催化合成3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇醋酸酯及其水解过程研究

采用酯化水解两步法高效合成3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇(MBOH)。首先采用硅烷嫁接法制备了MCM-48嫁接SnCl2催化剂,应用于多聚甲醛、异丁烯和醋酸缩合酯化制备3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇醋酸酯(MB-AC),然后MB-AC碱性水解制备MBOH,并对缩合酯化和水解反应进行工艺条件考察。结果表明,最佳缩合酯化反应条件为:2.4 g催化剂,16 g多聚甲醛,120 g异丁烯,128 g醋酸,反应温度140℃,反应时间6 h。在此条件下,MB-AC的收率为55.5%,MBOH的收率为13.8%。进一步将缩合酯化反应产物碱性水解,最佳水解条件为:水解温度50℃,进料速度为60 mL/h,碱溶液质量分数为20%。在此条件下,水解收率为94.5%。酯化水解两步法制备MBOH的总收率达到65.5%。     

甲醛异丁烯热缩合合成3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇的研究

以甲醇为溶剂,甲醛溶液和异丁烯为原料,通过Ene反应在无催化剂条件下合成了3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇(MBOH),系统考察了反应温度、反应压力、物料配比和反应时间对MBOH收率的影响。结果表明:一定温度是保证该反应进行的前提,当反应温度超过498 K后,MBOH的收率下降;反应压力对反应起促进作用,压力越大,MBOH的收率越高。在n(异丁烯)∶n(甲醛)=9∶1,反应温度为498 K,压力为11.0 MPa的最佳反应条件下,反应6 h后MBOH的收率可达59.24%。     

3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇的合成

3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇通常采用多聚甲醛充分解聚完成后与异丁烯在有机碱催化下进行Prins反应得到。传统方法使用甲醇作为溶剂时,容易和甲醛缩合降低收率;而使用叔丁醇作为溶剂,回收时易凝固导致管道堵塞。采用甲缩醛作为溶剂不仅解决了上述问题,还在此基础上研究管式反应合成3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇,并对解聚条件和Prins缩合条件进行优化,得到最佳的反应条件。大幅减少了反应时间,反应效率提高。     

普林斯(prins)缩合反应一步制备3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇

报道了3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇的合成,它是3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇的异构体,而3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇是拟除虫菊酯类化合物的中间体二氯菊酯的重要前驱体.实验表明,普林斯缩合反应一步制备3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇,采用异丁烯和甲醛为原料效果最佳,以叔丁醇为溶剂比较好.加入溶剂量为90 mL,反应温度200℃,以多聚甲醛直接进行反应4 h,搅拌强度在条件许可范围内越高越好.实验方法简单,原料价廉易得,有利于工业化.     

3-甲基-2-丁烯酸的合成研究

以廉价的2-甲基-3-丁炔-2-醇为原料,经迈耶-舒斯特重排反应得到3-甲基-2-丁烯醛,再经空气氧化制得标题化合物。对重排反应条件和氧化反应条件等工艺条件进行了详细研究。结果表明,以液体石蜡为溶剂,115～125℃催化重排反应3 h,处理后可得含量为98%的3-甲基-2-丁烯醛,收率85%以上;3-甲基-2-丁烯醛以微量氯化亚铜为催化剂,35℃以下通空气氧化,得到含量为97.5%的3-甲基-2-丁烯酸,收率90%以上。该方法原料廉价易得,工艺路线短,收率较高,对环境友好,是一种有前途的方法。     

2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇合成3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇

[目的]2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇是异戊二烯间接皂化法生产3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇过程中产生的副产物,废物回收再利用是节能减排的有效措施.[方法]2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇经氯化、酯化和皂化得到3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇.[结果]结果表明:在优化条件下,氯化反应的产率可达87.25％,酯化和皂化反应的产率可达84.53％.[结论]该方法是2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇再利用的有效方法.     

3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇的制备新工艺

研究了以溴代异戊烯水解工艺和精馏分离工艺为基础来制备3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇的新工艺。通过优化溶剂种类得到当水解溶剂为偶极类溶剂乙腈时,得到产物的选择性最高。并通过进一步优化实验操作条件,得到当溶剂加入量为v(乙腈):v(溴代异戊烯)=1:1,水解温度为70℃,碱用量为n(NaOH):n(溴代异戊烯)=1.2:1和反应时间为25min时,水解部分3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇的转化率最高可达63.35%。水解后的料液通过间歇精馏得到纯的3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇,最终的3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇总收率达到57.4%。     

