点状热干扰源诱导的准各向同性高温超导股线失超特性

第二代高温超导带材因其较高的临界电流密度以及良好的机械特性,近年来在超导研究领域得到极大关注。由REBCO带材组成的高温超导导体在液氮温度下的零电阻特性使其在超导输电领域具有巨大的潜力。从安全角度看,高温超导导体的失超保护研究是其获得广泛应用的一个关键。该文建立了准各向同性超导股线的三维失超仿真模型,耦合了电场、磁场和温度场,模拟了不同运行电流以及不同点状热干扰能量下超导股线的失超行为,求解出股线的温度、电流密度以及磁场分布,得到了准各向同性高温超导股线的最小失超能（MQE）以及失超传播速度（QPV）,对超导装置的失超保护具有重要意义。该文对准各向同性超导股线建立的三维失超模型,也可以应用到其他结构的高温超导导体的失超研究中。     

超导磁体失超检测电路的设计

超导磁体的失超检测与保护是超导电力技术实用化的一个重要课题。为了实现对超导储能混合磁体的失超检测与保护,本论文根据混合磁体的特点及结构,在现有有源功率检测的基础上,提出了一种针对超导混合磁体的电压校正电路,通过对混合超导磁体上产生的失超信号进行隔离、放大、滤波以及比较等,实现失超信号的检测。设计并完成了失超检测系统硬件电路的制作与调试。通过搭建高温超导线圈的实验装置,在高温超导储能磁体上进行失超检测的实验研究,得出了电压矫正前后的线圈电压波形。给线圈分别以不同速度充电,研究充电速度对阀值电压、失超的起始点及临界电流的影响。实验线圈电压波形表明,该失超检测系统能及时、有效地检测超导混合磁体失超的发生。     

基于第二代高温超导带材的高载流超导导体研究进展

由于其高临界电流密度以及优越的机械性能和电磁特性,第二代高温超导带材(也叫涂层导体)在高温低场的电力传输和低温高场下的磁体应用具有广阔的应用前景。在电力传输的低场应用中,高温超导导体在低电压大容量场合需要几千安培甚至上万安培的传输电流。在大型高场磁体应用方面,为了避免由于过高电感在磁体失超和快速关断过程中的感应高压问题,大载流容量、高电流密度高温超导导体在运行于4.2K及以下温度的大型高场超导磁体方面具有很好的应用前景。近年来,基于第二代高温超导带材,国际上相继提出了几种高载流容量的高温超导导体,本文介绍几种高温超导导体的结构及研发现状和进展,并对其结构、性能和工艺进行简单的比较和评述。     

热扰动冲击下的高温超导电缆失超恢复特性

高温超导(HTS)电缆在运行过程中,不可避免会遇到热扰动冲击,当热扰动能量足够大时会引起高温超导电缆的局部失超,并沿着电缆轴向传播.该文通过建立等效电路模型和一维传热模型,实现电场和温度场的耦合求解,得到高温超导电缆在热扰动冲击下的失超恢复特性,并考虑热流脉冲和液氮流速对电缆失超恢复过程的影响.结果表明:当热扰动能量低于临界恢复能量时,高温超导电缆在液氮冷却下逐渐恢复至超导态;否则,电缆的失超段将沿着轴向传播,导致电缆整体失超.随着努塞尔数的增大,临界恢复能量呈指数增大.电缆恢复时间与液氮流速呈幂律关系.该文计算结果对高温超导电缆的正常运行具有指导意义.     

电网故障电流冲击下高温超导变压器表征模型及其限流特性分析

城市负荷中心电网中逐渐增大的短路电流已经超过断路器的开断容量,成为威胁电网安全运行的主要问题。而具有故障限流特性的高温超导变压器不仅能提高城市变电站容量,还能限制短路电流,成为研究热点之一。针对一台25MV·A/110kV高温超导变压器,基于磁热耦合分析方法,对高温超导变压器中超导线圈的失超限流过程搭建理论分析模型,然后应用PSCAD/EMTDC与Matlab联合仿真法,建立含高温超导变压器的单机无穷大系统仿真模型,计算并比较在不同短路故障下的高温超导变压器限流运行暂态过程、限流波形变化规律及限流比,获得超导变压器在不同故障下的温升变化规律。发现超导变压器的限流率随故障电流幅值增加而逐渐增大,最大可达55.63%,温升值取决于限流比率。最后,绕制一个超导变压器模型线圈,测试该线圈的临界电流特性和大电流冲击下的失超阻抗变化规律,验证超导线圈的限流效果。研究结论可以为具有限流特性的超导变压器的设计与保护提供参考。     

