递归定量分析在离心泵故障诊断中的运用

为了准确诊断离心泵的振动故障,针对振动信号的非平稳特征,提出了一种基于递归定量分析的离心泵振动故障诊断方法。采用递归定量分析(recurrence quantification analysis,简称RQA)方法提取离心泵振动信号的非线性特征参数,由这些特征参数构成特征向量,并以此作为改进Elman神经网络的输入,对神经网络进行训练,建立了离心泵运行状态分类器,用以诊断离心泵的不同状态。试验结果表明,递归定量分析与Elman神经网络相结合的方法可以准确诊断离心泵的振动故障。     

A novel approach for analog fault diagnosis based on stochastic signal analysis and improved GHMM

This paper presents a novel fault diagnosis method to diagnose ordinary soft fault and incipient soft fault for linear analog circuit. Due to the presence of tolerance, the parameter variation of analog component obeys a nearly normal distribution, and the linear circuit responses are considered as a stochastic process. Therefore, three kinds of stochastic series are extracted as fault features. Then, fault feature samples are divided into train samples and test samples. The relevant statistic values of them are calculated as final test samples in the stage of fault testing. In order to diagnose stochastic series effectively, an improved GHMM classifier is designed based on the fault occurrence characteristics of analog component. The stochastic sequences are thought as the observation symbols for the proposed GHMM. Simulation circuits and actual circuits are tested to prove the effectiveness of the new method.     

基于Gabor小波的TOFD图像缺陷识别研究

针对运用超声衍射时差法（TOFD）法对焊缝进行检测时,图像缺陷人工定性主要受检验人员经验和专业知识影响缺乏可靠性的问题,提出了一种TOFD图像缺陷自动定性的方法.该方法首先提取TOFD缺陷图像的Gabor小波特征,并依据这些特征,采用主成分分析技术（PCA）对Gabor特征进行降维,然后采用Fisher线性判别分析方法对其进行了判别分析,最后完成了缺陷的自动定性分析;同时,建立了一个实际系统,并在测试样本上进行了试验验证,试验在109幅人工试块缺陷及自然缺陷训练样本及25幅测试样本中进行,采用Gabor小波特征及原始图像像素特征所构建的缺陷分类器识别率比较.研究结果表明,基于Gabor小波特征的缺陷识别方法识别率达到72％,比原始图像特征的缺陷识别方法更优.     

整体改进的基于支持向量机的故障诊断方法

为了消除噪声或野值样本对支持向量机分类器推广性能的不利影响,从数据预处理、特征提取和分类器设计等几个方面对现有的基于支持向量机的故障诊断方法进行了整体改进。一方面,在独立分量分析的基础上提出一种残余总体相关分析时域特征提取方法,利用独立分量分析的冗余取消特性以及残余总体相关分析的整体约简能力,抽取描述不同故障模式类的典型低维特征,削减原始数据中的噪声干扰;另一方面,对各模式类特征样本进行模糊C-均值聚类,然后以类内平均距离和类间平均距离共同构建一个有效性判别准则,用于区分特征空间中的有效样本与野值点,去除野值对支持向量机目标函数的影响。在此基础上引入具有可控稀化解的前向最小平方近似支持向量机算法,并采用基于复杂多故障模式分级识别的二分类策略,共同形成一种整体改进的基于支持向量机的故障诊断方法。对齿轮箱故障的诊断结果验证了该方法的有效性,对于受强噪声干扰的小样本数据,所构建的故障分类器也具有良好的推广能力。     

A fault diagnosis approach for roller bearing based on VPMCD under variable speed condition

Essentially the fault diagnosis of roller bearing is a process of pattern recognition. However, existing pattern recognition method failed to capitalize on the nature of multivariate associations between the extracted fault features. Targeting such limitation, a new pattern recognition method – variable predictive model based class discriminate (VPMCD) is introduced into roller bearing fault identification. The VPMCD consider that all or part of the feature values will exhibit interactions in nature and these associations will have different performances between different classes, which is always true in practice when faults occur in roller bearings. Target to the characteristics of non-stationary and amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated (AM–FM) of vibration signal picked up under variable speed condition, a fault diagnosis method based upon the VPMCD, order tracking technique and local mean decomposition (LMD) is put forward and applied to the roller bearing fault identification. Firstly, LMD and order tracking analysis method are combined to extract the fault features of roller bearing vibration signals under variable speed condition; Secondly, the feature values are regard as the input of VPMCD classifier; finally, the working condition and fault patterns of the roller bearings are identified automatically by the output of VPMCD classifier. The analysis results from experimental signals with normal and defective roller bearings indicate that the proposed fault diagnosis approach can distinguish the roller bearing status-with or without fault and fault patterns under variable speed condition accurately and effectively.     

