基于光纤的三维电子散斑干涉测量系统设计

为了实现物体三维变形非接触测量,设计了基于电子散斑干涉技术的三维变形测量系统。该系统中采用了一分五型分束光纤,这根光纤在系统中起到分光和传光的作用,使系统所需器件相比一般的设计系统要少。为了获得变形的量化数值,系统将电子散斑技术与相移技术结合在一起,由压电陶瓷引入相移,并采用“4+1”相移算法计算变形量。该系统可以实现面内及离面变形的独立测量,进而实现物体三维变形的测量。以带缺陷的木板和钢板为测试对象,进行了物体面内、离面和三维变形的测量,结果表明设计系统可以实现各种变形的测量。     

基于相移和颜色分光的电子散斑干涉瞬态三维变形测量方法

提出了一种基于相移和颜色分光的电子散斑干涉(ESPI)瞬态三维变形测量方法,该方法包括一个彩色CCD和红绿蓝三种不同波长的激光器,可同时采集来自三路的散斑干涉图像。物体面内水平方向、竖直方向以及离面方向的散斑干涉图像信息通过颜色分光实现分离,并利用相移算法对散斑干涉条纹图进行分析处理,分别解调出水平、竖直及离面方向的变形场相位,实现三维变形场的测量。模拟及实验分析表明,此方法能同时实现物体面内水平方向、竖直方向以及离面方向的变形测量,可用于物体表面的三维瞬态变形测量,也可单独完成面内或离面的二维变形测量。     

高强钢薄板高温焊接变形的视觉测量

为了实现高强钢薄板高温焊接条件下屈曲变形的准确测量,基于数字图像处理技术、立体视觉原理及数字图像相关法,提出一种高强钢薄板全场动态焊接变形的视觉测量技术,并以规则散斑图像的高精度匹配方法研究为基础,将其应用到焊接图像中。针对焊接高温导致的散斑纹理的变色或脱落,采用高温漆与高温胶混合涂布的方式,获得了低成本、高稳定性的散斑纹理。选择薄板背侧进行测量以及在相机镜头前加装滤光片组的方法,抑制焊接过程中的强光、火花及烟雾的干扰。采用高斯平滑的数字图像处理技术,寻找最佳滤波参数并应用到焊接图像中,在保证测量精度的前提下提高了图像匹配的成功率及精度。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地降低焊接图像匹配的均值误差、均方根误差及Z向静态均值误差,均值误差最大降幅为78.6%,均方误差最大降幅为47.7%,Z向静态均值误差降幅为37.9%。本文的方法和系统可以满足焊接高温条件下薄板屈曲变形的全场应变测量要求,散斑纹理稳定,散斑图像匹配成功率高、稳定性好,是薄板全场动态焊接变形检测的有效途径。     

Simultaneous in-plane and out-of-plane deformation measurement by speckle multi-recording method

An in-plane and out-of-plane deformation simultaneous measurement method using only two speckle patterns grabbed before and after deformation of an object with rough surfaces using two cameras has been proposed. However, there are some problems concerning the setup of optical system, the aspect ratio of grabbed image data and so on in the conventional method. To solve these problems, the new optical system is proposed by using the multi-recording technology. Though multi-recording technologies have been already employed conveniently in the off-axis digital holography, the technologies have not been used functionally enough in speckle interferometry. In this paper, an in-plane and out-of-plane deformation simultaneous measurement is performed by the proposed method based on multi-recording technology in speckle interferometry. From experimental results, it can be confirmed that the proposed optical system can measure simultaneously in-plane and out-of-plane deformations in high resolution by one camera.     

数字散斑干涉图像拼接方法研究

散斑干涉测量系统的视场大小和量程受成像器件尺寸的限制.为了扩大视场和形变测量范围,对散斑干涉形变测量的图像拼接方法展开深入研究.搭建了双CCD散斑干涉测量光路,通过对两个CCD获取的散斑干涉图的拼接实现大视场形变测量.对互相关、差方和和互信息法以及归一化改进的配准算法进行了研究,并分析了重叠面积的影响.结果表明,互相关...     

