AgBr/I纳米粒子乳剂的制备及性能研究

用络合—沉淀法制备了卤化银含量３０ｇ／Ｌ，粒子大小２０ｎｍ以下的ＡｇＢｒ／Ｉ纳米粒子乳剂，研究发现：ＡｇＢｒ／Ｉ纳米粒子表现出较大的表面活性，并由此导致了其乳剂具有比常规乳剂低得多的感光度和高得多的灰雾，乳剂的最佳碘含量增加到了１１％，硫增感对纳米粒子乳剂没有效果，但硫加金增感表现出有效性。     

照相乳剂化学增感

用于卤化银照相乳剂的天然明胶由于存在着某些微量增感杂质,使照相乳剂感光度大大提高。但在一段时间内人们还没有发现化学增感。1925年Sheppard从明胶中离析出硫化物,这时才认识到硫增感的重要性。无机硫化合物如硫代硫酸钠,能起硫增感剂的作用,这种硫增感剂只有在相当窄的pH值和乳剂的一定pAg值下发挥效应。继硫增感之后,1935年Koslowsky发现金增感,为卤化银照相开创了新纪元。从此,感     

乳剂沉降剂

本文主要讲述1965—1973年美国和日本专利的乳剂沉降剂。目前制备卤化银照相乳剂时多采用明胶作载体。这是因为明胶除了含有微量杂质,能使乳剂的照相性能提高外,还能使乳剂具有一定的物理性能。它对卤化银颗粒起保护胶体的作用,对乳剂起凝胶化作用。     

专利与文摘

专利与文摘ＡｇＸ乳剂的制备方法实例ＩＡｇＸ乳剂中，ＡｇＣＩ乳剂最易产生灰雾。本发明使用合成的胶溶剂：丙烯酸一３一硫化成酯／２一丙烯酞胺一２一甲基丙烷磷酸钠共聚物。只是改变单体的摩尔比。本发明的Ｐ－３（互／２摩尔比）和Ｐ－５（ｌ／３摩尔比），而比较的用...     

镍钼修饰的p型硅电极材料的制备和性能

在半导体ｐ型Ｓｉ上恒电流沉积纳米晶和非晶Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ合金薄膜，制备出Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ合金修饰的半导体ｐ型Ｓｉ电极镀层．用ＳＥＭ对膜层进行了表征，测量了两种电极镀层的阴极催化析氢曲线，纳米晶Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ／ｐ－Ｓｉ镀层的催比析氢性能较好，测量了光照下纳米晶Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ／ｐ－Ｓｉ电极的催比析氢曲线．结果表明， Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ颗粒尺寸在４０～１００ｎｍ时，光照下电极的析氢过电位比无光照减小了约１６０ｍＶ（电流密度为８ ｍＡ·ｃｍ－２），催比析氢活性显著提高．     

小型平衡双注装置的研制

介绍了一种对乳化过程中的温度、流量、ｐＨ值及ｐＡｇ进行控制的平衡双注装置。实验结果表明，该装置能有效地控制卤化银晶体的生长并制备出单分散的乳剂。     

新型渗透汽化透水膜的研制（II）：膜的结构和性能

确定聚合物共混的相容性最常用的方法是通过测定共混物的玻璃化转变温度（Ｔｇ），本文利用ＤＳＣ－７（Ｅｐｓｏｎ）测定了不同共混比的ＰＶＡ，ＣＳ共混物的玻璃化转变温度，结果表明ＰＶＡ，ＣＳ之间有良好的相容性。本文利用扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ），红外光谱（ＩＲ）和Ｘ－射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）等现代分析仪器，对研制的多元酸交联的ＰＶＡ－ＣＳ／ＰＳＦ膜结构进行了观察测试，探讨了膜结构与性之间的关系。     

明胶／（丙烯酸丁酯－丙烯腈）接枝共聚及乳液稳定性的研究

研究了明胶浓度、引发剂浓度、单体总浓度以及单体配比（ＢＡ／ＡＮ）等因素对明胶／（丙烯酸丁酯－丙烯腊）［Ｇｅｌ／（ＢＡ－ＡＮ）］三元接枝共聚反应的影响，揭示出了其内在的规律；另外还对Ｇｅｌ－ｇ－ｐ（ＢＡ－ＡＮ）。元接枝共聚物乳液在常温、冷冻以及补加明胶水溶液等条件下的稳定性进行了研究，找出了提高乳液稳定性行之有效的方法。     

偶联剂KH和聚合物PVA在硫铝酸盐—MDF水泥中的作用机理

以硫铝酸盐水泥为基材，采用有机聚合物ＰＶＡ，并且在ＭＤＦ水泥中添加偶联剂ＫＨ，制备出抗折强度大于１７０ＭＰａ，抗压强度达２４０ＭＰａ的新型ＭＤＦ水泥。同时，借助于Ｘ射线光电子能谱分析（ＸＰＳ），红外光谱分析（ＩＲ）等测试手段研究了偶联剂ＫＨ和聚合物ＰＶＡ的硫铝酸盐－ＭＤＦ水泥中的作用机理。     

偶联剂KH和聚合物PVA在硫铝酸盐─MDF水泥中的作用机理

以硫铝酸盐水泥为基材，采用有机聚合物ＰＶＡ，并且在ＭＤＦ（Ｍａｃｒｏ—Ｄｅｆｅｃｔ—Ｆｒｅｅ）水泥中添加偶联剂ＫＨ，制备出抗折强度大于１７０ＭＰａ，抗压强度达２４０ＭＰａ的新型ＭＤＦ水泥、同时，借助于Ｘ射线光电子能谱分析（ＸＰＳ），红外光谱分析（ＩＲ）等测试手段研究了偶联剂ＫＨ和聚合物ＰＶＡ在硫铝酸盐－ＭＤＦ水泥中的作用机理     

