optimized in a single step, as opposed to other estimators that are optimized separately in relative time-delay and source location estimations. For the multisource case, we propose and demonstrate an efficient alternating projection procedure based on sequential iterative search on single-source parameters. The proposed algorithm is shown to yield superior performance over other suboptimal techniques, including the wideband MUSIC and the two-step least-squares methods, and is efficient with respect to the derived Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). From the CRB analysis, we find that better source location estimates can be obtained for high-frequency signals than low-frequency signals. In addition, large range estimation error results when the source signal is unknown, but such unknown parameter does not have much impact on angle estimation. In some applications, the locations of some sensors may be unknown and must be estimated. The proposed method is extended to estimate the range from a source to an unknown sensor location. After a number of source-location frames, the location of the uncalibrated sensor can be determined based on a least-squares unknown sensor location estimator     

On improving the computational efficiency of digital lightwave linksimulation

Monte Carlo simulation can be used to estimate the bit error rate (BER) in digital lightwave communication links. However, when the link includes an avalanche photodetector (APD) receiver and is operating at a low BER, Monte Carlo simulation requires excessive execution time unless assumptions are made about the APD statistics. Techniques are presented that reduce the computational resources required to estimate the BER for these systems by two orders of magnitude. The speed-up is achieved by developing anew, more efficient random number generation algorithm for APD shot noise and by applying a tail extrapolation technique to the conditional distributions at the sample-and-decide input in the receiver. Receiver thermal noise is handled analytically. Accurate BER estimates for an NRZ direct-detection system are obtained in approximately 1.5 CPU hours on a VAXstation II using a combination of these techniques     

Improved efficiency silicon solar cell module

This paper describes a solar cell module efficiency of 22.3% independently measured at Sandia National Laboratories. This is the highest ever confirmed efficiency for a photovoltaic module of this size achieved by cells made on any material. This 787-cm² module used 40 large-area double-layer antireflection coated PERL (passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused) silicon cells of average efficiency of 23.1%. The double-layer coating, together with an improved cell structure and a shingled encapsulation technique, considerably contributed to this efficiency improvement. Also reported is an independently confirmed efficiency of 23.7% for a 21.60-cm² cell of the type used in the module, the highest efficiency ever reported for a silicon cell of this size     

Improved power efficiency for DVB-SH transmitters

Power efficiency is an important criterion for modern communications systems. It is well known that due to its high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme presents serious power efficiency problems related to the High Power Amplifier (HPA) of the transmitter that are critical in satellite systems like Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite to Handheld (DVB-SH). In order to improve the power efficiency we propose to apply to DVB-SH the Active Constellation Extension (ACE) algorithm as a PAPR reduction method. Additionally we also present a new ACE optimization criterion: the reduction of the cubic metric (CM). The minimization of both metrics provides an important improvement of the out of band distortion and the Output Back Off (OBO) of the amplifiers, and consequently an increase of the HPA power efficiency.     

A low noise,high power efficiency supply regulator for near-field power delivery

In order to deliver near-field electromagnetic power to a biomedical device or an RFID tag efficiently, the downlink signal is preferred to be at a high voltage level. To reduce power consumption and meet low supply requirements, it is advantageous for the remote device power supply to step-down the input voltage following rectification, typically using switch-mode regulators. The output ripple of a switched capacitor converter is inversely proportional to the filtering capacitance at the output node and switching frequency. In this paper, a hybrid DC–DC converter utilizing a switched capacitor regulator in master–slave configuration with a linear regulator is presented. Linear regulator actively cancels the switching ripple, while low frequency and DC current is provided by the switched capacitor converter. The converter is designed to receive an average input voltage of 5 Vpk from the receiver coil, with an output voltage of 2 V, and 5 mA of output current. The proposed regulator is fabricated in 0.35 μm technology. The power efficiency is measured to be 67%, with a nominal peak to peak ripple of less than 2 mV at the output.     

