基于离散元方法的沥青混凝土断裂机理分析

为了从细观角度深入分析沥青混凝土的断裂机理,根据概率理论,建立了集料质量级配与二维数量级配的关系,并通过计算机随机投放技术生成了具有2种不同沥青膜厚度的沥青混合料二维数字试件;利用离散元方法,模拟了沥青混合料小梁试件的断裂过程,分析了沥青砂浆抗拉强度、砂浆与集料黏结强度和沥青膜厚度对沥青混合料断裂过程的影响.结果表明:对于沥青膜较厚的沥青混合料而言,起裂阶段和扩展阶段的裂纹主要出现在沥青砂浆中,沥青砂浆的抗拉强度是影响混合料断裂的主要因素;当沥青膜较薄时,起裂和扩展阶段的裂纹在沥青砂浆内部和砂浆与集料界面中都有发现,砂浆抗拉强度决定着混合料的破坏应力和应变,砂浆与集料的黏结强度决定着混合料裂纹扩展的速率.     

离散元法分析集料接触特性对沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命的影响

基于CT断层扫描和图像处理采集到的沥青混合料内部结构信息,采用Matlab软件编写程序获取混合料内部集料接触特性,借助颗粒流软件PFC3D建立混合料剪切疲劳试验三维离散元模型,模拟考虑损伤的沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命,研究集料接触特性对沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命的影响,并对模拟结果加以试验验证。研究结果表明,考虑疲劳损伤的沥青混合料剪切疲劳三维离散元法可以较好地模拟沥青混合料剪切疲劳试验,得到的剪切疲劳寿命模拟值与试验值误差较小。集料接触点和总接触长度对沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命影响显著,集料接触点数越多,总接触长度越大,混合料的剪切疲劳寿命越大;水平截面上集料接触方位角对沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命影响较小,其两者间相关性不明显。此外,集料粒径和空隙率对沥青混合料中集料接触特性有较大的影响。相同的试验条件下,沥青混合料内部集料接触点数和总接触长度随集料粒径的增大而增加,随空隙率的增大而减少。     

沥青混合料劈裂强度影响因素数值模拟

为数值研究沥青混合料劈裂强度影响因素,基于三维离散元法与粘聚带模型,建立了沥青混合料劈裂试验微观力学模型,模拟不同集料级配在不同温度下沥青混合料劈裂强度,并通过室内试验进行验证。研究结果表明:基于粘聚带模型和三维离散元法所建立的沥青混合料劈裂试验微观力学模型可较地好模拟沥青混合料劈裂强度。集料级配和温度对沥青混合料劈裂强度有显著影响。相同温度下,随着集料公称最大粒径变大,集料级配变粗,沥青混合料劈裂强度而逐渐增大;相同集料公称最大粒径时沥青混合料劈裂强度随温度的升高而逐渐降低。     

基于离散元法的沥青混合料虚拟疲劳试验方法

为了从细观角度深入分析沥青混合料疲劳机理,运用离散元方法实现了沥青混合料小梁试件的虚拟疲劳试验。首先,根据概率理论,建立了由混合料三维体积级配至沥青混合料二维数字试件数量级配推导公式;接着,根据蒙特卡洛方法,编制了考虑集料不规则形状的沥青混合料二维数字试件生成程序,以此生成了沥青混合料二维数字试件;然后,结合离散元基本原理,提出了包括沥青混合料离散元模型的建立、离散单元的接触模式选择和疲劳失效判断标准在内的一整套沥青混合料虚拟疲劳试验方法;最后,进行了沥青混合料小梁疲劳试验,并与基于离散元方法的虚拟试验结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,虚拟试验结果与真实试验结果相差无几,所建立的虚拟疲劳试验方法可以作为沥青混合料疲劳性能分析的辅助手段。     

开级配大粒径沥青碎石OLSM-25细观结构的离散元分析初探

沥青混合料是由沥青和粗细集料等粒状单元共同组成的多相复合材料,目前现有的沥青路面结构设计理论均将路面结构当作均匀连续、各向同性的弹性体进行计算分析,这与沥青混合料自身属于颗粒体非连续微细观结构的实际情况不相符.本文采用离散元方法,运用二维颗粒流程序(PFC2D),对比分析了两种颗粒生成方法的特点及其适用条件,以开级配大粒径沥青碎石混合料(Open-graded Large Stone Asphalt Mixes,OLSM)OLSM-25推荐级配的上限为1#级配,建立了1#级配OLSM-25混合料的二维离散元模型,验证了二维离散元方法用于沥青混合料颗粒体材料数值模拟的可行性,弥补了有限元方法的不足之处,为OLSM-25的细观结构分析开辟了新的解决思路和途径.     

