压水堆低泄漏换料堆芯可燃毒物的优化配置

提出了一种用于低泄漏换料设计中可燃毒物优化配置的新方法。该方法直接采用组件内可燃毒物棒根数作为控制变量，以循环初组件平均功率峰因子最小为目标函数，用可变容差法求解可燃毒物配置的非线性控制问题。并将编制的优化程序ＮＬＰＯＴ对秦山核电站第二循环低泄漏换料进行了计算，取得很好效果。     

百万千瓦级压水堆核电站长燃耗堆芯钆可燃毒物优化研究

对百万千瓦级参考核电站长燃耗堆芯（１８个月换料）采用的可燃毒物（钆）含量与堆芯燃料管理主要结果进行了分析研究。该研究采用先进的燃料管理程序系统,对不同可燃毒物含量和不同可燃毒物棒根数的燃料组件进行了计算,给出了组件无限增殖因子（ｋｉｎｆ）随燃耗的变化关系,据此对参考堆芯采用相同的装载进行了４种方案燃料管理计算。计算结果表明,对于堆芯燃料管理,采用低可燃毒物含量、含可燃毒物棒数多的装载方案明显优于高可燃毒物含量、含可燃毒物棒少的堆芯装载方案。     

双富集度18个月换料燃料管理可行性研究

针对核电厂18个月换料模式下组件批卸料燃耗不高、燃料利用率不高等问题,采用富集度分别为4.45%和4.95%的2种燃料组件进行燃料管理方案设计,给出了双富集度18个月换料的主要计算结果。结果表明,通过对燃料组件和可燃毒物进行合理化布置,双富集度18个月换料方案可以满足18个月换料周期运行的设计准则要求。在相同的循环长度下,堆芯平均卸料燃耗更高,组件使用费用更少,经济性更好。     

24个月换料周期燃料管理初步研究

目前国内大部分压水堆核电站已经过渡或计划过渡到18个月的换料周期,而更长周期的燃料管理策略是未来的发展趋势.本课题以秦山第二核电厂为研究对象,分析研究将换料燃料富集度提高到4.95％及56个和60个换料新组件的燃料管理方案.结果表明,通过对燃料组件和可燃毒物的合理布置及优化,2种燃料管理方案在循环长度上均可满足24个月换料周期运行的要求,且都具有较好的经济指标和运行安全性.     

一体化先进压水堆小型核电站堆芯燃料管理设计

采用SCIENCE核程序包进行装载方案的设计计算,确定了满足设计准则的各个过渡循环至平衡循环的堆芯.选择合理的平衡循环堆芯燃料的富集度、换料燃料组件数以及各循环的装载和换料方式,使平衡循环达到预定的2 a换料循环长度.堆芯采用低泄漏"内-外"式布置,旧燃料组件布置于堆芯外区.第一循环堆芯,高富集度的组件置于堆芯外区,低富集度的组件排列在堆芯内区.第二循环堆芯装入44个富集度为4.95%的新燃料组件,同时卸出44个旧燃料组件,旧燃料组件布置于堆芯外区.第三循环开始到反应堆寿期内的所有堆芯,都只使用含0、12和20根载钆燃料棒的燃料组件.各循环燃料组件最大卸料燃耗满足设计准则要求.     

大功率压水堆堆芯燃料管理设计

设计了一种大功率压水堆堆芯,对其中可燃毒物装载方案、平衡循环布置、首循环装料及过渡循环方案进行了研究。采用特征统计算法CSA燃料管理优化程序,快速高效地搜索堆芯装载和可燃毒物配置优化方案。采用堆芯核设计程序CPACT进行全堆计算,结果真实可靠。分别设计了18个月和24个月换料两种方案,计算结果表明,在满足堆芯燃料管理所有限值要求的前提下,两种方案均从第4循环开始进入平衡循环。     

低泄漏堆芯燃料管理的一种多循环优化方法

提出一种用于指导压水堆低泄漏堆芯燃料管理的多循环优化方法。该方法将多循环优化问题分解为３步优化处理：首先用线性规划确定满足多循环总体目标最优的各个单循环优化目标参数,然后以此为条件,对多循环中相继的各个单循环进行燃料组件的优化布置,最后进行可燃毒物的优化配置。本文着重讨论第一步优化方法,并给出主要计算结果。     

硼化锆在CPR1000核电厂1/4换料燃料管理中的应用研究

采用SCIENCE V2软件包,对CPR1000核电厂1/4换料燃料管理采用硼化锆可燃毒物和氧化钆可燃毒物的组件反应性,以及采用这2种可燃毒物堆芯的径向功率峰因子、循环长度、停堆裕量等参数进行计算分析.结果表明,在CPR1000核电厂1/4换料燃料管理中采用硼化锆可燃毒物是可行的,可获得更长的循环长度.     