Passive localization of 3-D near-field sources in coexisted multiplicative noise and additive noise

By exploiting thvorable characteristics of a uniIbrm cross-array, a passive localization algorithm of narrowband sources in the spherical coordinates （azimuth, elevation and range） is proposed. Based on the properly chosen sensor outputs, we compute the third-order cyclic moment matrices, and exploit a pre-calibration technique to eliminate multiplicative noise. Then, we construct a parallel factor （PARAFAC） model, and adopt trilinear altemating least squares regression （TALS） to estimate three-dimensional （3-D） near-field parameters. The investigated algorithm is efficient in the sense that it can eliminate multiplicative noise and additive noise, provide the improved estimation accuracy, as well as avoid the parameter-pairing procedure. Simulation results are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.     

Improved efficiency in semiconducting polymer light-emitting diodes

We report visible light emission from metal-polymer diodes made from semiconducting polymers, with indium-tin oxide as the “ohmic” contact, and a variety of metals as the barrier metal. Our results, which confirm the discovery by the Cambridge group [Nature347, 539 (1990)], demonstrate that light-emitting diodes can be fabricated by casting the polymer film on indium-tin oxide from solution with no subsequent polymer processing or heat treatment required. Electrical characterization reveals diode behavior with rectification ratios greater than 10⁵ at sufficiently high voltages. Use of an electrode material with low work function leads to more than an order of magnitude improvement in the room-temperature efficiency of the devices. For example, the most efficient devices made with calcium as the rectifying contact display efficiencies of 0.01 photons per electron.     

Improved efficiency with a mechanically deformable subreflector

Like most conventional radio telescopes, the 140-ft at the National Radio Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank, WV, is limited in its short-wave performance by gravitational deformations, whose main part is of an astigmatic shape with elevation-dependant amplitude. This surface degradation could be corrected if a subreflector were deformed in a similar shape by the same amount. For testing this possibility an experimental Cassegrain subreflector was built which can be deformed in an astigmatic mode by simple means: two stiff diagonals and four points in-between where a motor pushes or pulls normal to the surface, servo-controlled by the on-line computer. Although the amount of deformation is too limited in the present setup, good results have already been obtained. Seven unresolved radio sources were observed at the water vapor line (22.3 GHz,lambda = 1.345cm), at various telescope pointing, and with different amounts of subreflector deformation, scanning in both directions for complete beam maps. The astigmatic deformation of the subreflector gave considerable improvements, especially fat south and east: fairly strong secondary beams disappeared; the beamshape became more symmetrical, narrow, and round; and at20degelevation the aperture efficiency increased by factors between two and three.     

基于改进最小二乘算法的TDOA/AOA定位方法

针对现有的两步加权最小二乘(Two-stage Weighted Least Squares, TSWLS)和约束加权最小二乘(Constrained Weighted Least Squares, CWLS)在TDOA/AOA混合定位中可能产生测量矩阵奇异的情况, 提出了一种改进的CWLS算法来消除奇异矩阵求逆运算.其主要思想是在约束条件下, 用含有移动台位置坐标的价值函数对移动台坐标和附加变量分别取偏微分, 分离出引入的附加变量, 使移动台位置坐标与附加变量分别位于线性方程的两边, 求解关于附加变量的一元二次方程, 因此避免了对奇异矩阵求逆的运算.在零均值的高斯白噪声环境下, 且移动台位于或接近监测基站阵列中心时, 通过MATLAB仿真验证了改进的CWLS算法比TSWLS和CWLS算法均能取得更高的定位精度, 可以达到克拉美-罗下界(Cramér-Rao Lower Bound, CRLB).     

无线传感器网络的节点定位方法

提出了一种MCBN (Monte Carlo localization boxed using non-anchor)定位算法.该算法建立在蒙特卡罗定位算法基础之上,利用两跳范围内可信任度权值最小且坐标确定的静态非锚节点,辅助网络中两跳范围内的锚节点构建最小锚盒,同时利用待定位节点上一时刻的位置信息和临时锚节点的特性增强样本过滤条件,进行快速抽样和样本过滤.仿真结果表明:MCBN同MCL和MCB算法相比,提高了节点定位精度,降低了节点能量损耗.