超微粒乳剂的制备及量子尺寸效应的研究

本文制备了四种不同粒度的超微粒AgBr照相乳剂,用X射线衍射技术对其粒子的大小进行了测定;观察到乳剂的紫外吸收峰随晶体颗粒的减小表现出逐渐蓝移;本文提出晶体表面的悬键的存在使得纳米晶体的平均键能升高,并对纳米AgBr乳剂的量子尺寸效应进行了解释。     

Electronic properties of chemically produced silver clusters: grain morphology studies

Abstract

The electronic properties of silver clusters formed on the surface of reduction- sensitized octahedral and cubic AgBr emulsions were studied. Prior to sensitization with dimethylamineborane, SnCl₂ or high pH, these emulsions had the same efficiency. The results suggest that the octahedral emulsion has more potential to achieve a higher maximum speed increase. This difference may be due to fewer available sites for silver cluster formation on cubic surfaces. Gelatin concentration studies showed that the gelatin and/or impurities do play a role in silver cluster formation by high pH treatment. The precise role of OH^? is uncertain.     

Sensitometric Study of the IAG Gelatins using the Rapid Emulsion Sensitometric Evaluator

Abstract

The influence of several alkaline processed IAG gelatins on the chemical sensitization of an ammoniacal silver bromo/iodide (AgBr/l) emulsion has been studied using the Rapid Emulsion Sensitometric Evaluator (RESE). Simple calcium effects on the thiosulphate chemical sensitization process were minimized by adjustment of calcium content prior to sensitization. Results of relative optimum ripening time and relative speed are discussed.     

Effect of Grain Size on the Ionic Conductivity of Silver Halides

An equation is derived for the ionic conductivity of silver halide emulsion grains with dimensions comparable to the Debye length of intrinsic defects. The conductivity of the grains is shown to be inversely proportional to the grain size. The surface potential distribution depends on both the shape and size of the grains. The surface charge density, surface potential, and volume potential are estimated for octahedral, cubic, and tabular AgBr grains.     

黑白反转纸研制的探讨

本文报导了制备黑白反转照相纸感光乳剂的一些研究工作，该反转相纸用于《即拍即成》照相，感光度为ＩＳＯ２５。地一系列相关的技术问题进行实验研究并获得了明确的结论。     

The Photocurrent in Silver Halide Emulsion Grains as Determined by the Dember Effect

The explanation for the direction of photocurrent due to the Dember effect in silver halide emulsion grains is given for the situations where spectrally unsensitized silver halide grains were exposed to blue light and spectrally sensitized grains to green-red light.

The change of the Dember effect by varying the condition of the emulsion grains, that is, atmospheric condition, preexposure, chemical sensitization and desensitization, temperature dependence of photovoltage relaxation, the wavelength of the incident light and the ionic conductivity of silver halide grains, was observed and discussed.     

Stabilization of Ethyl Cellulose against Photo Oxidation*

The determination of the sulphur in the silver bromide grains of a photographic emulsion shows that the sulphur contents are several times greater than that corresponding to the gelatin adsorbed to the grains. The significance of the sulphur atom for the occurrence of effective chemisorption is indicated.     

High Speed Photography

The determination of the sulphur in the silver bromide grains of a photographic emulsion shows that the sulphur contents are several times greater than that corresponding to the gelatin adsorbed to the grains. The significance of the sulphur atom for the occurrence of effective chemisorption is indicated.     

Effects of Deformation on the Properties of Emulsion Grains

Emulsion grains have been deformed by bending an emulsion layer coated on film, and the effects of deformation on the dispersity ol photolytic silver and on the number and distribution of development centres have been studied. The observations show thai a major effect of such treatment is to increase the number of sues within a grain at which silver specks can be nucleated.

The usual sensitomelric effect of such changes is to increase sensitivity on internal-image development at the expense of sensitivity on surface-image or conventional development. However, it is shown that surface desensitizalion may be accompanied sometimes by internal desensitization rather than sensitization. The internal desensitization can be attributed to competition between the increased number of internal sensitivity centres. Support for this view was obtained from the fact that changes in the effect of deformation on storage prior to exposure (decrease of surface desensitization. decrease of internal sensitization or desensitization I were associated with a reduction in the number of centres ,il which internal silver could be nucleated.

A further effect of deformation noted with coatings of lodohromide emulsions (but probably general with respect to halide) is to decrease the luminescence intensity at low temperatures, particularly at low intensities of excitation, and to increase the time required for luminescence to reach maximum intensity. These observations show that deformation introduces new recombination centres and electron traps into emulsion grains The connection between the effects of deformation on sensitomelric properties and luminescence properties have been studied as a function of grain size and chemical sensitization in a series of animoniacal emulsions. The findings confirmed that damage to the grains is responsible for the loss of sensitivity on conventional development, and that chemical sensitization, though reducing desensitization hv deformation, has no influence on the grain disorder introduced by this latter treatment. 11 is thought unlikely that the new recombination centres play any significant part in the desensitization by deformation of emulsions chemically sensitized so as lo be al or near optimal speed, but some contribution would appear feasible in the case of emulsions at a low level of sensitization.