基于三维随机集料的钢渣沥青混合料微波加热和冷却过程温度模拟

为研究钢渣透水沥青混合料在微波加热和冷却过程中的温度分布以及不同材料之间的传热机理,采用钢渣集料部分替换玄武岩粗集料(4.75～9.50 mm、9.50～13.20 mm),基于三维随机集料构建沥青混合料试件的细观模型,分别模拟了普通玄武岩集料试件(PAC-B)、普通钢渣粗集料试件(PAC-US)及改性钢渣粗集料试件(PAC-MS)3种沥青混合料在连续微波加热和冷却过程的温度分布,并将数值模拟结果与室内试验相互验证。结果表明：无论是加热过程还是冷却过程,沥青砂浆的表面温度分布区域与集料表面温度分布区域均一致,且集料表面的最高温度要大于沥青砂浆的表面最高温度,说明集料吸波能力强于沥青砂浆。在冷却过程中,集料向沥青砂浆传导热量,二者之间温差不断减小。对于同一种试件,集料(2.36～4.75 mm、4.75～9.50 mm、9.50～13.20 mm)粒径在4.75～9.50 mm范围内的体积平均温度最高。加热和冷却过程中,2种钢渣集料试件PAC-US、PAC-MS温度均高于PAC-B。将非均质数值模拟结果与室内试验结果对比,二者吻合度较好,用非均质模型模拟微波加热与冷却过程温度具有可行性。     

利用形态学多尺度算法分割粗集料粘连图像

为准确地对X-ray CT沥青混合料切片图像材质分类过程中存在的颗粒粘连图像进行分割,提出一种利用半径r分别为1、2、3、4的圆形结构元素分别对沥青混合料粗集料粘连图像进行极限腐蚀的改进形态学多尺度算法,通过判断各个分割图像分割线的数目,以分割线数目出现频率最大的分割数作为最终分割,并以最小的结构元素所对应的分割图像作为实际的分割图像,最后通过叠加独立颗粒图像和经粘连分割后的图像生成目标分割图像.最后着重开展了此算法的分割效果和分割精度研究.结果表明:与形态学多尺度算法相比,改进形态学多尺度算法既能有效地分割沥青混合料粗集料粘连图像,又能较好地抑制颗粒的欠分割与过分割现象,并获得较高的分割效果和分割精度,减少数值建模中的难度.     

Delaunay三角网格的沥青混合料粗集料分布特性

为研究沥青混合料的细微观结构特征,提出粗集料分布特性的量化方法和指标.基于数字图像处理技术对粒径大于2.36 mm的沥青混合料粗集料质心进行delaunay三角剖分,建立三角单元内A1/A2（集料-胶浆面积比）参数表征细观结构局域特征,通过对A1/A2统计特性的描述、分析以及概率形式的统计推断,得到粗集料整体分布特性的量化与分析结果.研究表明,不同级配之间粗集料的总量及级配各档位质量分布的差异性将显著影响细观结构特征,如沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料（SMA）、开级配抗滑磨耗层混合料（OGFC）和高性能路面沥青混合料（SUP） 3种级配粗集料的平均紧密程度呈递减趋势.此外,给出A1/A2参数的集中趋势指标和偏态指标,并在此基础上提出非参数检验方法对沥青混合料细观结构进行对比,评判多种级配细观结构的嵌挤紧密特征的异同,认为SMA和OGFC的细观嵌挤特征类似,而SUP和SMA以及OGFC相比细观结构更趋于分散.     

沥青路面现场压实细观特性分析

为研究沥青路面现场压实细观特性,基于离散元PFC3D(particle flow code in 3-dimensions)根据均布荷载-时间等效原则建立了考虑集料形态特征和温度影响的三维沥青路面压实模型,通过动态模量试验利用时间-温度等效原理确定了热态沥青混合料的细观参数,分析压实过程中路面厚度、集料运动、接触力及能量演化机制等.结果表明:沥青路面位移表现出非连续和不对称性,集料的运动位移、应力与压实荷位及其方向有关;压实区域与非压实区域集料的运动规律不同,在压实区域与非压实区域的过渡带集料运动方向形成了类似"涡流"状结构;压实区域材料内部以接触压力为主;外力做功和应变能在压实初期增加速率较大,后期逐渐变小;动能在初始阶段因压实应力未稳定导致集料运动速度较大发生异常,当进入稳定阶段后,动能减小.该研究结果与前期成果基本一致,表明采用离散元法建立的路面压实模型分析沥青路面压实过程的细观行为是合理可行的,离散元法是研究沥青路面细观特征的重要工具.     

