新能源客车高压附件集成控制器开发

针 对 新 能 源 客 车 存 在 不 同 配 置 、不 同 类 型 及 高 压 零 部 件 种 类 繁 多 的 问 题 ,给 出 了 新 能 源 客 车 平 台化 高 压 电 气 架 构 的 设 计 方 案 ,并 设 计 开 发 了 高 压 附 件 集 成 控 制 器Ａ Ｃ Ｕ 。 介 绍 了 Ａ Ｃ Ｕ硬 件 架 构 、控 制 策 略 、结构 设 计 及 安 全 设 计 点 。 采 用 主 从 式 通 信 结 构 、行 车 与 充 电 高 压 上 电 流 程 分 离 、“双 源 冗 余 ”转 向 硬 件 结 构 及 “随动 转 向 ”控 制 策 略 ,提 升 了 安 全 性 ,并 降 低 了 功 耗 。 试 验 结 果 表 明 ,该 系 统 达 到 了 较 好 的 性 能 指 标 和 要 求 。     

Automatic discontinuous 2 transmission lines with sections of different productivity (<Emphasis Type="Italic">q</Emphasis><Subscript>1</Subscript> < <Emphasis Type="Italic">q</Emphasis><Subscript>2</Subscript>)

An analytical solution is derived for automatic discontinuous 2s’ transmission lines with sections of different productivity (q ₁ < q ₂). On that basis, a range of characteristics that depend on the reliability of the production sections and the bunker capacity may be determined. Accordingly, the solution provides the basis for improvements in the design of such lines.     

Abrasive and Adhesive Wear Behavior of Arc-Evaporated Al<Subscript>1−<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Cr<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>N Hard Coatings

During the last decade, the usage of difficult-to-machine materials such as austenitic stainless steels has increased continuously in various industrial applications. Tools such as blind hole taps, punches, or deep drawing molds are often exposed to severe wear while machining/forming these materials, mainly due to excessive adhesion and material transfer. On combination with abrasive wear due to work-hardened wear debris, tool lifetime in these applications is often limited. In this study, ball-on-disc experiments were carried out with arc-evaporated AlCrN coatings with different Al/(Al + Cr) ratios against Al₂O₃ and austenitic stainless steel balls in ambient atmosphere. Test temperatures of 25, 500, and 700°C were chosen for the hard Al₂O₃ balls simulating severe abrasive loads, whereas 25, 150, and 250°C were used for the softer stainless steel material to evaluate the adhesive wear behavior. Characterization of the wear tracks was done by scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and optical profilometry. The best abrasive wear resistance during testing against Al₂O₃ was observed for the coating with the highest Al content. In the case of the austenitic stainless steel balls, sticking of the ball material to the coating surface was the dominating wear mechanism. The influence of test temperature, chemical composition, and surface roughness was studied in detail.     

<i>Agrobacterium rhizogenes</i> vs auxinic induction for <i>in vitro</i> rhizogenesis of <i>Prosopis chilensis</i> and <i>Nothofagus alpina</i>

The induction and improvement of in vitro rhizogenesis of microshoots of Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz and Nothofagus alpina (Poep. et Endl. Oerst.) were compared using Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Ar) versus indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in the culture media. Microshoots of P. chilensis (1-2 cm length), coming from in vitro grown seedlings, were cultivated in a modified Broadleaved Tree Medium (BTMm) containing half salt concentration of macronutrients and 0.05 mg.L^-1 benzilaminopurine (BAP). After 30 days, microshoots with 2-4 leaves were selected and cultured in BTMm-agar in presence or abscense of Ar and in combination with IBA. For N. alpina, the apical shoots with the first 2 true leaves, from 5 weeks old seedlings, were cultured in the abovementioned medium, but with 0.15 mg.L^-1 of BAP. After 2 months, microshoots with 2-3 leaves were selected and cultured in BTMm-agar, supplemented with 5 mg.L^-1 IBA or in liquid BTMm on perlite and, in the presence or absence of A. rhizogenes (Ar) and in combination with 3 mg.L^-1 IBA. Rooting in P. chilensis reached 100.0% when Ar infection was produced in the presence of IBA, increasing both, the number and dry weight of roots. In N. alpina, 90.0% of rooting efficiency was obtained when Ar infection was produced in liquid culture and in the absence of auxin.     