4-乙酰氧基-2-甲基-2-丁烯醛合成新工艺

研究了异戊二烯经与次氯酸加成、乙酸酐酯化和氧化三步反应合成4-乙酰氧基-2-甲基-2-丁烯醛的新工艺,总收率达到65%。用CO2控制异戊二烯-氯碱溶液体系的PH值,在加成反应温度0~5℃,反应时间5~6h时,1-氯-2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇和4-氯-3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇的总收率为72%;所得加成产物与乙酸酐酯化反应,1,2位酯化产物发生烯丙基重排,生成1-乙酰氧基-4-氯-3-甲基-2-丁烯。通过研究采用负载了高碘酸的离子交换树脂作催化剂,先期室温后期升温的反应工艺,使反应时间由原来24h缩短至5h, 收率也提高到95%;再以TEMPO作催化剂,酯化产物1-乙酰氧基-4-氯-3-甲基-2-丁烯氧化成为4-乙酰氧基-2-甲基-2-丁烯醛,收率达97%。     

3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇的催化水解工艺研究

以3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-氯为原料,合成3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇的催化水解工艺,利用气相色谱、红外光谱和核磁共振对所得产物进行了表征。通过正交试验讨论了催化剂种类、助催化剂种类、水解温度和水解液pH值对氯代烃的转化率和不饱和醇的选择性的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:n(氯代烃)∶n(CuCl)∶n(NaI)=1∶0.02∶0.02,水解温度为60℃,水解液pH=6。在此条件下,氯代烃的转化率达到97.83%,不饱和醇的选择性保持在94.19%。此外,研究了催化水解反应中副产物的产生机理及控制措施,提出了水解液循环利用过程中的催化效率保持的方法。     

NH3处理的HY分子筛催化甲醛异丁烯Prins缩合反应

对HY分子筛进行高温NH3处理，制备了一系列含氮样品。利用XRD、元素分析、29Si MAS NMR、NH3-TPD、CO2-TPD和TG等技术对NH3处理后样品的结构、酸碱性和反应后积碳量进行了深入表征。考察了其催化甲醛与异丁烯经Prins缩合制3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇(MBO)的催化性能，评价了反应条件及不同气氛氮化催化剂对反应性能的影响。结果表明，在温度为230 ℃、时间为4 h的条件下，以含水的体积分数为5%的氨气为氮源制备的催化剂对MBO的选择性达到89%，产率达到82%，并且反应后积碳量从未氮化HY催化剂上的27%显著下降到氮化催化剂上的4.3%。样品的酸性和碱性表征结果表明，NH3处理后的Y分子筛酸量减少而中等强度的碱量增加，从而抑制了副反应进行，提高了MBO的选择性，降低了积碳量。     

Ferroelectric Ceramics in the PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3-PbCd1/3Nb2/3O3 System

Solid solutions (1-x)PbMg_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ + xPbCd_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ with x = 0-0.30 are investigated with purpose to work out a capacitor ceramics with good dielectric properties and low sintering temperature. It is found that the perovskite phase forms at sintering near to 980°C and begins to decompose at higher temperatures. When x grows from 0 to 0.30, the Curie temperature linearly grows from -10°C to +25°C, the dielectric permittivity ε_m in the Curie point T_C decreases from 18000 to 6800 and the phase transition becomes more diffused. The dielectric permittivity at room temperature is rather high and the temperature stability is improved. The system is of interest, because it can serve as a base for working out some ceramic materials for capacitors with low sintering temperature, which needs of no special atmosphere at burning.     

3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷的合成

以2,2-二溴甲基丙醇（BBMP）为初始原料,通过与碱发生关环反应生成3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷（BrMMO）。讨论了碱的种类和用量对BBMP关环产率的影响以及反应体系中碱的浓度、反应温度和反应时间对合成BrMMO产率的影响。通过实验确定的最佳工艺条件为：BBMP与NaOH摩尔比为1.0∶1.1,NaOH醇溶液的质量分数为12%,反应温度为78℃,反应时间为4h时,BrMMO产率为65%。最终产品经元素分析、IR和1HNMR检测确定为BrMMO。该试验工艺简单,原料易得,且溶剂便于回收、污染小。     

3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环的合成

以三羟甲基乙烷与碳酸二乙酯为原料,经环化反应合成了3-羟甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(HMM O)。在低温下,HMM O与对甲苯磺酰氯反应生成3-磺酸酯甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(M TM O)。M TM O和叠氮化钠发生叠氮化反应形成叠氮单体3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(AMM O)。三步反应收率分别为76%,96%,85%。用核磁、红外、元素分析和DSC表征了化合物的结构与性能。结构鉴定表明为目标化合物AMM O。     

3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷的合成

以2,2-二溴甲基丙醇(BBMP)为初始原料,通过与碱发生关环反应生成3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷(BrMMO).讨论了碱的种类和用量对BBMP关环产率的影响以及反应体系中碱的浓度、反应温度和反应时间对合成BrMMO产率的影响.通过实验确定的最佳工艺条件为:BBMP与NaOH摩尔比为1.0∶1.1,NaOH醇溶液的质量分数为12%,反应温度为78℃,反应时间为4 h时,BrMMO产率为65%.最终产品经元素分析、IR和1HNMR检测确定为BrMMO.该试验工艺简单,原料易得,且溶剂便于回收、污染小.     

