经皮给药电穿孔仪的研制

电穿孔脉冲对皮肤的安全性以及对药物经皮渗透速率的影响并不完全取决于脉冲幅度和(或)脉冲持续时间,脉冲的冲量和能量也起了重要的作用。本仪器适用于离体经皮给药电穿孔技术研究,它可以产生脉冲率为1、2、4、8、10、20或40ppm,1～999个脉幅为70～400V电穿孔脉冲,脉冲冲量和经皮能量分别可以达到25.9 V     

荧光分光光度法测定盐酸萘唑啉含量

滴鼻净含０．１％盐酸萘唑啉，是拟肾上腺素药、有收缩血管作用，用于过敏性急慢性鼻炎。根据盐酸萘唑啉在紫外光激发下能发射荧光的特性，用荧光分光光度法对滴鼻净中盐酸萘唑啉进行含量测定具有较高的精密度及灵敏度，操作简便，测得结果准确。     

中药白芷中欧前胡素、异欧前胡素体外经皮渗透特性的串联质谱研究

欧前胡素和异欧前胡素属于6,7-呋喃香豆素类化合物,是中药白芷的主要药效成分。为了考察二者的经皮渗透特性,采用改进型的Franz扩散池,以大鼠离体皮肤作为渗透屏障,以高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）法测定白芷提取液的经皮渗透液中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的含量,据此来考察白芷提取液中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的经皮渗透特性。实验结果表明,欧前胡素和异欧前胡素在48 h内,单位面积的累积渗透量分别为116.11 μg/cm²和140.84 μg/cm²,累积渗透百分率分别为37.75%和71.86%。欧前胡素的稳态渗透速率为26.5 μg/h•cm²,其体外经皮渗透符合Higuchi方程。本研究阐明了欧前胡素的体外经皮渗透机制,可为白芷作为外用经皮给药制剂的发展提供实验依据和理论基础。     

基于双机器人快速原型制造系统的CAD/CAM接口技术研究

用ＪＡＶＡ语言进行了基于机器人快速的型制造系统的ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＭ接口技术研究,详细分析了在该系统中的二维图形数据提取与整技术,并说明了它的实用意义。     

电化学疗法用于小鼠S-180治疗的研究

电化学疗法是将电穿孔与化学药物相结合治疗肿瘤的一种新方法,电穿孔可通过脉冲电场瞬时提高细胞膜的通透性使药物等外源物质进入细胞,增强细胞对药物的吸收能力,从而提高治疗肿瘤的效果.我们采用LN-101基因脉冲导入仪及配套的针电极,通过电化学疗法对接种有S-180的小鼠进行对比实验.结果应用抗癌药物博莱霉素(BLM)的电化学疗法(ECT)组的抑瘤率为70.4%,与传统的治疗方法相比抑瘤率显著提高.     

基于热比率(HRM)法的低速率茎流测量技术

茎流测量技术在植物耗水规律的研究中具有重要作用。在测量低速率茎流植物时常用的热脉冲法(CHPM)存在测量时间长,热损耗大,测量误差难于克服的问题。论文提出了一种新的热技术——热比率法(HRM)来测量低速率木本植物的茎流量。与热脉冲方法相比,热比率法可以对样本植物进行连续测量,不仅提高了采样频率,而且减小了测量过程中的热损耗,从而扩大了测量范围,尤其适用于低速率茎流植物的茎流测量。同时还研究了热比率法(HRM)的理论和方法,分析了探针插入位置和伤口宽度对茎流测量的影响,提出用有限差分数学模型解决伤口修正问题,并用实验验证了热比率法在茎流测量中的可靠性与准确性。     

面向折卸与回收设计软件模块的开发

面向拆卸与回收设计是绿色设计领域的一个研究热点，在对有关设计方法进行系统研究的基础上，开发了面向拆卸与回收设计的软件模块。对该软件模块的系统结构和评价方法进行了介绍，并结合桑塔纳ＪＶ１．８Ｌ型发动机说明了它的应用情况。     

密封系统对低频超声透皮给药的影响

为提高低频超声透皮给药过程中药液渗透率的控制精度,通过有限元计算分析,设计了一款具有密封结构的超声换能器,用以改变低频超声透皮给药系统中的药液压强。基于Franz扩散池的皮肤透皮体外实验的研究(包括人造皮肤与大鼠离体皮肤),获得了密封系统对透皮渗透量变化的影响规律。实验结果表明,超声空化、促渗剂与压强都可以改变药液渗透率,其中超声可以通过空化效应破坏皮肤表层结构进而促进渗透,而压强与超声、促渗剂相互结合则可以起到提高给药渗透精度的作用。提出的密封式超声换能器可通过压强变化初步实现调节低频超声透皮给药精度的目的,为进一步设计可调压强的低频超声给药系统奠定应用基础。     

通过经济的传感器封装来满足顾客的应用要求(二)

通过经济的传感器封装来满足顾客的应用要求（二）ＨａｒｏｌｄＪｏｓｅｐｈ,ＶｌａｄｉｍｉｒＶａｇａｎｏｖＥＧ＆ＧＩＣＳｅｎｓｏｒｓ－Ｍｉｌｐｔａｓ．ＣＡ５．对传感器的设计考虑我们讨论的许多产品,如一次性血压传感器,是供应商和用户合作开发的良好例子。其它...     