高温超导磁储能励磁线圈优化设计

本文主要基于遗传算法,结合有限元仿真软件,对高温超导磁储能的励磁线圈进行优化设计,目的在于削弱垂直场B_⊥对高温超导带材临界电流I_c的负面影响,同时减少超导带材的使用量,达到降低生产成本的目的。     

基于比较电压法的超导磁体临界电流测试

临界电流是衡量超导体载流能力的重要参量.在超导磁体线圈的临界电流测试实验中,励磁升流速率产生的感应电压幅值较大,对临界电流的判断产生了影响.超导磁体线圈轴向磁场分布不均匀,导致线圈中各部分的临界电流也分布不均,故超导磁体线圈的总电压作为研究其是否达到临界态的判据不精确.本文基于四引线临界电流测试方法,结合失超检测消除各...     

藤仓高温超导带材临界电流测试实验研究

高温超导带材应用于超导限流器、超导储能等超导电力装置时,会受到外界磁场的影响。在外界磁场的影响下,高温超导带材的临界电流会发生衰减,衰减程度由外界磁场的方向和强度决定。临界电流直接影响这些超导电力设备的性能,因此在背景磁场下开展高温超导带材临界电流实验研究就显得至关重要。在77 K温度、不同磁场方向(垂直磁场、平行磁场和30°倾斜磁场)以及不同磁场强度(0~0.9T)的外界条件下,采用四引线法测量了日本藤仓公司生产的REBCO高温超导带材临界电流的变化情况。详细介绍了临界电流特性测试平台的搭建和测量方法,最后基于REBCO超导带材临界电流的测试结果,分析了临界电流特征的变化规律,为高温超导带材应用于超导电力装置提供了参考。     

非均匀高温超导带材对CORC电缆失超特性的影响研究

高温超导CORC(conductor on round core)电缆失超时的热负荷严重威胁了低温系统和电缆本体的安全稳定运行。受微米级超导薄膜制备工艺等的影响,CORC电缆并绕的多根高温超导带材不均匀。为分析不均匀临界电流对CORC电缆失超特性的影响,该文搭建了基于三维TA方程的有限元模型。以降维的带材曲面为求解区域,以等效的电流密度为求解变量,失超模型在同一几何中表达超导和常导两种属性,构建电流和电势两种约束。在导体域建立降维的热模型,用以考虑损耗和传热的影响;在全局建立等效的电路模型,用以控制并联导体的分流。进一步地,耦合模型考虑温度依赖的接头电阻以模拟CORC电缆带材的烧断和电流的突变。结果表明,非均匀高温超导带材影响了电流重分配的动态响应,加快了局部失超的发展过程。     

超导电力设备中YBCO超导带材不均匀性对载流特性的影响

随着第二代高温超导带材技术的发展,YBCO超导带材在超导电力应用中愈加广泛。但超导电力设备中依然存在像制备或运行过程中产生的内部缺陷等影响超导体稳定性的因素,对超导电力设备的运行可靠性产生影响。为研究超导电力设备中超导带材的内部缺陷造成的不均匀性对带材载流特性的影响。先通过磁探针扫描法研究了带材应力型缺陷对临界电流密度的不均匀退化的影响,并通过建立缺陷仿真模型与扫描电子显微镜(scanningelectronmicroscope,SEM)微观照片分析了临界电流退化的机理。随后通过实验研究了宏观缺陷的不均匀性对超导带材载流特性的影响趋势。结果表明,超导带材在应力下产生的内部缺陷会造成超导带材临界电流的退化与不均匀性,主要原因是由超导层结构损伤造成的临界电流密度退化与微裂纹造成的超导通流面积降低造成的。超导带材的载流能力不仅受到局部临界电流退化程度的影响,更是受到沿电流方向优先失超区域面积的影响。所得研究结果可以为超导带材的制备与超导电力设备的载流设计提供有益的参考。     