Review of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry （ESPI） for Three Dimensional Displacement Measurement

Three dimensional（3D） displacements, which can be translated further into 3D strain, are key parameters tor design, manufacturing and quality control. Using different optical setups, phase-shift methods, and algorithms, several different 3D electronic speckle pattern interferometry（ESPl） systems for displacement and strain measurements have been achieved and commercialized. This paper provides a review of the recent developments in ESPI systems for 3D displacement and strain measurement. After an overview of the fundamentals of ESP! theory, temporal phase-shift, and spatial phase-shift techniques, 3D deformation measurements by the temporal phase-shift ESPI system, which is suited well for static measurement, and by the spatial phase-shift ESPI system, which is particularly useful for dynamic measurement, are discussed. For each method, the basic theory, a brief derivation and different optical layouts are presented. The state of art application, potential and limitation of the ESPI systems are shown and demonstrated.     

散斑干涉法测量机械零件热变形

近年来散斑计量技术发展迅速,已在许多领域得到了广泛应用。本文简要介绍了运用电子散斑干涉法的测微原理,以及组建光学测试系统来实时全场测量机械零件热变性。     

电子散斑干涉法测量金属表面受热变形及系统优化分析

为准确测量金属表面的受热形变,基于激光电子散斑干涉测量原理搭建了实验平台,实现了对金属受热形变的测量,经过数字图像处理,得到了金属表面形变的三维图形。为了优化测量效果,依托现有条件对所用激光光源进行了处理,并比对了不同粗糙度的物体测量效果。结果表明,使用经小孔滤波处理后的激光光源,可以得到效果更好的散斑图,而且粗糙的物体散斑对比度较高,可以有更高的测量准确度。所做工作可为测量金属表面形变提供实验方法,同时为提高散斑测量精度提供参考依据。     

基于电子散斑干涉技术的微变形场测量及残余应力分析

基于电子散斑干涉原理搭建了测量试验平台,通过数字图像处理,得到电子散斑干涉条纹图像,实现了对一维微变形场的测量,对比测量结果与仿真结果,验证了该测量方法的可行性。结合盲孔法测量残余应力的原理,用电子散斑干涉装置取代盲孔法中的应变花来测量因钻孔产生的变形,并由此解残余应力。试验结果表明,基于电子散斑干涉技术的盲孔法残余应力测量系统简单,可行,高效,具有很大的工程应用价值。     

Artificial submicron or nanometer speckle fabricating technique and electron microscope speckle photography

In this article, a novel artificial submicro- or nanometer speckle fabricating technique is proposed by taking advantage of submicro or nanometer particles. In the technique, submicron or nanometer particles were adhered to an object surface by using ultrasonic dispersing technique. The particles on the object surface can be regarded as submicro or nanometer speckle by using a scanning electronic microscope at a special magnification. In addition, an electron microscope speckle photography (EMSP) method is developed to measure in-plane submicron or nanometer deformation of the object coated with the artificial submicro or nanometer speckles. The principle of artificial submicro or nanometer speckle fabricating technique and the EMSP method are discussed in detail in this article. Some typical applications of this method are offered. The experimental results verified that the artificial submicro or nanometer speckle fabricating technique and EMSP method is feasible.     

Evaluation of thermal deformation in electronic packages

Thermal deformation in an electronic package due to thermal strain mismatch is investigated. The warpage and the in-plane deformation of the package after encapsulation is analyzed using the laminated plate theory. An exact solution for the thermal deformation of an electronic package with circular shape is derived. Theoretical results are presented on the effects of the layer geometries and material properties on the thermal deformation. Several applications of the exact solution to electronic packaging product development are illustrated. The applications include lead on chip package, encapsulated chip on board and chip on substrate.     