电火花精加工间隙特性研究

为对电火花加工放电间隙经验计算公式δ０＝ＫＶ．Ｖ＋ＫＲ．ε＾０．４０＋Ａｍ的适用性进行验证，对电火花精加工放电间隙值和脉冲放电能量进行了测量。结果表明：依上述经验公式计算出电火花精加工放电间隙值与实测值不能很好符合。     

A Periodically Pulsed HF(DF) Gas-Discharge Laser

The design of a repetitively pulsed HF(DF) gas-discharge laser with an active-medium volume of 60 × 2.3 × 1.2 cm³, a pulse radiation energy of 1.6 (1.2) J, and a pulse repetition rate of 1–2 Hz is described. A zeolite-based absorber is used to stabilize the energy characteristics of the laser operating without the forced circulation of the laser mixture. An energy decrease by 50% after 10³ laser shots is obtained at a pulse repetition rate of 1 Hz.     

On the large eddy simulation of high prandtl number scalar transport using dynamic subgrid-scale model

The present study investigates passive scalar transport using an eddy viscosity/diffusivity model in turbulent channel flow with Prandtl number range 1-10. Dynamic subgrid-scale model (DSM) was applied to the transport equation for passive scalar to determine the eddy diffusivity dynamically. To assess the feasibility of the DSM model applied for passive scalar,a priori test on direct numerical simulation data was conducted and the results are compared with those obtained from a large eddy simulation that uses DSM modela posteriori. As the Prandtl number increases, the discrepancy in subgrid-scale (SGS) heat flux amplifies but the shape of SGS temperature dissipation profiles shows reasonable agreement. This suggests that energy transfer between resolved and subgrid-scales are reasonably predicted regardless of the accuracy in SGS heat flux vectors. Whilea priori test shows that SGS turbulent Prandtl number changes significantly with Prandtl number, the actual LES results are found to be insensitive to Prandtl number away from the wall. Thus, the DSM model has some limitations in the prediction of high Prandtl number flows.     

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC URBAN BUSES

A novel parallel hybrid electrical urban bus （PHEUB） configuration consisting of an extra one-way clutch and an automatic mechanical transmission （AMT） is taken as the study subject. An energy management strategy combining a logic threshold approach and an instantaneous optimization algorithm is proposed for the investigated PHEUB. The objective of the energy management strategy is to achieve acceptable vehicle performance and drivability requirements while simultaneously maximizing the engine fuel consumption and maintaining the battery state of charge in its operation range at all times. Under the environment of Matlab/Simulink, a computer simulation model for the PHEUB is constructed by using the model building method combining theoretical analysis and bench test data. Simulation and experiment results for China Typical Bus Driving Schedule at Urban District （CTBDS_UD） are obtained, and the results indicate that the proposed control strategy not only controls the hybrid system efficiently but also improves the fuel economy significantly.     

A radiation foil bolometer for measuring the energy losses of fast Z-pinches

A radiation foil bolometer intended for measuring radiation-energy fluxes and plasma flows in high-power pulsed plasma X-ray sources is studied. In the bolometer, the radiation or ion-flow energy is absorbed by a 13-μm-thick niobium foil preliminarily heated to T ≈ 1900 K by a quasi-constant current lasting 2 s. Radiation from the foil was fed through an 8-m-long light guide to a semiconductor photodetector. The sensitivity of the instrument obtained from the results of calibrations is 0.56 J/V cm². The time resolution of this technique (∼2.5 μs) is determined by the foil heating time. In experiments with megaampere Z-pinches, the time resolution attained allows detection of the radiation energy independently of the energy of expanding plasma flows. In this case, the photoelectric effect from X-rays and the conductivity of expanding plasma do not affect the operation of the radiation bolometer. The working capacity of the bolometer was demonstrated at the Angara-5-1 facility in experiments with high-current Z-pinches with a radiation output energy of 50–100 kJ/pulse. The measurements performed have shown that the energy flux density of plasma expanding in the direction perpendicular to the pinch axis is at most 5% of the energy flux density of soft X-rays.     