基于遗传算法的可燃毒物设计优化方法研究

可燃毒物可补偿寿期初过剩反应性及展平功率分布,因此对堆芯燃料组件设计具有重要意义。目前传统的优化设计主要依靠设计者的主观经验及判断,复杂耗时,其设计效率及可靠性急待改进。本文将多目标并行遗传算法应用于压水堆组件毒物选型优化,以反应性控制、功率分布和不同时期燃耗剩余等为目标,对可燃毒物材料类型、含可燃毒物燃料棒排列方式、毒物含量、轴向分层等决策变量进行优化,研究了遗传算法在燃料组件毒物多目标优化设计中的理论模型及实现方法。同时将遗传算法与蒙特卡罗粒子输运方法有机结合,应用到压水堆燃料组件设计中,得到了组件可燃毒物优化方案。针对二维和三维燃耗计算,分别筛选了13和40种优化方案。计算结果表明：Er2O3用作毒物的综合效果最好;Gd2O3、Eu2O3和Sm2O3的应用需结合堆芯方案开展进一步研究;HfO2和Dy2O3不适合用作可燃毒物。该结果与通过人工搜索优化得到的结论基本一致。同时,三维轴向分层可为优化提供更多可选的材料种类方案,以部分毒物的分层布置方式可减小功率峰因子。本文研究为堆芯燃料/毒物设计提供了先进方法及工具。     

改进双排棒组件超临界水堆堆芯设计

为了提升堆芯性能,本文对现有的双排棒组件设计及堆芯设计方案进行了优化,并利用超临界核热耦合计算平台评估了优化后的方案。在组件设计中,为了减少寿期末堆芯中可燃毒物残余,优化了组件中可燃毒物棒的位置及可燃毒物含量。在堆芯设计中,为了延长堆芯寿期、降低包壳温度,对堆芯给水分配方案、换料方案及控制棒方案进行了一系列的优化。耦合计算结果表明,改进后的堆芯设计方案满足设计准则,堆芯寿期、卸料燃耗和包壳温度等参数均优于原方案。     

含可燃毒物的压水堆堆芯装料优化

含可燃毒物的压水堆堆芯装料优化是燃料管理优化研究中的难点。应用通常的优化算法效率低、全局性差,特征统计算法更适合求解该优化问题。本研究克服了原特征统计算法装料优化将组件布置(LP)优化和新组件可燃毒物配置(BP)优化脱耦处理的缺陷,对LP和BP同时进行优化,结合堆芯分析程序CYCLE2D,成功地研制了压水堆LP和BP耦合优化程序CSALPBP。用该程序对大亚湾2号机组第10循环进行了堆芯装料优化计算。结果表明：CSALPBP程序具有很高的搜索效率和很好的全局性。     

Implementation of the batch composition preserving genetic algorithm for burn up extension of a typical PWR

Nuclear reactor core is the heart of a power plant producing power from fissile fuel fission. Refueling is needed periodically when it becomes impossible to maintain the reactor operating at nominal power as a result of fuel burn up. In PWR core reloading, attention is drawn to the configuration that meets safety requirements and minimizes energy cost. This paper focuses on finding the best core configuration for a typical two-loop, 300 MWe PWR satisfying the objectives of power peaking factor minimization to enhance safety of the reactor and maximization of multiplication factor to increase fuel burn up. Multi-objective optimization of the first core has been accomplished by implementing the batch composition preserving genetic algorithms (GA). Neutronic calculations and burn up analysis of the optimized loading patterns have been carried out using available reactor physics codes. It is found from this study that burn up of the optimized core has been extended by 48 effective full power days (EFPD's) while satisfying safety criterion by keeping power peaking factor below the reference value.     

含有可燃毒物的压水堆核电站堆芯装料设计优化研究

含可燃毒物的压水堆装料优化是燃料管理优化研究中的难点,应用通常的脱耦方法和优化算法效率低、全局性差。研究提出局部脱耦方法用以简化问题规模、缩小搜索空间,选择特征统计算法进行优化方案的搜索。利用局部脱耦方法结合特征统计算法研制出压水堆核电站堆芯LP和BP耦合装料优化程序CSALPBP。使用该程序对大亚湾第10循环和第12循环进行了装料优化计算。结果表明CSALPBP程序在求解含可燃毒物的压水堆装料优化问题方面具有很高的搜索效率和很好的全局性,能够较好地解决含可燃毒物的压水堆堆芯装料优化难题。     

New genetic algorithms (GA) to optimize PWR reactors: Part II: Simultaneous optimization of loading pattern and burnable poison placement for the TMI-1 reactor

In this paper, the GARCO–PSU (Genetic Algorithm Reactor Code Optimization–Pennsylvania State University) code simultaneously optimizes the core loading pattern (LP) and the burnable poison (BP) placement in a pressurized water reactor (PWR). The LP optimization and BP placement optimization are interconnected, but it is difficult to solve the combined problem due to its large size. Separating the problem into two sequential steps provides a practical way to solve the problem. However, the result of this method alone may not develop the real optimal solution. GARCO–PSU achieves solving the LP optimization and BP placement optimization simultaneously by developing an innovative genetic algorithm (GA). The classical representation of the genotype has been modified to incorporate in-core fuel management basic knowledge. GARCO has three modes; the first mode optimizes the LP only, the second mode optimizes the LP and BP placement in sequence. The third mode, which optimizes the LP and BP placement simultaneously, is described in this paper. GARCO, as stated in Part I, can be applied to all types of PWR core structures having different geometries with an unlimited number of fuel assembly (FA) types in the inventory.     