基于傅里叶变换的数字散斑照相测量

提出了基于傅里叶变换的双曝光散斑场的全场数字化测量。对双曝光散斑图进行傅里叶变换得到条纹图以灰度归一法和相位构造法将其优化,获取低噪声、高对比度的散斑干涉条纹。平面位移的测量实验结果表明,数字散斑照相技术适合计算机进行自动条纹识别和位移场计算,能得到较为精确的水平位移值,可实现变形场的精准测量。     

The fractal flow conditioner for orifice plate flow meters

The sensitivity of orifice plate flow meters to the quality of the approaching flow continues to be a cause for concern in flow metering. The distortions caused by pipe fittings such as valves, bends, compressors and other devices located upstream of the orifice plate can lead to non-standard velocity profiles and give errors in measurement. The design of orifice plate meters that are independent of the initial flow conditions of the upstream is a major goal in flow metering. Either using a long straight pipe, or a flow conditioner upstream of an orifice plate, usually achieves this goal.The effect of a fractal flow conditioner for both standard and non-standard flow conditions was obtained in experimental work and also using simulations. The measurement of mass flow rate under different conditions and different Reynolds numbers was used to establish a change in discharge coefficient relative to a standard one. The experimental results using the fractal flow conditioner show that the combination of an orifice plate and a fractal flow conditioner is broadly insensitive to upstream disturbances.The simulation results also show that the device can be used as a part of a flow metering package that will considerably reduce installation lengths. Previous work with orifice plates has shown that a combination of flow conditioner and orifice plate was promising. The results of using a combination of the fractal flow conditioner and orifice plate for non-standard flow conditions including swirling flow and asymmetric flow show that this package can preserve the accuracy of metering up to the level required in the Standards.     

几种散斑图像位移测量算法的性能分析

基于散斑图像的微位移测量技术,利用微位移模型仿真方法,分别研究了不同噪声水平条件下Dirac法、IDFT法、MMSE1法、MMSE2法的测量精度,并从计算精度、存储资源、计算效率等角度,综合分析了各种算法的测量性能.实验结论能为工程应用提供有益参考.     

高速三维数字图像法测量手机跌落全场应变

为了测量手机跌落时的变形与应变,基于数字图像相关法及双目立体视觉原理,提出一种用于手机跌落试验中变形与应变测量的方法,并研制了相应的高速三维全场应变光学测量系统。针对手机跌落碰撞过程中,角度变化导致散斑匹配失败率高,变形应变场缺损严重的问题,利用高速相机高速采集图像,并改进图像匹配方法,采用顺序逐帧基准匹配,保证了测量精度,提高了应变场完整度。研制了光学测量系统,设计了试验方案,进行了数字图像测量方法与动态应变仪测量结果的对比,对改进的散斑匹配方案进行了验证。试验结果表明,本文的方法使变形应变场的完整度提高了21%,其位移动态测量精度为0.42%,应变测量精度为0.5%。本文的方法和系统可以满足手机跌落碰撞全场变形与应变测量的要求,与传统测量方式相比有明显优势,是研究手机跌落碰撞变形规律的有效途径。     

光针轮廓扫描技术测量内螺纹曲面

分析了激光光针扫描在测量内螺纹曲面时的特性及影响精度的因素。根据光斑在被测面的噪声分布特点,采用中值滤波与小波阈值去噪相结合的综合滤波算法对光斑图像进行了去噪处理,其中中值滤波可以有效地消除光斑图像中的脉冲噪声,而基于小波变换的阈值去噪算法可以消除图像中的高斯噪声。通过综合滤波算法对光斑图像进行处理,可以有效消除激光光斑噪声,消除图像噪声对测量精度的影响,同时保持了光斑图像的细部特征。根据激光光斑图像在倾斜被测物体表面光强分布特点,设计了近似圆拟合算法来确定光斑中心,该算法相对传统算法具有计算量小、计算效率高,适合在线检测的特点,可以克服测量面倾斜对激光光斑中心的影响。利用采用上述方法的坐标机激光光针扫描系统,对标准内螺纹量规进行测量,对比应用前后的测量结果,螺距精度提高了0.48 mm,中径测量精度提高了0.44 mm,牙型角精度提高0.57°。     