基于离散元法的空隙特征对沥青混合料虚拟剪切疲劳寿命的影响

基于图像技术和三维离散元法,建立了具有真实空隙大小和分布以及随机空隙大小和分布的沥青混合料剪切疲劳微观力学模型,通过模拟不同集料粒径、用油量以及温度下的沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命,研究了空隙分布特征对沥青混合料虚拟剪切疲劳寿命的影响,并将部分模拟结果与试验结果进行对比。结果表明:基于三维离散元法可以模拟沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命,空隙特征对沥青混合料虚拟剪切疲劳寿命有较大影响。在相同模型参数条件下,具有真实空隙大小和分布的沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命小于具有随机空隙大小和分布的沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命,但与试验结果更为接近。此外,集料粒径和用油量也对沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命有着显著影响。沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命随集料粒径的增大而提高;在相同集料级配和试验温度时,在最佳用油量条件下的沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命最大;在相同的集料级配和用油量时,沥青混合料剪切疲劳寿命随温度的升高而降低。     

Investigation of micro-mechanical response of asphalt mixtures by a three-dimensional discrete element model

The micro-mechanical response of asphalt mixtures was studied using the discrete element method. The discrete element sample of stone mastic asphalt was generated first and the vehicle load was applied to the sample. A user-written program was coded with the FISH language in PFC3D to extract the contact forces within the sample and the displacements of the particles. Then, the contact forces within the whole sample, in asphalt mastic, in coarse aggregates and between asphalt mastic and coarse aggregates were investigated. Finally, the movement of the particles in the sample was analyzed. The sample was divided into 15 areas and a figure was drawn to show how the balls move in each area according to the displacements of the balls in each area. The displacements of asphalt mastic balls and coarse aggregates were also analyzed. The experimental results explain how the asphalt mixture bears vehicle load and the potential reasons why the rutting forms from a micro-mechanical view.     

矿质混合料性能对沥青混合料动态模量的影响

为了解决沥青混合料高温性能不足的问题,研究了矿质混合料性能对沥青混合料动态模量的影响.以AC-20C型沥青混合料为背景,根据贝雷法3个参数进行了矿质混合料配合比正交试验设计,得到9种不同的矿质混合料级配,并以加州承载比(California bearing ratio,CBR)和振实间隙率为指标,对矿质混合料性能进行了评价,从中选出矿质混合料性能差异明显的3种级配,进行了沥青混合料的配合比设计.进而在不同温度和加载频率条件下,开展了3种级配沥青混合料的动态模量试验.依据试验结果,分析了矿质混合料性能对沥青混合料动态模量的影响.研究表明:高温条件下矿质混合料性能对沥青混合料的动态模量有较大影响,低温时矿质混合料性能对动态模量的影响不明显.通过优化矿质混合料性能,可以显著改善沥青混合料的高温性能.具有较高CBR值和较低振实间隙率的矿质混合料,对应的沥青混合料具有较好的高温性能.     

基于数字图像处理和有限元建模方法的沥青混合料劈裂试验数值模拟

应用数字图像处理技术及工业CT扫描获得试件图像,结合有限元建模方法,建立了包含集料、空隙和胶浆在内的沥青混合料有限元模型,并模拟研究了沥青混合料劈裂试验。结果表明:通过定义应力集中因子,可用来描述沥青混合料内部应力的不均匀分布,级配类型、模量比、有无空隙及加载位置都对模拟结果有较大影响。采用DIP-FEM方法能够很好地将沥青混合料的微观结构和宏观力学性能结合起来。     

Microstructure modeling and virtual test of asphalt mixture based on three-dimensional discrete element method

The objective of this work is to model the microstructure of asphalt mixture and build virtual test for asphalt mixture by using Particle Flow Code in three dimensions(PFC~(3D))based on three-dimensional discrete element method.A randomly generating algorithm was proposed to capture the three-dimensional irregular shape of coarse aggregate.And then,modeling algorithm and method for graded aggregates were built.Based on the combination of modeling of coarse aggregates,asphalt mastic and air voids,three-dimensional virtual sample of asphalt mixture was modeled by using PFC~(3D).Virtual tests for penetration test of aggregate and uniaxial creep test of asphalt mixture were built and conducted by using PFC~(3D).By comparison of the testing results between virtual tests and actual laboratory tests,the validity of the microstructure modeling and virtual test built in this study was verified.Additionally,compared with laboratory test,the virtual test is easier to conduct and has less variability.It is proved that microstructure modeling and virtual test based on three-dimensional discrete element method is a promising way to conduct research of asphalt mixture.     

