Detection of buckling in steel pipeline and column by the distributed Brillouin sensor

We conducted a strain characterization experiment to monitor steel pipe and column buckling for the first time using a distributed Brillouin sensor system. Two specimens (steel pipe and column) were prepared by locally thinning the inner wall to initiate buckling. An axial load was applied to the specimens and increased while compressive strain was measured by both Brillouin sensor and strain gauges. With the Brillouin sensor, we observed compression on the whole specimens while elongation was detected in the neighborhood of the thinned wall at onset of the buckling. Both tension and compression are measured simultaneously from the same spectrum. This capability to extract both informations at the same time makes the Brillouin sensor a unique tool for structural health monitoring. The buckling was identified and localized thanks to this original approach.     

一种利用布里渊谱宽确定光纤SBS阈值的新方法

针对传统的通过功率信息测量所得受激布里渊散射阈值偏高的问题,提出了一种利用布里渊散射谱宽确定光纤受激布里渊散射阈值的新方法。分析了本地外差检测的原理及布里渊散射谱宽与入纤光功率的关系;设计了基于本地外差检测的布里渊散射谱测量系统,在常温下对不同长度标准单模光纤的受激布里渊散射阈值进行了测量。实验结果表明:当光纤长度分别为48.8 km和9.5 km时,根据功率信息获得的受激布里渊散射阈值对应的布里渊散射谱宽均接近恒定值10 MHz,此时已发生严重的泵浦耗尽效应。利用布里渊散射谱表现出的低入纤功率时谱宽的线性下降特性和高入纤功率时谱宽的功率无关特性确定的两种光纤长度下的受激布里渊散射阈值分别为1.12 mW和3.8 mW,对应的布里渊散射谱宽分别为24.86 MHz和23 MHz,其值近似等于布里渊自然线宽。文中的研究结果对布里渊光时域反射系统最大入纤光功率的确定具有重要的参考价值。     

基于布里渊散射特性的光纤传感系统的设计

文章在深入分析各种光纤物理特性的基础上,根据不同的应用环境对传感光纤做了选择,搭建了基于全光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的布里渊散射谱测量系统,实现了对所选传感光纤在常温下布里渊频移的定性测量,并对普通通信单模光纤的布里渊频移的温度依赖性进行了定性测量.设计了基于布里渊散射的光时域反射计.     

双光纤双参量布里渊光时域分析传感技术的研究

对于布里渊分布式光纤传感器(DOFS),温度或应变的变化都会引起布里渊频移谱改变,因此存在交叉敏感问题。在以往对布里渊光时域反射(BOTDR)计的双参量传感研究中,采用单根光纤,通过同时检测布里渊频移和功率变化,实现双参量传感。但对于布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA),由于受激布里渊散射的偏振相关性,不能实现对受激散射光功率的准确检测,因此难以实现单光纤的双参量传感。针对这一问题采用温度和应变系数不同的双光纤进行双参量传感。先测量了几种常用光纤的温度和应变布里渊频移系数,然后选择G652和G652成缆两种光纤,通过构建系数矩阵,由两根光纤的布里渊频移计算得出温度和应力,从而实现了温度分辨率25℃左右,应变分辨率约为200με的双参量传感。     

Impact of stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers withdistributed gain

The equations describing the stimulated Brillouin scattering process in optical fibers with distributed gain, including an equation for the second-order Stokes wave, are numerically solved. An analytical solution for the case of no net gain or loss is also presented. We note that the presence of distributed gain along the fiber leads to a nonmonotonous evolution of the signal power and to ready generation of multiple Stokes orders. The effect of broadening the signal spectrum, as well as the influence of a copropagating or counterpropagating signal are also examined     

光纤中受激布里渊散射可控慢光研究进展

介绍了光纤中基于受激布里渊散射可控慢光研究的进展.首先阐述了基于受激布里渊散射慢光系统中布里渊增益谱带宽展宽方面的实验方法和研究成果,其次对具有高折射率的高非线性光纤以及光子晶体光纤作为慢光介质的研究进行了介绍.     

