Cu/WCp叠层功能梯度材料疲劳裂纹扩展速率的数值模拟

本研究基于FRANC2D(Fracture Analysis Code in 2 Dimensions)二维断裂分析有限元软件,并结合大型有限元软件ABAQUS,对Cu/WC_p双层及多层功能梯度材料的疲劳裂纹扩展进行数值模拟研究,控制疲劳裂纹沿不同梯度方向扩展,计算出裂纹扩展中的应力强度因子幅(ΔK),绘制出疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线,以及裂纹扩展速率和裂尖距界面距离l的关系曲线(da/dN-l),将模拟计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析。研究表明:结合FRANC2D和ABAQUS的数值模拟方法,在比较复杂的叠层功能梯度材料有限元模型建立中具有很大的优势,可以快速地计算功能梯度材料的应力强度因子值;发现材料梯度层间界面的存在以及材料梯度含量的变化,对功能梯度材料裂纹扩展的整个阶段都存在很大影响;梯度层的数量对功能梯度材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率也有一定影响。     

NiCr/ZrO2功能梯度复合材料中混合型准静态裂纹启裂的数字散斑相关方法实验研究

采用粉末冶金方法制备出NiCr/ZrO₂功能梯度材料FGMs。通过2种断裂试件研究了材料梯度对混合型断裂行为的影响(FGM-A试件,裂纹位于试件的弹性模量较大一侧;FGM-B试件,裂纹位于试件的弹性模量较小一侧)。对2种断裂试件在非对称载荷下进行准静态断裂实验,并利用数字散斑相关方法测得Ⅰ、Ⅱ型应力强度因子。结果表明：FGM-A的裂纹的开裂角小于FGM-B的开裂角;FGM-A的弹性梯度对静态裂纹有保护作用;弹性模量的梯度变化和裂尖局部材料的断裂韧性会影响混合型裂纹的启裂。     

TiC-Ni系功能梯度材料的断裂力学有限元分析

根据实验结果给出了功能梯度材料热物性参数的估计模型,用有限元素法研究了含有垂直于梯度方向裂纹的功能梯度材料,分别考虑了机械载荷、均匀热载荷以及非均匀热载荷作用下,梯度分布指数对裂纹尖端应力强度因子、应变能密度以及裂纹扩展角的影响。      

倾斜应力作用下垂直于功能梯度材料夹层的币型裂纹扩展问题

分析了功能梯度材料中币型裂纹扩展问题。该裂纹体受有与裂纹面成任意角度的张应力或压应力,裂纹垂直于无限域中功能梯度材料夹层。假定非均匀介质的功能梯度材料夹层与两个半无限域完全结合,其弹性模量沿厚度方向变化。利用已发表的裂纹应力强度因子数据和线弹性断裂力学的叠加原理,将应力强度因子耦合于最小应变能密度因子断裂判据,讨论了裂纹扩展的临界荷载;并讨论了荷载方向和材料性质对临界荷载的影响。     

基于键基近场动力学理论的单裂纹圆孔板冲击破坏研究

基于键基近场动力学理论,建立分离式霍普金森杆冲击单裂纹圆孔板动力学模型,其中霍普金森杆用一维PD模型、单裂纹圆孔板用二维PD模型描述,采用短程斥力模型描述碰撞过程,模拟冲击压缩条件下单裂纹圆孔板动态破坏行为。通过试样端面受力分析得到端面载荷的V形分布规律,解决了传统实验-数值研究法在端面加载上的局限性。研究不同入射速度下试件裂纹的扩展过程和破坏模式,准确捕获了裂纹起裂、止裂及二次起裂时间。根据键基近场动力学理论下材料动态应力强度因子计算方法,求得裂纹的起裂韧度,为材料动态断裂韧度计算提供了新的途径。     