The Preparation and Crystal Structure of TlMnCl3, TlFeCl3, TlCoCl3 and TlNiCl3

The compounds TlMnCl₃, TlFeCl₃, TlCoCl₃ and TlNiCl₃ were prepared by heating T1C1 with the corresponding transition metal dichloride in an evacuated ampoule. Atomic positions were determined from powder photographs. All four compounds were found to be related to the perovskite type structure. TlMnCl₃ has a cubic structure, space group Pm3m, with a_o = 5.025 Å. The other three compounds are hexagonal, probable space group P6₃mc, with cell dimensions (in Å) a₀ = 6.976 and c₀ = 6.008 for the Fe compound, a₀ = 6.907 and c₀ = 5.981 for the Co compound and a₀ = 6.863 and c₀ = 5.881 for the Ni compound. The three hexagonal compounds are isomorphous. A measureable concentration of basal plane stacking faults was found to occur in TlFeCl₃ and also, to a lesser degree, in TlCoCl_3.     

Tunable color emission in LaScO3:Bi3+,Tb3+,Eu3+ phosphor

LaScO₃:xBi³⁺,yTb³⁺,zEu³⁺ (x = 0 − 0.04, y = 0 − 0.05, z = 0 − 0.05) phosphors were prepared via high-temperature solid-state reaction. Phase identification and crystal structures of the LaScO₃:xBi³⁺,yTb³⁺,zEu³⁺ phosphors were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Crystal structure of phosphors was analyzed by Rietveld refinement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The luminescent performance of these trichromatic phosphors is investigated by diffuse reflection spectra and photoluminescence. The phenomenon of energy transfer from Bi³⁺ and Tb³⁺ to Eu³⁺ in LaScO₃:xBi³⁺,yTb³⁺,zEu³⁺ phosphors was investigated. By changing the ratio of x, y, and z, trichromatic can be obtained in the LaScO₃ host, including red, green, and blue emission with peak centered at 613, 544, and 428 nm, respectively. Therefore, two kinds of white light-emitting phosphors were obtained, LaScO₃:0.02Bi³⁺,0.05Tb³⁺,zEu³⁺ and LaScO₃:0.02Bi³⁺,0.03Eu³⁺,yTb³⁺. The energy transfer was characterized by decay times of the LaScO₃:xBi³⁺, yTb³⁺, zEu³⁺ phosphors. Moreover absolute internal QY and CIE chromatic coordinates are shown. The potential optical thermometry application of LaScO₃:Bi³⁺,Eu³⁺ was based on the temperature sensitivity of the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR). The maximum S_a and S_r are 0.118 K⁻¹ (at 473.15 K) and 0.795% K⁻¹ (at 448.15 K), respectively. Hence, the LaScO₃:Bi³⁺,Eu³⁺ phosphor is a good material for optical temperature sensing.     

2,2,3-三氯-3-苯基-3-(3-甲基苯甲酰基)丙腈的合成研究

以苯甲酰氯、四氯化碳、间甲基苯甲酰氰为原料,合成了标题化合物。重点考察了氰化过程中不同原料配比、反应温度、时间、溶剂和催化剂用量对收率的影响。实验结果表明,其最佳反应条件为:n(1,1,2-三氯-2-苯基乙烯)∶n(3-甲基苯甲酰氰)=1∶1.2,二氯甲烷为反应溶剂,3 mmol催化剂三乙胺,室温反应5 h,总收率达80.6%。     

Thermal analyses of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)

Thermal analyses of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(HB–HV)], and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) [P(HB–HHx)] were made with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the thermal degradation of PHB, the onset of weight loss occurred at the temperature (°C) given by T_o = 0.75B + 311, where B represents the heating rate (°C/min). The temperature at which the weight-loss rate was at a maximum was T_p = 0.91B + 320, and the temperature at which degradation was completed was T_f = 1.00B + 325. In the thermal degradation of P(HB–HV) (70:30), T_o = 0.96B + 308, T_p = 0.99B + 320, and T_f = 1.09B + 325. In the thermal degradation of P(HB–HHx) (85:15), T_o = 1.11B + 305, T_p = 1.10B + 319, and T_f = 1.16B + 325. The derivative thermogravimetry curves of PHB, P(HB–HV), and P(HB–HHx) confirmed only one weight-loss step change. The incorporation of 30 mol % 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV) and 15 mol % 3-hydroxyhexanoate (HHx) components into the polyester increased the various thermal temperatures T_o, T_p, and T_f relative to those of PHB by 3–12°C (measured at B = 40°C/min). DSC measurements showed that the incorporation of HV and HHx decreased the melting temperature relative to that of PHB by 70°C. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 90–98, 2001