One-End-Access High-Speed Distributed Strain Measurement with 13-mm Spatial Resolution Based on Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Reflectometry

We demonstrate a one-end-access high-speed distributed strain sensing with high spatial resolution in optical fibers based on Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry. In this work, Brillouin frequency shifts (BFSs) of a 3-cm fiber section are measured with 13-mm spatial resolution and 50-Hz sampling rate. To our knowledge, this spatial resolution is the best result ever reported in Brillouin scattering-based reflectometers, and is superior to that obtained in Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers, though the signal-to-noise ratio is deteriorated. Data processing to find the peak in the Brillouin spectrum is newly introduced to show directly the BFS with a sampling rate of 19 Hz, and the measurement of vibrated strains at frequencies of up to 4 Hz is presented under 22-cm resolution.      

Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode opticalfibers

A novel method for Brillouin gain spectrum measurements in optical fibers is presented. It is based on the pump and probe technique with the specificity to use a single laser source together with an external modulator to generate the interacting lightwaves. The high accuracy and inherent stability of the technique makes it suitable for calibration and reference measurements. Different fibers with different refractive index profiles have been tested and characterized. The problem of the evolution of the polarization of the interacting waves is addressed in the article and a polarization insensitive determination of the actual Brillouin gain coefficient is made possible through two successive measurements with different polarizations. The effects of strain and temperature on the Brillouin gain spectrum are also fully characterized     

分布式光纤传感中布里渊动态光栅研究现状与发展趋势

在保偏光纤两端同一偏振方向上注入两束泵浦光,产生受激布里渊散射并激发出相干声波场,该声波场会对介质折射率进行调制,即形成布里渊动态光栅。利用该动态光栅可实现温度与应变高精度的分布式测量以及多参量的同时传感,并具有读写分离、光谱可调等优点。文章从原理上详细介绍了布里渊散射与布里渊动态光栅的产生原理,并对比分析了布里渊动态光栅在光纤传感方面的优势。针对现阶段布里渊动态光栅在布里渊光相干域与布里渊光时域中的应用进行详细综述,指出了各自的不足与改进后取得的进展。最后,对布里渊动态光栅在分布式光纤传感技术中的发展进行了总结与展望。     

Bandwidth-reconfigurable single-passband microwave photonic filter based on stimulated Brillouin scattering

A bandwidth-reconfigurable filter is necessary to meet the need of growing communication capacity and signal coverage frequency range. The stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) gain spectrum as a filter passband is used to extract desired microwave signals. Due to the fact that the passband is formed by mapping the Brillouin gain spectrum, bandwidth reconfigurability can be implemented by changing Brillouin gain linewidth. In this paper, a scheme using a 5-lines optical comb acting as a Brillouin pump is experimentally demonstrated. The spectrum of the 5-lines optical comb is extended by a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) pulse modulated signal. Experiments have shown that the 3-dB and 20-dB bandwidths of the filter are 196 MHz and 257 MHz, respectively, and its 20-dB shape factor is 1.31. The passband ripple is ~3.5 dBm with stop-band rejection of 20 dBm under 15 dBm optical pump power.     

Distributed Fiber Strain Sensor With 1-kHz Sampling Rate Based on Brillouin Optical Correlation Domain Analysis

We report the highest speed distributed sensing of dynamic strain based on stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. A sampling rate of 1 kHz, more than an order of magnitude higher than the former best result, is achieved by applying a simplified Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis with optimized time gates and an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder delay line. In experiments, we present the measurement of various dynamic strains at the maximum frequency of 200 Hz with 10-cm spatial resolution and 20-m measurement range.     

基于瑞利散射的单端BOTDA系统温度特性研究

提出一种不受电光调制器传输曲线温度漂移现象影响的基于瑞利散射的单端布里渊光时域分析系统,并对系统所需的合成信号及温度特性进行分析,通过搭建单端布里渊光时域分析温度传感系统测量系统的温度特性.结果表明:通过测量布里渊增益谱获得的布里渊频移与温度呈良好的线性关系;由单端布里渊光时域分析温度测量系统获得的布里渊频移的温度系数为1.109 MHz/℃,与传统双端布里渊光时域分析系统获得的1.20 MHz/℃具有良好的一致性,在1.77 km光纤上可实现9.5m空间分辨率的温度传感测量.     

反激光的理论分析

对反激光进行了理论分析,内容包括由Doppler效应引起的频移与加宽、离子朗道阻尼布里渊三波耦合、布里渊旁散及宽带激发等各方面的问题.     