轻薄型金属反平面撕裂机理研究

#x0201c;轻薄型金属(厚度#x02264;10mm)反平面撕裂机理研究#x0201d;旨在为报废汽车及家用电器的破碎回收处理提供理论依据。通过对轻薄型金属破碎过程分析及试验研究,发现#x02162;型裂纹起到了主要破坏作用;根据拉伸试验应力-应变关系曲线变化趋势与理想弹塑性材料基本一致的现象,将材料简化为理想弹塑性模型;裤形撕裂试验所获得的载荷-位移曲线变化趋势表明试样起裂前后所需载荷较大,扩展过程中载荷逐渐减小;对反平面撕裂过程研究可知,在载荷作用下裂尖塑性区逐渐向外扩展,当其达到最大尺寸后,随着载荷继续增加,裂纹则开始扩展,而塑性区也逐渐向前推移直至试样断裂。裂纹尖端场的解表明起裂前及扩展过程中尖端应力-应变场均存在奇异性,且扩展过程中尖端场奇异性比起裂前弱,即起裂前裂尖的应力-应变集中程度比扩展过程中要大,这表明裂纹在起裂阶段比扩展阶段所需载荷更大。     

含圆孔缺陷三点弯曲梁的裂纹扩展特性实验研究

采用动态焦散线实验系统,对含圆孔缺陷的PMMA材料进行冲击断裂力学实验,研究三点弯曲梁中不同直径和位置的圆孔缺陷对扩展裂纹的影响。实验结果表明:扩展裂纹与圆孔缺陷相互作用前,呈现Ⅰ型拉伸断裂,扩展路径平直;与圆孔缺陷相互作用后,贯通萌生的次裂纹沿直线继续扩展,未贯通的裂纹偏移扩展。扩展裂纹与路径上圆孔缺陷贯通过程中,裂纹扩展速度和动态应力强度因子快速降为零,裂纹的扩展受到抑制,且圆孔直径越大、距离越近,抑制作用越显著;贯通萌生次生裂纹的起裂速度和起裂韧度,随着圆孔缺陷直径的增大而变大。扩展裂纹与偏置圆孔缺陷相互作用过程中,当圆孔缺陷直径越大、偏置距离越小,裂纹起偏距离越短,最大偏移量越大,并且扩展裂纹动态应力强度因子和扩展速度局部小幅增大。研究结果为分析动态裂纹扩展特征和材料破坏模式提供借鉴。     

聚合物梯度材料黏弹性断裂的双控制参数

针对组分材料体积分数任意分布的聚合物功能梯度材料,研究其在蠕变加载条件下Ⅰ型裂纹应力强度因子（SIFs）和应变能释放率的时间相依特征。由Mori-Tanaka方法预测等效松弛模量,在Laplace变换域中采用梯度有限元法和虚拟裂纹闭合方法计算断裂参数,由数值逆变换得到物理空间的对应量。分析边裂纹平行于梯度方向的聚合物功能梯度板条,分别考虑均匀拉伸和三点弯曲蠕变加载。结果表明,聚合物梯度材料应变能释放率随时间增加,其增大的程度与黏弹性组分材料体积分数正相关;材料的非均匀黏弹性性质产生应力重新分布,导致裂纹尖端应力场强度随时间变化,当裂纹位于黏弹性材料含量较低的一边时,应力强度因子随时间增加,反之,随时间减小。而且,材料的应力强度因子与时间相依的变化范围和体积分数分布以及加载方式有关,当体积分数接近线性分布时,变化最明显,三点弯曲比均匀拉伸的变化大。SIFs随时间的延长增加或减小、加剧或减轻裂纹尖端部位的“衰坏”,表明黏弹性功能梯度裂纹体的延迟失稳需要联合采用应力强度因子与应变能释放率作为双控制参数。     

夹层材料裂纹体疲劳载荷作用下的J积分研究

通过弹塑性有限元方法研究了裂纹平行于界面时夹层材料在平行于界面时夹层材料在Ｉ型疲劳功载荷作用下扩展裂纹的Ｊ积分的适用性，结果表明，在疲劳裂纹的起裂阶段，Ｊ积分具有良好的守恒性，而在随后的疲劳裂纹扩展过程中，由于裂纹尖端区域残留应力的影响，Ｊ积分具有明显的路径依赖性。     