Analyis on the indirect tension displacement and strain field of asphalt mixture based on ABAQUS and DICM

In order to study the damage mechanism of asphalt mixture,it is important to obtain the distribution of displacement and strain of its sample in the indirect tension mode.As a result,the digital image correlation method (DICM) was used to evaluate the displacement field and strain field of asphalt mixture.The results showed that the displacement fields under DICM and ABAQUS are similarly;the strain fields are different due to the different modulus of mastic and aggregate;and DICM is an practical method to study the indirect tension displacement and stain.     

花岗岩矿料与沥青交互作用能力的研究

为了找出影响花岗岩沥青混合料水稳定性的主要因素,使花岗岩大规模应用于沥青路面,本文采用动态剪切流变仪(DSR),对不同花岗岩石粉、不同粉胶比条件下的沥青胶浆进行流变性能的研究,以此分析不同花岗岩与沥青交互作用能力.研究发现不同沥青与石粉产生的交互作用能力有所不同.因此,应用花岗岩时在材料选择方面应该注意与花岗岩的"配伍性"问题.通过冻融劈裂试验检验沥青混合料水稳定性与沥青和石粉交互作用能力之间的关系,发现花岗岩沥青胶浆的流变学性质与花岗岩沥青混合料水稳定性之间存在良好的对应关系.     

Effects of Aggregate Size and Specimen Scale on Asphalt Mixture Cracking Using a Micromechanical Simulation Approach

A micromechanical model based on discrete element method(DEM) was employed to investigate the effects of aggregate size and specimen scale on the cracking behavior of asphalt mixture. An algorithm for generating three-dimensional aggregates that can reflect the realistic geometry such as shape, size and fracture surface of aggregate particles was developed using a user-defined procedure coded with FISH language in particle flow code in three-dimensions(PFC3 D). The parallel-bond model(PBM), linear contact model(LCM), and slip model(SM), whose sets of micro parameters were obtained by comparing experimental tests with numerical simulation results, were used to characterize the internal contact behavior of asphalt mixture. Digital asphalt mixture specimens were used to simulate the effects of aggregate size and specimen scale on the cracking behavior by the indirect tensile(IDT) test. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: Both cracks and IDT strength decrease with increasing aggregate size. However, the heterogeneity of contact-force distribution augments with increasing aggregate size, especially with 13.2-16 mm aggregate. The aggregate size of 4.75-9.5 mm dominates in forming skeleton structure for asphalt mixture. The IDT strength decreases and cracks augment with increasing sample scale. The crack growth can be well interpreted from the perspective of energy analysis. The conclusions show that the proposed micromechanical model is suitable for the simulation of crack propagation. This study provides an assistant tool to further study the cracking behavior of particle-reinforced composites material such as asphalt mixture and Portland cement concrete.     

Predicting the dynamic behavior of asphalt concrete using three-dimensional discrete element method

A user-defined three-dimensional(3D)discrete element model was presented to predict the dynamic modulus and phase angle of asphalt concrete(AC).The 3D discrete element method(DEM)model of AC was constructed employing a user-defined computer program developed using the "Fish" language in PFC3D.Important microstructural features of AC were modeled,including aggregate gradation,air voids and mastic.The irregular shape of aggregate particle was modeled using a clump of spheres.The developed model was validated through comparing with experimental measurements and then used to simulate the cyclic uniaxial compression test,based on which the dynamic modulus and phase angle were calculated from the output stress-strain relationship.The effects of air void content,aggregate stiffness and volumetric fraction on AC modulus were further investigated.The experimental results show that the 3D DEM model is able to accurately predict both dynamic modulus and phase angle of AC across a range of temperature and loading frequencies.The user-defined 3D model also demonstrated significant improvement over the general existing two-dimensional models.     

Microstructural characteristics of asphalt concrete with different gradations by X-ray CT

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effects of asphalt concrete types on the microstructural characteristics at high-temperature. Suspend-dense structure and Skeleton-dense structure were selected to investigate the deformation of pavement at meso-scale. The internal microstructures of typical asphalt concretes, AC, SUP and SMA, were scanned by X-ray CT device, and microstructural changes before and after high-temperature damage were researched by digital image processing. Adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm(ATSA) based on image radius was developed and utilized to obtain the binary images of aggregates, air-voids and asphalt mastic. Then the shape and distribution of air-voids and aggregates were analyzed. The results show that the ATSA can distinguish the target and background effectively. Gradation and coarse aggregate size of asphalt mixtures have an obvious influence on the distribution of air-voids. The movements of aggregate particles are complex and aggregates with elliptic sharp show great rotation. The effect of gradation on microstructure during high-temperature damage promotes the research about the failure mechanism of asphalt concrete pavement.