正弦型相柑位调制对闲频光展宽抑制的研究

理论分析了双抽运光纤光参量放大POPA系统中抽运光相位调制对闲频光光谱展宽的影响,提出可以采用多个耦合的低频正弦信号对两路抽运光进行反相相位调制,在提高受激布里渊散射(SBS)阈值的同时抑制闲频光光谱的展宽。通过采用300MHz与900MHz的耦合信号作为调制信号,实验演示了该方案的可行性,得到无展宽的闲频光。比较了传统PRBS信号作为调制信号的方案,发现采用正弦调制信号对系统器件的性能有更好的容忍度。     

Unbroadened-spectrum chirped Modulation: effects of the chirp-inducing mechanism on the spectral broadening in LiNbO/sub 3/ Modulators

The spectrum of a chirped optical nonreturn-to-zero data stream obtained by an external Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) is analyzed. We demonstrate that it is possible to induce chirp without broadening the optical spectrum by employing an MZM with optical power unbalancing in the two waveguides. For standard chirped MZMs (different electric fields on the two arms), such as z-cut LiNbO/sub 3/ modulators, the broadening as a function of chirp factor is measured for comparison.     

基于缓变上升沿泵浦光的布里渊慢光研究

为了增加布里渊慢光的时间延迟,减小脉冲展宽,利用迎风格式的有限差分法对光纤中受激布里渊散射耦合方程组进行数值求解,分析了具有缓慢变化上升沿的连续光作为泵浦光时,光纤输出端斯托克斯光的时间延迟和脉冲展宽因子随增益的变化情况。数值结果表明:具有缓慢变化上升沿的泵浦光可使高斯长脉冲FWHM(半宽全高)为120ns的时间延迟增加到52ns,高斯短脉冲(FWHM为20ns)的时间延迟增加到64ns,同时可减小高斯长短脉冲的展宽。     

基于神经网络的光纤温度和应变快速解调方法

为了提高基于布里渊散射的分布式光纤传感系统实时性,在分析经典基于洛伦兹和伪Voigt模型拟合法优缺点的基础上,将多层前馈神经网络方法用于布里渊频移的估算.确定了神经网络的结构、输入及输出量、激活函数和训练算法,采用不同信噪比(5dB～40dB)和布里渊频移(10.62GHz～10.82GHz)的布里渊谱训练该网络,训练...     

Spontaneous and stimulated Brillouin scattering gain spectra in optical fibers

We study the Brillouin scattering behavior in several single-mode fibers with different waveguide characteristics in terms of their longitudinal mode structures in the gain spectrum, linewidth narrowing, and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold levels. Evolution from spontaneous to SBS is investigated by monitoring the Brillouin line-shape and the behavior of the longitudinal acoustooptic resonance modes that exist in the core. We compare our results with the current theory of Brillouin scattering generated from noise in the undepleted pump approximation. We also present experimentally Brillouin gain spectra in the highly depleted pump regime, where there is no analytical solution, by showing the evolution of the gain spectrum as a function of the injected laser intensity.     

Influence of laser wavelength instability, polarization fading and phase fluctuation on local heterodyne detection wavelength scanning BOTDR

In this paper, the influence of laser wavelength instability, polarization fading and phase fluctuation on local heterodyne detection wavelength scanning Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (WS-BOTDR) is theoretically analyzed, and a local heterodyne detection WS-BOTDR system is built for experimental verification. The experimental results show that with the increase of sensing distance, the adverse effect of laser wavelength instability, polarization fading and phase fluctuation on local heterodyne detection WS-BOTDR is gradually aggravated, which will lead to the broadening and distortion of the wavelength power spectrum (WPS), resulting in large errors in demodulated Brillouin central wavelength (BCW) and temperature. The average temperature measurement errors at the positions of 1 km, 5 km, 9 km non-heating section and 9.45 km heating section are 1.76 °C, 3.42 °C, 3.89° C and 4.3 °C, respectively.     

Resonant Brillouin scattering phenomena in some II–VI compounds

The resonance phenomena of the Brillouin scattering by transverse acoustic phonons have been studied for ZnTe, Zn_xCd_1−xTe and ZnS by using acoustic domain injection method. The dispersion curves of the Brillouin scattering cross section have shown resonant enhancement and cancellation in the region near the fundamental absorption edge. The results show a good agreement with Loudon's light scattering theory when Wannier exciton states are considered as the virtual intermediate states. It is shown that the scattering efficiency depends strongly on the life time broadening of excited states. The theoretical analysis including the life time broadening effect indicates a new characteristic; antiresonance (cancellation) occurs at two different wavelengths in the dispersion of the scattering cross section near the fundamental absorption edge. Such a feature agrees well with the experimentally obtained dispersion of the scattering cross section.