A numerical study of the gas and particle dynamics in a needle free drug delivery device

In recent times, a unique drug delivery system known as transdermal drug delivery has been developed which can deliver drug to the human skin without using any external needle. A shock tube system is used to generate a moving shock wave which flows through the tube. The idea is to accelerate particles behind the moving shock so that it can attain sufficient momentum to penetrate the outer layer of the skin (stratum corneum) and have a pharmaceutical effect. The important issue while delivering drug to the skin is to deliver it with uniform velocity and spatial distribution. Among different tried and tested systems the contoured shock tube (CST) seems to fulfill this requirement successfully. This paper focuses on numerically investigating the flow field and analyzing the gas and particle interaction through the contoured shock tube. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to simulate and further analyze the flow field. The important issues regarding the flow field and the gas particle interaction are discussed in details.     

Nonequilibrium heat transfer characteristics during ultrafast pulse laser heating of a silicon microstructure

This work provides the fundamental knowledge of energy transport characteristics during very short-pulse laser heating of semiconductors from a microscopic viewpoint. Based on the self-consistent hydrodynamic equations, in-situ interactions between carriers, optical phonons, and acoustic phonons are simulated to figure out energy transport mechanism during ultrafast pulse laser heating of a silicon substrate through the detailed information on the time and spatial evolutions of each temperature for carriers, longitudinal optical (LO) phonons, acoustic phonons. It is found that nonequilibrium between LO phonons and acoustic phonons should be considered for ultrafast pulse laser heating problem, two-peak structures become apparently present for the subpicosecond pulses because of the Auger heating. A substantial increase in carrier temperature isobserveds for lasers with a few picosecond pulse duration, whereas the temperature rise of acoustic and phonon temperatures is relatively small with decreasing laser pulse widths. A slight lagging behavior is observed due to the differences in relaxation times and heat capacities between two different phonons. Moreover, the laser fluence has a significant effect on the decaying rate of the Auger recombination.     

Energy harvester for a wireless sensor in a boiler environment

Wireless sensors have become a focus of study in the field of measurement technologies. The power supply of many wireless sensors is based on batteries or external power sources. However, there is increasing interest in finding solutions where the batteries can be leaved away and the power for the wireless sensors is produced from the environment in which the sensors operate. The technologies required are called energy harvesting or scavenging technologies.This paper introduces the principles, modeling and a practical implementation of a self-powering solution for a wireless sensor for energy boilers or other hot reactor vessels. With the aid of energy solution introduced, the wireless sensor can operate autonomously without any batteries. One of the design targets in this work was that the top part of harvester’s mechanics must fit to the opening or assembly tube of diameter less than 15 mm in the boiler wall reserved for standard instrument assemblies. So the top of harvester collects and conducts thermal energy to element generating electricity from it. The harvester and further the measuring and communication electronics are mounted outside the hot area.The harvester solution introduced in the paper can produce about 114 mW power, when top of harvester mechanics was inserted to the test oven heated to temperature of +500 °C. The sensor function or type is not defined nor limited in this study. The electric energy generated by harvester can be used to power, for example, temperature, heat flux, flow, vibration or other little energy needing sensors.     

Application of an impedance matching transformer to a plasma focus

A plasma focus was constructed using an impedance matching transformer to improve power transfer between the pulse power and the dynamic plasma load. The system relied on two switches and twelve transformer cores to produce a 100 kA pulse in short circuit on the secondary at 27 kV on the primary with 110 J stored. With the two transformer systems in parallel, the Thevenin equivalent circuit parameters on the secondary side of the driver are: C = 10.9 μF, V(0) = 4.5 kV, L = 17 nH, and R = 5 mΩ. An equivalent direct drive circuit would require a large number of switches in parallel, to achieve the same Thevenin equivalent. The benefits of this approach are replacement of consumable switches with non-consumable transformer cores, reduction of the driver inductance and resistance as viewed by the dynamic load, and reduction of the stored energy to produce a given peak current. The system is designed to operate at 100 Hz, so minimizing the stored energy results in less load on the thermal management system. When operated at 1 Hz, the neutron yield from the transformer matched plasma focus was similar to the neutron yield from a conventional (directly driven) plasma focus at the same peak current.     

The Time Resolution of a Vacuum Fission Chamber

The process of the formation of a signal by a vacuum fission chamber (VFC) under the irradiation by a short-duration pulsed neutron flux is considered for the first time. It is shown that the collection time of charge carriers in the VFC with plane–parallel electrodes does not exceed 0.4 ns at a supply voltage of >100 V and that the square of the VFC pulse width is inversely proportional to the supply voltage. The minimum detectable flux densities for fast and thermal neutrons are estimated at 5 × 10¹⁰ and 10⁸ cm^–2 s^–1, respectively, at a noise current of 10^–3 A for the electronic equipment.