SMES中超导线圈电流调节器设计、建模、仿真

超导储能装置(SMES)的超导线圈在充电时,要求其充电速度比较快,同时要求电流超调量不能太大,保证磁体在超导态下运行。超导线圈电流达到稳态,SMES处于待机状态时希望电流保持恒定,以减少磁体电流变化带来的损耗。本文设计了主电路电气参数和控制电路-电流调节器,建立系统数学模型,并基于传统电流调节器进行了工程上的改进,最后对超导线圈充电过程进行了仿真、分析,得到开关元件及超导线圈的过渡过程曲线,为选择电力元件及设计超导线圈提供相关参数。     

基于预测控制的微电网SMES系统涡流损耗抑制方法

针对传统PWM调制方法应用于超导磁场储能(superconducting magnetic energy storage,SMES)系统中造成的涡流损耗问题,本文提出一种基于预测控制的微电网SMES系统涡流损耗抑制方法。首先,建立了SMES系统离散域预测模型,并以VSC网测电流和母线电容电压为状态变量,推导出了SMES系统的价值函数评估方法。进而,对比了PWM调制和预测控制时直流电流谐波分布规律,并对此时超导线圈中存在的涡流损耗加以评估。最后,基于50 k W样机对SMES系统预测控制方法的可行性进行验证分析,得出高幅值谐波分量将产生高涡流损耗的一般性关系,验证了预测控制方法较PWM调制在抑制涡流损耗特性方面的优越性。     

Development of a 400 kJ Nb3Sn superconducting magnet for an SMES system

An Nb₃Sn superconducting magnet to store 400 kJ was developed as a unit magnet for a 2.4-MJ SMES system used for stabilization studies of electrical power systems. The superconducting magnet consists of a cryostat and an Nb₃Sn coil. The dimensions of the coil are: 340 mm inner diameter, 700 mm outer diameter and 177 mm axial length. The pool-cooled coil is a stack of 20 Nb₃Sn double pancakes, and the cooling channels are aligned between pancake coils. To reduce Joule loss in electrical power converters, the maximum operating current of the coil is designed to be 350 A, which is one order of magnitude less than the operating currents of similar scale coils for pulse use. The conductor is an Nb₃Sn monolithic conductor with cross section 1.50 × 2.38 mm. For good superconducting stability and high dielectric strength of the coil, the Nb₃Sn double pancakes were wound by the react-and-wind technique. Operation of dc current to 105% (367.5 A) of the design operating current was achieved without quench. After the whole of the coil was exposed out of liquid helium, the coil did not quench under 120 A current operation for more than 2 hours. It was verified that the coil was stable for the SMES system. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(3): 44–52, 1997     

A developed control strategy for mitigating wind power generation transients using superconducting magnetic energy storage with reactive power support

The fast variations of wind speed during extreme wind gusts result in fluctuations in both generated power and the voltage of power systems connected to wind energy conversion system (WECS). This paper presents a control strategy which has been tested out using two scenarios of wind gusts. The strategy is based on active and reactive powers controls of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). The WECS includes squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) with shunt connected capacitor bank to improve the power factor. The SMES system consists of step down transformer, power conditioning unit, DC–DC chopper, and large inductance superconducting coil. The WECS and SMES are connected at the point of common coupling (PCC). Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used with the DC–DC chopper to control the power transfer between the grid and SMES coil. The FLC is designed so that the SMES can absorb/deliver active power from/to the power system. Moreover, reactive power is controlled to regulate the voltage profile of PCC. Two inputs are applied to the FLC; the wind speed and SMES current to control the amount active and reactive power generated by SMES. The proposed strategy is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®. The proposed control strategy of SMES is robust, as it successfully controlled the PCC voltage, active and reactive powers during normal wind speeds and for different scenarios of wind gusts. The PCC voltage was regulated at 1.0 pu for the two studied scenarios of wind gusts. The fluctuation ranges of real power delivered to the grid were decreased by 53.1% for Scenario #1 and 56.53% for Scenario #2. The average reactive power supplied by the grid to the wind farm were decreased by 27.45% for Scenario #1 and 31.13% for Scenario #2.     