Wear Resistance of the La<Subscript>62</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>12</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>12</Subscript>Al<Subscript>14</Subscript> Bulk Metallic Glass Under Dry Friction Conditions

The wear properties of a La₆₂Cu₁₂Ni₁₂Al₁₄ bulk metallic glass (BMG) using sliding wear system under the various normal loads and the annealing conditions have been investigated. Although the La₆₂Cu₁₂Ni₁₂Al₁₄ BMG is brittle during the tensile testing, it exhibits ductile behaviors during the sliding wear process. The SEM and the EDS analyses of the wear tracks and the debris after the sliding wear processes indicate that the wear mechanism is a combination of abrasion, adhesion, and oxidation. It is found that the wear resistance is significantly affected by the normal loads. With the increases in the wear load, the wear loss and the friction coefficient decrease. In addition, it is found that the wear properties are significantly affected by the annealing conditions. Compared with the annealed BMG alloys, the as-cast BMG alloy with a low hardness exhibits good wear resistance, which is attributed to the better ductility during the wear testing.     

A versatile spectrometer based on a large-volume Si(Li) <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">i</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis> structure

Pulse height spectra of large-volume position-sensitive Si(Li) detectors have been investigated at normal and parallel incidence of particles on the active region of these detectors. For α particles, the energy resolution is shown to be dependent on the direction of their incidence with respect to the electric field direction; for β particles, such a difference has not been observed.     

Tribological duality of Ti<Subscript>3</Subscript>SiC<Subscript>2</Subscript>

We report here on the friction behavior of fine- and coarse-grained Ti₃SiC₂ against steel and Si₃N₄ balls. Two successive friction regimes have been identified for both grain sizes and both counterparts. First, Type I regime is characterized by a relatively low (0.1–0.15) friction coefficient, and very little wear. Sliding occurs between a tribofilm on the ball and the Ti₃SiC₂ plane when against steel. Then, a Type II regime often follows, with increased friction coefficients (0.4–0.5) and significant wear. Compacted wear debris seems to act as a third body resulting in abrasion of the ball, even in the case of Si₃N₄. The transition between the two regimes occurs at different times, depending on various factors such as grain size, type of pin, and normal load applied. Some experiments under vacuum showed that the atmosphere plays also a major role. The reason for this evolution is not fully clear at that time, but its understanding is of major technological importance given the unusual good properties of this material.     

A Memetic Algorithm for the <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">n</Emphasis>/2/Flowshop/α<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">F </Emphasis>+ β<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">C</Emphasis><Subscript>max</Subscript> Scheduling Problem

Machine scheduling has been a popular area of research during the past four decades. Its object is to determine the sequence for processing jobs on a given set of machines. The need for scheduling arises from the limited resources available to the decision-maker. In this study, a special situation involving a computationally difficult n/2/Flowshop/ αF + βCmax flowshop scheduling problem is discussed. We develop a memetic algorithm (MA, a hybrid genetic algorithm) by combining a genetic algorithm and the greedy heuristic using the pairwise exchange method and the insert method, to solve the n/2/Flowshop/ αF + βCmax flowshop scheduling problem. Preliminary computational experiments demonstrate the efficiency and performance of the proposed memetic algorithm. Our results compare favourably with the best-known branch-and-bound algorithm, the traditional genetic algorithm and the best-known heuristic algorithm.     

Dry and oil-lubricated sliding wear of Si<Subscript>3</Subscript>N<Subscript>4</Subscript> and Si<Subscript>3</Subscript>N<Subscript>4</Subscript>/BN fibrous monoliths

A high-temperature ball-on-flat tribometer was used to investigate dry and oil-lubricated friction and wear of sintered Si₃N₄ and Si₃N₄/hexagonal boron nitride (H-BN) fibrous monoliths. The friction coefficients of base Si₃N₄ flats sliding against Si₃N₄ balls were in the range of 0.6–0.8 for dry and 0.03–0.15 for lubricated sliding, and the average wear rates of Si₃N₄ were 10^–5 mm³ N^–1 m^–1 for dry sliding and 10^–10–10^–8 mm³ N ^–1m^–1 for lubricated sliding. The friction coefficients of Si₃N₄ balls against composite fibrous monoliths were 0.7 for dry sliding and 0.01–0.08 for lubricated sliding. The average specific wear rates of the pairs were of the same order as those measured for the conventional Si₃N₄ pairs. However, the fibrous monoliths, in combination with sprayed dry boron nitride, resulted in reduction in the lubricated friction coefficients of the test pairs and significant reduction in their wear rates. The most striking result of this study was that the coefficients of friction of the Si₃N₄/H-BN fibrous monolith test pair were 70–80 lower than those of either roughened or polished Si₃N₄ when tests were performed under oil-lubricated sliding conditions over long distances (up to 5000 m). The results indicated that Si₃N₄/H-BN fibrous monoliths have good wear resistance and can be used to reduce friction under lubricated sliding conditions.     