Displacement measurement using digital speckle multi-frequency harmonic wave correlation method

In the displacement measurement using digital speckle correlation method, significant measuring error due to the multi-peak nature of the correlation coefficient function is a critical issue as sometimes the secondary peak can be wrongly determined as the maximum instead of the highest peak. In the multi-frequency harmonic wave correlation method (MHCM) as proposed in this work, for speckle patterns before and after the displacement, correlation calculations were performed on corresponding sets of data matrices assembled by amplitudes/intensities obtained from harmonic waves with different frequencies. The calculated maximum correlation coefficients were compared with each other to locate the maximum in order to measure the displacement. Both ultrasonic speckle MHCM and laser speckle MHCM were applied to the displacement measurement respectively. Measured results indicated that MHCM effectively helps to ensure the correct determination of the maximum correlation coefficient, to avoid random errors caused by other factors and improves the measurement accuracy in the meanwhile.     

基于光力学的剪切散斑技术及其应用

介绍一种用于测试离面位移导数场的电子剪切散斑法,并对其原理进行了详细阐述。采用电子剪切散斑法,对典型圆盘试件进行了机械载荷作用下实验,得到了表示离面位移导数的干涉图,最后作为实际工程应用,对塑封产品进行了热载荷作用下的无损检测,成功识别到了缺陷部位,结果以蝴蝶形图案显示。通过圆盘试件和塑封材料实验,表明电子剪切散斑技术的装备简单,操作方便,能够较为准确的确定缺陷部位和大小,是较为理想的无损检测技术。     

薄壁球壳受刚性平面压缩的连续变形测量

建立了非接触光学测量实验系统,对薄壁球壳受刚性平面压缩的连续变形及失稳行为进行了实验研究。实验以理想弹塑性材料制成的薄且壁厚均匀的乒乓球为压缩对象,采用透明石英玻璃板作为刚性平面,用相机透过玻璃板采集清晰的散斑图像。然后利用具有非接触、全场、高精度等优点的三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)技术对与刚性平面接触的乒乓球表面的连续变形进行直接测量,同时利用二维数字图像相关技术结合压力传感器得到对应的力-位移关系。实验研究表明,基于3D-DIC方法测量三维表面变形场,实现了对受刚性平面压缩的乒乓球表面从局部压平阶段到轴对称屈曲阶段,进而演化到非轴对称屈曲阶段等力学行为的可视化。实验结果表明,对乒乓球半径的测量精度可达0.5%,利用Abaqus有限元方法得到的结果与实验结果非常吻合,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

An elastic deformation measurement method for helicopter based on double-IMUs/DGPS TRAMS

Because of the severe vibration during flight process, the elastic deformation caused by the weight of avionic devices which are placed in the head nacelle of the helicopter such as millimeter wave radar cannot be measured through the optical-imaging and accelerometer-induction method. In order to survey this elastic deformation in real-time, this paper proposes the double-IMUs/DPGS tightly-coupled relative attitude measurement system (TRAMS): double IMUs are comprised by the same accuracy grade inertial sensors; one IMU is assembled in the head nacelle, while the other is in the airframe; the double-IMUs tightly-coupled with the DPGS respectively can measure the attitudes (pitch, roll and heading) of the nacelle and helicopter airframe in high accuracy; the relative attitudes between the two single IMU/DPGS TRAMSs reflect the elastic deformation between the nacelle and airframe. The double-IMUs/DPGS TRAMS have been effectively verified through the ground experiment in a vehicle and two flight tests in a military helicopter. The results present satisfactory stability and repeatability. This system can be popularized to other dynamic deformation measurement backgrounds.