基于LCD和KNNCH分类算法的齿轮故障诊断方法

提出了一种基于局部特征尺度分解(LCD)和核最近邻凸包（KNNCH）分类算法的齿轮故障诊断方法。该方法采用LCD对齿轮原始振动信号进行分解得到若干内禀尺度分量(ISC),然后提取包含主要信息的ISC分量的能量作为特征向量输入到KNNCH分类器,根据其输出结果来判断齿轮的工作状态。实验分析结果表明,所提出的方法能有效地提取齿轮故障特征信息,而且在小样本的情况下仍能准确地对齿轮的工作状态进行识别。同时,与支持向量机(SVM)算法的对比分析结果表明,KNNCH算法能取得与SVM算法相当或更高的正确识别率。     

基于主成分分析的齿轮箱故障特征融合分析

为有效降低齿轮箱故障特征的维数并提高诊断准确率,提出了基于主成分分析法的齿轮箱故障特征融合方法,并结合支持向量机和BP神经网络对诊断的准确率进行了分析。以齿轮箱中不同裂纹齿轮为对象,选取能够表征齿轮箱故障状态的时域、频域和基于希尔伯特变换的36个特征,提取累积贡献率达到95%以上的主成分并输入支持向量机分类器中进行分类识别,用BP神经网络分类器进行结果的比较分析。结果表明,采用主成分分析法与支持向量机相结合的方法,既能降低特征维数,降低计算的复杂性,又能有效地表征齿轮箱的运行状态,识别不同裂纹水平的齿轮,比单独使用支持向量机分类器的方法诊断准确率更高,训练时间更短。     

Fault diagnostics based on particle swarm optimisation and support vector machines

In the fault diagnosis based on support vector machines (SVM), irrelevant variables in the fault samples spoil the performance of the SVM classifier and reduce the recognition accuracy. On the other hand, some SVM parameters are usually selected artificially, which hampers the efficiency of the SVM algorithm in practical applications. A new method that jointly optimises the feature selection and the SVM parameters with a modified discrete particle swarm optimisation is presented in this paper. A correct ratio based on a new evaluation method is used to estimate the performance of the SVM, and serves as the target function in the optimisation problem. A hybrid vector that describes both the fault features and the SVM parameters is taken as the constraint condition. This new method can select the best fault features in a shorter time, and improves the performance of the SVM classifier, and has fewer errors and a better real-time capacity than the method based on principal component analysis (PCA) and SVM, or the method based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) and SVM, as shown in the application of fault diagnosis of the turbo pump rotor.     

基于PCA和SVM的内燃机故障诊断

为有效对内燃机运行状态进行评估,根据内燃机振动信号特征和故障样本较少的特点,提出了基于主分量分析和支持向量机进行内燃机状态判别的故障诊断方法。提取内燃机振动特征参数,利用主分量分析消除其信息冗余,提取反映内燃机运行状态的主分量特征,实现内燃机振动特征参数降维。通过选择适合内燃机振动信号的径向基核函数,构造一对多的支持向量机多类分类器,对主分量特征进行训练学习,实现内燃机运行状态判别。通过对模拟内燃机不同运行状态的试验分析,结果表明该方法可以有效识别内燃机不同的运行状态。     

Application of higher order spectral features and support vector machines for bearing faults classification

Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings timely and accurately are very important to ensure the reliability of rotating machinery. This paper presents a novel pattern classification approach for bearings diagnostics, which combines the higher order spectra analysis features and support vector machine classifier. The use of non-linear features motivated by the higher order spectra has been reported to be a promising approach to analyze the non-linear and non-Gaussian characteristics of the mechanical vibration signals. The vibration bi-spectrum (third order spectrum) patterns are extracted as the feature vectors presenting different bearing faults. The extracted bi-spectrum features are subjected to principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction. These principal components were fed to support vector machine to distinguish four kinds of bearing faults covering different levels of severity for each fault type, which were measured in the experimental test bench running under different working conditions. In order to find the optimal parameters for the multi-class support vector machine model, a grid-search method in combination with 10-fold cross-validation has been used. Based on the correct classification of bearing patterns in the test set, in each fold the performance measures are computed. The average of these performance measures is computed to report the overall performance of the support vector machine classifier. In addition, in fault detection problems, the performance of a detection algorithm usually depends on the trade-off between robustness and sensitivity. The sensitivity and robustness of the proposed method are explored by running a series of experiments. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve made the results more convincing. The results indicated that the proposed method can reliably identify different fault patterns of rolling element bearings based on vibration signals.     

A multi-step progressive fault diagnosis method for rolling element bearing based on energy entropy theory and hybrid ensemble auto-encoder

It is meaningful to efficiently identify the health status of bearing and automatically learn the effective features from the original vibration signals. In this paper, a multi-step progressive method based on energy entropy (EE) theory and hybrid ensemble auto-encoder (HEAE), systematically blending the statistical analysis approach with the deep learning technology, is proposed for rolling element bearing (REB) fault diagnosis. Firstly, a preliminary detection about the REB health status is performed by the statistical analysis technique integrated with the EE theory. Secondly, if fault exists in REB, a new HEAE is constructed based on denoising auto-encoder and contractive auto-encoder to strengthen the feature learning ability and automatically extract the deep state features from the raw data. Subsequently, a modified t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (M-tSNE) algorithm is developed to achieve the features reduction to further improve the diagnosis efficiency. Finally, the low-dimensional representations after features reduction are as the inputs of softmax classifier to recognize the fault conditions. The proposed method is applied to the fault diagnosis of REB. The results confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method, and it is more suitable for the actual engineering applications compared with other existing methods.     

强噪声背景下的滚动轴承故障微弱信号检测新方法

分析共振解调技术和小波变换在滚动轴承故障诊断中存在的不足,提出一种用于提取滚动轴承微弱信号的新方法,该方法将时间序列模型(AR模型)和多重自相关方法应用于滚动轴承信号降噪,再利用小波包络分析,提取出反映滚动轴承故障的特征频率。通过对新方法包络谱特征的自动提取,实现了基于支持向量机(SVM)的智能诊断。实际试验验证了新方法的正确有效性。     

涡轮泵实时故障检测的快速支持向量机算法

提出了一种基于边界样本的快速支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)算法用于液体火箭发动机涡轮泵实时故障检测。算法按一定步长将涡轮泵振动信号分段,再将每个步长信号平分为多段且计算每段信号的均方根、裕度因子和峭度,并将之组合为3维向量作为故障特征,以每个步长信号中的故障样本点数目作为判断故障的依据;算法采用条件正定核函数计算原始样本集中正常样本与故障样本之间的距离,选择边界样本作为新的训练样本集,并以此计算支持向量并构造决策函数。用某型号涡轮泵振动加速度信号对算法进行验证,结果表明对包含5 600个故障样本和5 600个正常样本的原始训练样本集,算法的训练时间为0.68 s。对时长20.80 s的待检信号,算法检出故障时刻为20.43 s,比故障真实出现时刻晚0.42 s(在0.5 s之内)。该算法大幅度提高了训练速度与分类速度,具备良好的精确性与实时性。     

基于流形学习与一类支持向量机的滚动轴承早期故障识别方法

提出了一种基于流形学习与一类支持向量机的轴承早期故障识别方法。首先提取轴承信号的时域参数构成原始特征样本空间;然后采用基于拉普拉斯特征映射算法(Laplacian eigenmap,LE）的流形学习方法对特征样本进行特征压缩,提取出敏感的故障特征;最后采用一类支持向量机对各状态实现分类识别。利用实测的滚动轴承故障数据对算法进行了验证,并将LE方法与主成分分析（PCA）方法进行了比较,
结果证明该方法可行。     