Effect of deposition pressure on microstructure and tribological behavior of MoS<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>/MoS<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>-Mo nanoscale multi-layer films

MoS _x /MoS _x -Mo multi-layer films consisted of several bilayers and a surface layer on steel substrate were deposited by d.c. magnetron sputtering at different deposition pressures. Each bilayer contained a MoS _x layer with 80 nm in thickness and a MoS _x -Mo composite layer with 20 nm in thickness. With the increase of deposition pressure, the perpendicular orientation of the basal plane prevailed while the parallel orientation decreased. The tribological properties of the multi-layer films were investigated by using a ball-on-disk tribometer both in vacuum and in humid air. The multi-layer film deposited at 0.24 Pa had a compact, consistent layered structure with high intensity of (002) plane and low S content compared to the others deposited at 0.32 and 0.40 Pa, and showed the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate in humid air.     

Matrices pattern using FIB; ‘Out‐of‐the‐box’ way of thinking

Focused ion beam (FIB) is an extremely valuable tool in nanopatterning and nanofabrication for potentially high‐resolution patterning, especially when refers to He ion beam microscopy. The work presented here demonstrates an ‘out‐of‐the‐box’ method of writing using FIB, which enables creating very large matrices, up to the beam‐shift limitation, in short times and with high accuracy unachievable by any other writing technique. The new method allows combining different shapes in nanometric dimensions and high resolutions for wide ranges.     

Targeting the “undruggable” cancer driver genes: <i>Ras</i>, <i>myc</i>, and <i>tp53</i>

The term “undruggable” is to describe molecules that are not targetable or at least hard to target pharmacologically. Unfortunately, some targets with potent oncogenic activity fall into this category, and currently little is known about how to solve this problem, which largely hampered drug research on human cancers. Ras, as one of the most common oncogenes, was previously considered “undruggable”, but in recent years, a few small molecules like Sotorasib (AMG-510) have emerged and proved their targeted anti-cancer effects. Further, myc, as one of the most studied oncogenes, and tp53, being the most common tumor suppressor genes, are both considered “undruggable”. Many attempts have been made to target these “undruggable” targets, but little progress has been made yet. This article summarizes the current progress of direct and indirect targeting approaches for ras, myc, two oncogenes, and tp53, a tumor suppressor gene. These are potential therapeutic targets but are considered “undruggable”. We conclude with some emerging research approaches like proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), cancer vaccines, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based drug discovery, which might provide new cues for cancer intervention. Therefore, this review sets out to clarify the current status of targeted anti-cancer drug research, and the insights gained from this review may be of assistance to learn from experience and find new ideas in developing new chemicals that directly target such “undruggable” molecules.     

Tribological behaviors and mechanisms of Ti<Subscript>3</Subscript>AlC<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Tribological behaviors and the relevant mechanism of a highly pure polycrystalline bulk Ti₃AlC₂ sliding dryly against a low carbon steel disk were investigated. The tribological tests were carried out using a block-on-disk type high-speed friction tester, at the sliding speeds of 20–60 m/s under a normal pressure of 0.8 MPa. The results showed that the friction coefficient is as low as 0.1∼0.14 and the wear rate of Ti₃AlC₂ is only (2.3–2.5) × 10⁻⁶ mm³/Nm in the sliding speed range of 20–60 m/s. Such unusual friction and wear properties were confirmed to be dependant dominantly upon the presence of a frictional oxide film consisting of amorphous Ti, Al, and Fe oxides on the friction surfaces. The oxide film is in a fused state during the sliding friction at a fused temperature of 238–324 °C, so it takes a significant self-lubricating effect.     

Synergistic Effect of Nano-MoS<Subscript>2</Subscript> and Anatase Nano-TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on the Lubrication Properties of MoS<Subscript>2</Subscript>/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Nano-Clusters

A MoS₃ precursor deposited on anatase nano-TiO₂ is heated at 450 °C in an H₂ atmosphere to synthesize MoS₂/TiO₂ nano-clusters. The nano-clusters are then characterized, and their tribological properties are evaluated. MoS₂ is found to be composed of layered structures with 1–10 nm thicknesses, 10–30 nm lengths, and 0.63–0.66 nm layer distances. The MoS₂ sizes in the MoS₂/TiO₂ nano-clusters are smaller and their layer distances are larger than those of pure nano-MoS₂. The MoS₂/TiO₂ nano-clusters also present a lower average friction coefficient than pure nano-MoS₂, but the anti-wear properties of both the nano-clusters and pure nano-MoS₂ are similar. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that nano-TiO₂ and the element Mo are transferred to the friction surface from the MoS₂/TiO₂ nano-clusters through a tribochemical reaction. This produces a lubrication film containing TiO₂, MoO₃, and other chemicals. The nano-MoS₂ changes in size and layer distance when combined with nano-TiO₂, producing a synergistic effect. This may further be explained using a micro-cooperation model between MoS₂ nano-platelets and TiO₂ solid nanoparticles.     