New genetic algorithms (GA) to optimize PWR reactors: Part I: Loading pattern and burnable poison placement optimization techniques for PWRs

The objective of this study was to develop a unique scientific methodology as well as a practical tool for designing the loading pattern (LP) and burnable poison (BP) pattern for a given Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) core. Because of the large number of possible combinations for the fuel assembly (FA) loading in the core, the design of the core configuration is a complex optimization problem. It requires finding an optimal FA arrangement and corresponding BP placement design that will achieve maximum cycle length while satisfying the safety constraints. To solve this optimization problem, a core reload optimization package, GARCO (Genetic Algorithm Reactor Code Optimization) code is developed. This code is applicable for all types of PWR cores having different geometries and designs with an unlimited number of FA types in the inventory. GARCO has three modes: the user can optimize the core configuration (LP pattern) with or without BPs in the first mode; the second mode is the optimization of BP placement in the core and the last mode is the user can optimize LP and BP placements simultaneously in mode 3. In this study, the first mode finds the optimal LPs using the Haling Power Depletion Method (HPD) for placing BPs in the core. The second mode, which depletes the core accurately, places BPs in the selected optimum LP pattern. This methodology is applied only to the TMI-1 PWR. However, the improved Mode 1 GA option was applied to both the VVER-1000 and the TMI-1 to demonstrate and verify the advantages of the new enhancements in optimizing the LP pattern only. The “Moby-Dick” code is used as reactor physics code for VVER-1000 analysis in this research. The SIMULATE-3 code, which is an advanced two-group nodal code, is used to analyze the TMI-1. The libraries of the BP designs used in SIMULATE-3 in this study were produced by Yilmaz (2005) [Yilmaz, S., 2005. Multilevel optimization of burnable poison utilization for advanced PWR fuel management. Ph.D. Thesis in Nuclear Engineering. the Pennsylvania State University].     

Gd burnable poison system for reactivity control of the first cycle of a PWR

The reactivity control of a PWR core may be performed by a system of burnable poison (BP) rods. In such a case, the soluble B system may be eliminated and the BP rods will be responsible for the excess reactivity provided for fuel depletion and fission products accumulation. A strong negative moderator temperature coefficient is a desirable safety feature, inherent to a poison-free moderator. The design objective of a PWR core controlled completely by a system of BP rods is achieved by utilization of Gd as the poison material and annular geometry of a BP rod. The proposed concept is tested as a retrofittable option for the current generation, as well as new PWR plants. A plausible incore fuel-management scheme is demonstrated, with planar power distribution, close to an acceptable range. The fuel-cycle penalty due to the residual poison content at EOC is relatively small.     

New genetic algorithms (GA) to optimize PWR reactors: Part III: The Haling power depletion method for in-core fuel management analysis

The Haling Power Distribution (HPD) has been applied in a unique process to greatly accelerate the in-core fuel management optimization calculations. These calculations involve; the arrangement of fuel assemblies (FAs) and the placement of Burnable Poisons (BPs) in the fresh FAs. The HPD deals only with the arrangement of FAs. The purpose of this paper is to describe past uses of the HPD, provide an example selected from many similar calculations to explain why and how it can be used, and also to show its effectiveness as a filter in the GARCO GA code. The GARCO (Genetic Algorithm Reactor Core Optimization) is an innovative GA code that was developed by modifying the classical representation of the genotype and GA operators. A reactor physics code evaluates the LPs in the population using the HPD Method, which rapidly depletes the core in a single depletion step with a constant power distribution. The HPD is used basically in GARCO as a filter to eliminate invalid LPs created by the genetic operators, to choose a reference LP for BP optimization, and to create an initial population for simultaneous optimization of the LP and BP placement into the core. The accurate depletion calculation of the LP with BPs is done with the coupled lattice and reactor physics CASMO-4/SIMULATE3 package. However, the fact that these codes validate safety of the core with the added BP placement design also validates the use of the HPD method. The calculations are applied to the TMI-1 core as an example PWR providing concrete results.     

从第五不稳定核素系的特性论核燃料的有效利用

以第五不稳定核素系在生长时期的耗裂转化比不断增长的特性以及不同堆型中它的任－衍生核素的饱和含量比值并不相同的特性作为论述的依据，得出了目前从压水堆中取出的废燃料并未获得有效充分利用的论断。认为只须对废燃料经过去除裂变产物的后处理去污流程，即要重新作为动力堆的核燃料使用，避免了使铀钚分离以及＾２８５Ｕ再度浓集的流程。并对如何使用此再制的核燃料提出两种方案，分别适用于压水堆和以天然铀为燃料的坎杜重水堆