单边偏置裂纹相互作用的实验研究

为研究脆性介质中裂纹相互作用对裂纹扩展形态的影响,以有机玻璃(PMMA)为相似材料,采用动态焦散线实验方法开展了三点弯冲击动力学实验研究。结果表明:冲击荷载条件下,裂纹间相互作用影响裂纹起裂时间、裂纹尖端应力场以及裂纹偏转方向。裂纹相互作用使得裂纹起裂时应力强度因子K■降低,起裂所需能量累积时间缩短;裂纹扩展初始阶段,单偏置裂纹尖端应力场剪应力分量为正,应力强度因子K■大于0,单边偏置平行双裂纹相同位置处裂纹尖端应力场剪应力分量为负,K■小于0;裂纹距离中心位置10 mm的情况下,单偏置裂纹起裂后向内侧偏转,单边偏置平行双裂纹相同位置处裂纹向外侧偏转。     

Experimental investigation of the mixed-mode crack propagation in ZrO2/NiCr functionally graded materials

Mixed-mode fracture response of ZrO₂/NiCr functionally graded materials (FGMs) is investigated using fracture test, digital image correlation technique and extended finite element method. It is found that: (1) prior to crack initiation, the increasing elastic modulus ahead of crack-tip can enhance the mode mixity of crack-tip; (2) the crack with the increasing elastic modulus ahead of crack-tip kinks less than the one with the decreasing elastic modulus, which is caused by the elastic gradient and the local fracture toughness; (3) the heterogeneity of microstructure can cause the local perturbation but has no obvious effect on the overall crack propagation path.     

Investigation of fracture characterizations of functionally graded materials

In this paper, the mode I crack problem of functionally gradient materials (FGMs) with the gradient direction parallel to the crack is discussed, and the differences of stress distribution between the gradient materials and the homogeneous materials are analyzed. It is shown that a mode I crack problem of FGMs with the gradient direction parallel to the crack direction can become a mixed‐mode crack problem. In FGMs, the crack initiation angles are determined by the fracture toughness gradient, elastic modulus and crack mode. If the gradient coefficients are small, the crack initiation angles in FGMs are the same as those in homogeneous materials. If the elastic modulus gradient is large, the principal stress terms without the gradient coefficients can be ignored in obtaining the crack initiation angle. In this study, all the above results are generalized to the mixed‐mode crack problems with arbitrary angle between the gradient direction and the crack direction.     

Experimental Investigations on Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Glass Sphere Filled Epoxy Functionally Graded Materials

In this paper, deformation and fracture behavior of glass sphere filled epoxy functionally graded materials (FGM) are numerically evaluated and experimentally studied. The fabrication of the FGM is described in detail, and the spatial gradation of elastic modulus and the microscopic structure in FGM are measured and analyzed. The deformation and fracture characterization of the FGM specimen with a crack oriented along the direction of the elastic gradient under three point bend are studied by the experimental and the finite element method. The influences of crack location at both the stiff and the compliant sides of the FGM specimen on crack initiation, deformation field and stress intensity factor are analyzed. The results are: (a) The neutral-axis in the FGM specimen under three-point-bending will shift toward the stiffer side; (b) The initial fracture load increases with the increase of elastic modulus at the crack tip; (c) The elastic gradients shield a crack on the compliant side and lower the stress intensity factor when compared to the one with crack on the stiff side. These results will be useful for better design and reliable evaluation of FGM.     

A new expression for crack opening stress determined based on maximum crack opening displacement under tension–compression cyclic loading

The maximum crack opening displacement is introduced to investigate the effect of compressive loads on crack opening stress in tension–compression loading cycles. Based on elastic–plastic finite element analysis of centre cracked finite plate and accounting for the effects of crack geometry size, Young's modulus, yield stress and strain hardening, the explicit expression of crack opening stress versus maximum crack opening displacement is presented. This model considers the effect of compressive loads on crack opening stress and avoids adopting fracture parameters around crack tip. Besides, it could be applied in a wide range of materials and load conditions. Further studies show that experimental results of da/dN ? ΔK curves with negative stress ratios could be condensed to a single curve using this crack opening stress model.     