[制造前沿]创新·强基·智能——建设制造强国

世界工业发达国家美、德、英等国“重振制造业”的发展战略均将智能制造作为发展趋势。我国制造业总体而言,大而不强。我国已是世界制造第一大国,但创新能力弱、缺乏关键核心及共性技术。我国《制造强国发展战略》聚焦“五大工程”,其中将智能制造作为主攻方向,而“五大工程”是相互联系和相互支持的。数字化设计与制造是智能制造关键共性技术,而建模与仿真是数字化设计与制造的科学基础。要全面实施智能制造,建成制造强国,任重而道远。     

Tribological Properties of Nanocomposite CrC<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>/a-C:H Thin Films

Recently we showed that coatings, prepared by unbalanced magnetron sputtering from a metallic Cr target in an Ar/CH₄ discharge are composed of nanocrystalline CrC _x embedded in an a-C:H matrix. This work investigates the structural correlation of such nanocomposite CrC _x /a-C:H coatings to their tribological properties. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the phase composition and the chemical bonding in the films deposited at different experimental conditions. The coating microstructure was investigated on selected samples by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. For CrC _x -dominated coatings deposited at CH₄ partial to total pressure ratios (p_CH4/p_t) < 0.42, only minor changes regarding the friction coefficients and the abrasive wear rates were observed although microstructural changes towards a higher degree of crystallinity were proven by transmission electron microscopy and substantiated with XPS results. For a-C:H dominated coatings deposited at p_CH4/p_t > 0.42, the friction coefficients and abrasive wear rates were shown to decrease with increasing a-C:H phase content and its more sp²-like bonding configuration. It can be concluded that the microstructural changes in terms of CrC _x crystallite coarsening and bonding configuration of the a-C:H matrix phase are responsible for the observed changes of the friction coefficients and wear rates.     

Dry-sliding Tribological Properties of Nano-Eutectic Fe<Subscript>83</Subscript>B<Subscript>17</Subscript> Alloy

This paper reports the tribological performance of the nano-eutectic Fe₈₃B₁₇ alloy under dry sliding against Si₃N₄ ceramic ball in ambient environment with varying applied loads and sliding speeds. Worn surfaces of the nano-eutectic Fe₈₃B₁₇ alloy were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). The wear debris of the samples were also analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The wear rate of the nano-eutectic Fe₈₃B₁₇ alloy was of the magnitude of 10⁻⁴ mm³/m, which was lower than that of the coarse grained Fe₈₃B₁₇ alloy. The friction coefficient of the nano-eutectic Fe₈₃B₁₇ alloy was almost the same as that of the coarse grained Fe₈₃B₁₇ alloy. The Fe₂SiO₄ oxide layer was formed on the worn surface of the nano-eutectic Fe₈₃B₁₇ alloy. However, on the worn surface of the coarse grained Fe₈₃B₁₇ alloy was found only a little Fe₂SiO₄. These results demonstrated that the nanostructure improved the wear resistance of the Fe₈₃B₁₇ alloy, but did not significantly affect the friction coefficient. The wear mechanism of the nano-eutectic Fe₈₃B₁₇ alloy was delamination abrasion mainly.     

Superthin Solar Cells Based on A<Superscript>III</Superscript>B<Superscript>V</Superscript>/Ge Heterostructures

A comparative analysis of the prospects of creating superthin, light-weight, and highly efficient solar cells based on A^IIIB^V/InGaAs and A^IIIB^V/Ge heterostructures is performed. Technological problems and prospects of each variant are discussed. A method of thinning of A^IIIB^V/Ge heterostructures with the use of an effective temporary carrier is proposed. The method allows the process to be performed almost with no risk of heterostructure fracture, thinning of the Ge junction down to several tens of micrometers (or even several micrometers), significant enhancement of the yield of good structures, and also convenient and reliable transfer of thinned solar cells to an arbitrary light and flexible substrate. Such a technology offers a possibility of creating high-efficiency thin and light solar cells for space vehicles on the basis of mass-produced A^IIIB^V/Ge heterostructures.     

交互式自解耦桌面康复训练机器人系统

传统的康复机器人机构运动学多解,末端控制复杂,且往往只有视听反馈,无力反馈,未能达到最好的康复效果.为此,研制了一款基于自解耦机构的交互式康复系统,内含并联连杆机构,实现平动与转动自由度的解耦、力与力矩的解耦;基于患者末端位置设计了3种控制模式,包括:人体主导模式、机器人主导模式以及安全停止模式,实现高精度的轨迹跟踪,...