基于超导储能的动态电压恢复器的研究

为了给动态电压恢复器提供工作时所需能量,采用了直—直斩波电路将超导储能装置接于动态电压恢复器中。在分析了储能部分的电路构成后采用PI调节分别控制超导线圈的充、放电过程,其充电过程采用电流控制模式,放电过程采用电压控制模式从而有效地克服了外界干扰和参数变化等不利因素,充分发挥超导储能快速充放电和高能量密度转换的特性;基于dq变换检测控制动态电压恢复器的工作,并对系统在电压暂降情况下动态电压恢复器的工作状况进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明这种基于超导储能的动态电压恢复器可迅速有效的补偿电压暂降,维持敏感负荷的电压恒定。     

35 kJ/7 kW直接冷却高温超导磁储能系统

介绍了直接冷却高温超导磁储能（SMES）系统（35kJ／7kW）的总体结构和基本试验结果。该系统主要由超导磁体、低温系统、功率调节系统和监控系统组成。实验结果表明，通过直接冷却将储能磁体成功冷却到了20K以下；储能磁体的直流临界电流达到150A，临界储能量84kJ，磁体中心场强4．5T；监控系统和变流器能控制SMES与系统快速独立地在四象限进行有功功率和无功功率交换；在电力系统动态模拟实验中，SMES能有效抑制电力系统中因发电机机端短路故障引起的功率振荡。     

Influence of magnetic linkage between coils of a modular SMES

To scale up the capacity of an SMES for a practical application, it is necessary to adopt a high-voltage system, a large current system or a modular system. The first system is difficult because of the very low withstanding voltage of a superconducting coil and the second also involves difficulties such as multiple connections of many convertors on the dc side and large current conductors in the superconducting coil. The third system, composed of several modules with small-scale convertor units and element coils, might be a solution of the above difficulties. In this modular system, the module coils have magnetic linkage with one another. In this paper, the influence of magnetic linkage between coils of a modular SMES is investigated by computer simulation. The magnetic linkage varies with the number of modules and the type of connection of the coils. By the effect of this magnetic linkage, each module's coil current is different at the same power. The current and energy transfer characteristics are determined for discharge from one or more of 6 modules, consisting of 18 coils. The discussion deals with the case in which there is an unused module when quenching occurs. The transfer with the same current in all modules is shown by control of convertor power of the current feedback. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn. 118 (4): 1–9, 1997     

A heuristic‐based design of robust SMES controller taking system uncertainties into consideration

In this paper, a heuristic‐based design of robust superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) controller is proposed taking system uncertainties into consideration. The SMES model with active and reactive power controllers is used. In addition, the effect of SMES coil current is also included in the model. The power system and the SMES unit with the designed controller are formulated as an optimization problem. The proposed objective function considers both the damping performance index and the robust stability index. In particular, the robust SMES controller is designed to enhance the system damping performance and robustness against system uncertainties such as various load and system parameter changes. The robust stability margin is guaranteed in terms of the multiplicative stability margin (MSM). In the proposed method, the robust SMES active and reactive power controllers are designed systematically by using hybrid tabu search and evolutionary programming, so that the desired damping performance and the best obtainable MSM are acquired. Finally, the designed SMES controller is examined under different situations to evaluate and confirm the effectiveness and robustness via eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear simulations. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

用于超导储能系统的电流调节器试验研究

为实现超导线圈和电网之间的快速双向转换,设计了一种由电压型变换单元、高频变压器单元、电流型变换单元3部分构成的电流调节器.该电流调节器通过控制它和电压型换流器连接处的电容电压值来调节超导磁体充放电的方向,并采用双极性控制.最后给出了1台600W的电流调节器样机的试验结果,试验结果表明,该电流调节器可以满足超导储能系统的需要.     

SMES对STATCOM动态性能改善的研究

将超导磁储能(SMES)线圈引入基于电压源型逆变器(VSI)的静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)来阻尼电力系统低频振荡.超导磁储能线圈经过两象限三相直流-直流斩波器接入STATCOM前端的VSI.在附加储能装置--超导线圈的作用下,STATCOM能同时吸收或发出有功和无功功率,其动态性能得到很大的改善.在本文中,用电磁暂态仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC对发生三相故障后电力系统的动态过程进行研究,并给出结果.结果表明,具有有功和无功功率控制能力的STATCOM-SMES组合补偿装置能有效地阻尼电力系统低频振荡,提高电力系统静态和动态稳定性,增强输电网的可靠性.