基于LMD和HMM的旋转机械故障诊断

提出了基于局部均值分解（LMD）和隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)的旋转机械故障诊断方法。首先,对故障信号进行局部均值分解,提取瞬时能量作为故障特征向量;然后将故障特征向量输入HMM分类器进行模式识别,输出各状态的似然概率;以最大似然概率所对应的故障状态为诊断结果。通过滚动轴承点蚀故障诊断试验验证了该方法的有效性,并将其与基于EMD-HMM的故障诊断方法进行了比较。结果表明,基于LMD-HMM的故障诊断方法更适用于旋转机械的故障诊断。     

基于分段线性分类器的滚动轴承的故障识别

为了解决滚动轴承的特征提取和故障特征的模式分类问题,提出了一种应用小波包变换和线性分类器相结合的滚动轴承故障诊断的识别方法。根据轴承振动信号的频域变化特征,首先对滚动轴承振动信号进行三层小波包分解,提取第三层各个终节点系数的能量作为特征向量,然后将特征向量输入由线性判别式构成的分段线性分类器中进行故障的模式分类和识别,最后在滚动轴承试验台上实测故障。试验表明,分段线性分类器可以有效地识别轴承的故障模式。     

Fault diagnosis method based on FFT-RPCA-SVM for Cascaded-Multilevel Inverter

Thanks to reduced switch stress, high quality of load wave, easy packaging and good extensibility, the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter is widely used in wind power system. To guarantee stable operation of system, a new fault diagnosis method, based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Relative Principle Component Analysis (RPCA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), is proposed for H-bridge multilevel inverter. To avoid the influence of load variation on fault diagnosis, the output voltages of the inverter is chosen as the fault characteristic signals. To shorten the time of diagnosis and improve the diagnostic accuracy, the main features of the fault characteristic signals are extracted by FFT. To further reduce the training time of SVM, the feature vector is reduced based on RPCA that can get a lower dimensional feature space. The fault classifier is constructed via SVM. An experimental prototype of the inverter is built to test the proposed method. Compared to other fault diagnosis methods, the experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.     

A Roller Bearing Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Improved LMD and SVM

Aiming at the non-stationary features of the roller bearing fault vibration signal,a roller bearing fault diagnosis method based on improved Local Mean Decomposition(LMD)and Support Vector Machine(SVM)is proposed.In this paper,firstly,the wavelet analysis is introduced to the signal decomposition and reconstruction;secondly,the LMD method is used to decompose the reconstruction signal obtained by the wavelet analysis into a number of Product Functions(PFs)that include main fault characteristics,thus,the initial feature vector matrixes could be formed automatically;Thirdly,by applying the Singular Value Decomposition(SVD)techniques to the initial feature vector matrixes,the singular values of the matrixes can be obtained,which can be used as the fault feature vectors of the roller bearing and serve as the input vectors of the SVM classifier;Finally,the recognition results can be obtained from the SVM output.The results of analysis show that the proposed method can be applied to roller bearing fault diagnosis effectively.     

核函数主元分析及其在故障特征提取中的应用

提出了基于核函数主元分析的故障特征提取方法。该方法利用计算原始特征空间的内积核函数来实现原始特征空间到高维特征空间的非线性映射。通过对高维特征数据作主元分析，得到原始特征的非线性主元．以所选的非线性主元作为特征子空间，并应用转子试验台的故障数据对该方法进行了检验。结果表明，核函数主元分析更适于提取故障信号的非线性特征，它提取的故障特征对故障具有更好的识别能力，并对分类器具有较强的鲁棒性。     

复合层次模糊熵及其在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

针对样本熵和多尺度熵中相似性度量函数的突变问题,及它们在分析时间序列复杂性时捕捉不到高频组分信息的局限,提出了一种新的时间序列的复杂性度量方法--复合层次模糊熵(CHFE)。为了有效地提取滚动轴承早期故障特征,提出了一种基于CHFE、拉普拉斯分值和支持向量机的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,提取振动信号的CHFE值;其次,采用拉普拉斯分值对特征向量进行降维优化;再次,建立基于支持向量机的多故障分类器,实现滚动轴承的故障诊断;最后,将该方法应用于实验数据分析,结果验证了方法的有效性。