Post-buckling and debond propagation in sandwich panels subject to in-plane compression

Nonlinear finite element analysis is conducted to predict initiation of debond propagation in compression loaded foam cored sandwich panels containing a circular face/core debond embedded at the panel center. A three-dimensional geometrically nonlinear finite element model of the debonded sandwich panel combined with linear elastic fracture mechanics is used to determine the stress intensity factors K_I and K_II and energy release rate at the debond (crack) front parallel and perpendicular to the applied load. A range of core densities and debond sizes are analyzed. The opening mode (mode I) was found to dominate the fracture process. The critical load for crack propagation predicted using fracture mechanics concepts was found to agree with measured collapse loads for smaller debonds, but fell below measured debond propagation loads for larger debonds. In all cases the predicted direction of crack propagation was perpendicular to the loading direction, in agreement with experimental observations.     

K‐dominance of static crack tip in functionally gradient materials

K‐dominance of static crack tip in functionally gradient materials (FGMs) with a crack oriented along the direction of the elastic gradient is studied through coherent gradient sensing (CGS), digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) and finite element method (FEM). In the direction of crack propagation, the shear modulus has a linear variation with constant mass density and Poisson's ratio. First, the CGS and DSCM governing equations related to the measurements and the elastic solutions at mode I crack in FGMs are obtained in terms of the stress intensity factor, material constants and graded index. Secondly, two kinds of FGMs specimens and one homogenous specimen are prepared to observe the influences of the property variation on the K‐dominance. Then, CGS and DSCM experiments using three‐point‐bending of FGMs and homogenous beams are performed. Thirdly, based on the results of the experiments, the stress intensity factors of three kinds of specimens are calculated by CGS and DSCM. Meanwhile, the stress intensity factors are obtained by FEM. Finally, comparing the results from CGS, DSCM and FEM, the K‐dominance of mode‐I static crack tip in FGMs is discussed in detail.     

Three-dimensional mixed-mode fatigue crack growth in a functionally graded titanium alloy

The implementation of unitized structure in the aerospace industry has resulted in complex geometries and load paths. Hence, structural failure due to three-dimensional mixed-mode fatigue crack growth is a mounting concern. In addition, the development of functionally graded materials has further complicated structural integrity issues by intentionally introducing material variability to create desirable mechanical behavior. Ti-6Al-4V β-STOA (solution treated over-aged) titanium is a functionally graded metallic alloy that has been tailored for superior fatigue crack growth and fracture response compared with traditional titanium alloys. Specifically, the near-surface material of Ti β-STOA is resistant to fatigue crack incubation and the interior is more resistant to fatigue crack growth and fracture. Therefore, Ti β-STOA is well suited for applications where surface cracking is a known failure mode. Advances in experimental testing have shown that complex loading conditions and multi-faceted materials can be tested reliably. In this paper, the authors will experimentally generate three-dimensional mixed-mode surface crack data in functionally graded Ti-6Al-4V β-STOA and comment on the effect of the material tailoring.     

Curved crack propagation in homogeneous and graded materials

Deflection and deviation of cracks commonly occurs because of asymmetry in crack‐tip stresses in both homogeneous materials and functionally graded materials (FGMs); yet the analysis of curved cracks has been limited to simple crack shapes, otherwise the analysis would involve extensive levels of computation. The present study investigates the approximation of curved cracks with simplified shapes. A simple analytical model justifying the use of crack‐shape approximations, developed in an earlier study on stationary curved cracks in homogeneous materials, is outlined. Then, the approach is applied to propagating cracks in both homogeneous and graded material structures. Results are presented from finite element (FE) simulations of crack propagation using exact and simplified crack shapes. The use of an approximated crack shape can provide basic estimates for crack propagation path and critical load. However, systematic divergence can occur between predictions for exact and approximated crack shapes, particularly in inhomogeneous material configurations, and so the development of solutions for non‐straight cracks in FGMs would be expedient.     

Simulation of crack paths in functionally graded materials

One of the main interests of fracture mechanics in functionally graded materials is the influence of such an inhomogeneity on crack propagation processes. Using the Griffith’ energy principle, the change of energy has to be calculated, if the crack starts to propagate. In homogeneous linear-elastic structures (asymptotically precise) formulas for the energy release rate are known, but a direct transfer of these methods to functionally graded materials can lead to very inaccurate results. Moreover, the influence of the inhomogeneity on the crack path cannot be seen. Here, a simple model for functionally graded materials is introduced. For this model, a formula for the change of potential energy is derived, giving detailed information on the effect of the gradation on crack propagation.