填料塔中哌嗪二胺吸收低浓度SO_2的传质性能

为满足有机胺法脱硫设计开发的需要,采用动态吸收法测定了填料塔中哌嗪二胺(PA-A)水溶液吸收低浓度SO2的体积总传质系数KGa,考察了吸收工艺参数如吸收液中的PA-A浓度和初始pH值、液相流率、吸收温度、进气SO2浓度及流速等对KGa的影响。结果表明:KGa随着吸收液中的PA-A浓度和初始pH值、液相喷淋密度的增加而增大;随着吸收温度、气相流率及进气SO2浓度的增加而减小。通过实验结果分析得到体积总传质系数KGa与气液相流率比(qG/qL)之间符合指数关系式,该经验关系可用于工程设计计算。     

填料塔中磷酸钠缓冲溶液吸收低体积分数SO2的体积传质系数

为满足磷酸一钠和二钠缓冲溶液脱硫设计开发的需要,采用磷酸钠缓冲盐溶液为吸收剂,测定和计算了在鲍尔环填料塔中磷酸钠溶液吸收模拟烟气中SO2的体积总传质系数KYa.在常温常压下,考察了空塔气速、喷淋密度、入口SO2体积分数、吸收液磷酸根浓度和初始pH等工艺参数对KYa的影响.结果表明,KYa随着空塔气速、喷淋密度、初始pH和磷酸根浓度的增加而增大;随着入口SO2体积分数的增加先增加后减小;该体系的传质过程受气膜和液膜共同控制.     

并流旋转填料床中磷酸钠法脱除烟气中SO2

以磷酸钠溶液为吸收剂,采用并流旋转填料床进行了模拟烟气脱硫实验研究。分别考察了液气比L/G、超重力因子β、入口SO2质量浓度Cin、磷酸浓度CL和初始pH值等工艺参数对脱硫率η和气相总体积传质系数KGa的影响规律,并采用Matlab软件分析了工艺参数对η和KGa影响的显著性。结果表明:η和KGa随L/G、CL、β和pH值的增加而升高,其中L/G和CL影响最为显著,而Cin影响最小。在L/G为(2.3~3)L/m3,β为80~110,CL为1.5mol/L左右,pH=5.5~6,Cin=(0.8~12)g/m3的条件下,脱硫率达99%以上,SO2出口质量浓度低于100mg/m3。表明该工艺具有脱硫效率高、液气比小、节能降耗、设备体积小、适用范围宽等特点,可实现达标治理,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

新型旋转填料床脱除烟气中SO2的实验研究

在新型旋转填料床中以NaOH为吸收液脱除烟气中的SO2,考察了超重力因子、液气体积比、进气量等因素对脱硫率(h)和气相传质系数(KGa)的影响及循环次数对脱硫率和溶液pH值的影响. 结果表明,h随超重力因子、液气体积比增加而增加,随进气量增加而降低;KGa随超重力因子、液气体积比、进气量增加而增加. 脱硫率和溶液pH值随循环次数增加呈下降趋势. 最佳操作条件为：超重力因子67,进气量55 m3/h,液气体积比(1.1~1.3)′10-3. 在该条件下,出口气体中SO2浓度低于100 mg/m3,h稳定在约98.7%,比多级雾化旋转填料床提高18.7%. 对实验数据进行回归,拟合出KGa与气相雷诺数ReG、液相韦伯数WeL和伽利略数Ga之间的关联式为     

乙二胺/磷酸溶液化学吸收法烟气脱硫的研究

提出了一种有机胺吸收二氧化硫的新型烟气脱硫工艺,并建立了有机胺吸收烟气中二氧化硫的气液平衡模型,首次较好预测了二氧化硫-乙二胺-磷酸水溶液体系的气液平衡。对比0.3mol?L?1乙二胺缓冲溶液的预测结果与实验结果,最大相对偏差不超过7%。同时,以乙二胺/磷酸混合溶液作为吸收剂,在φ30mm×600mm的填料塔中进行了逆流吸收和解吸实验,确定了实验室规模下适宜的吸收工艺条件:液气比L/G=0.6~1.0L?m?3,乙二胺浓度0.3mol?L?1,吸收液初始SO2浓度4~6g?L?1,pH值6.0~7.5;解吸工艺条件为:预热温度60℃,塔釜温度103℃,喷淋密度0.7m3?m?2?h?1,富液中SO2浓度14~16g?L?1。进一步的经济分析表明,乙二胺/磷酸法脱硫费用相当于石灰石法的1/3,低于氨法和新近开发的NADS法,具有较好的经济性。     

乙二胺/磷酸溶液吸收SO_2的实验研究

通过实验研究了乙二胺/磷酸溶液在填料塔中的脱硫性能。考察了吸收液在不同的液气比、温度、pH值、浓度、SO2含量下的脱硫率,从而确立了适宜的工艺操作条件。适宜的操作条件为:液气比L/G=0 6～1 0,乙二胺浓度为0 3mol/L左右,pH值=6 0～7 5,吸收温度为4060℃,吸收液入口SO2质量浓度为6～8g/L。     

微孔中空纤维膜接触器烟气脱硫性能的研究

对中空纤维膜接触器用于烟气脱硫的工艺进行了实验研究并建立了脱硫率计算模型。采用疏水性聚丙烯中空纤维膜组装膜组件,用SO2钢瓶气与空气配制模拟烟气,气相走中空纤维膜内侧,以Na2SO3溶液为吸收剂进行脱硫实验研究。实验结果表明,该脱硫工艺脱硫率高且稳定。当Na2SO3吸收液浓度大于5%,液相阻力可以忽略;脱硫率随气速的增大而减小,而随膜组件有效长度、膜传质系数的增大而增大。忽略液相传质阻力,用传质速率与物料衡算方法及传质经验关联式,建立微孔中空纤维膜接触器烟气脱硫率计算模型,模型计算值与实验值误差小于9.5%,模型能比较可靠地模拟烟气脱硫过程,通过该模型可以快捷计算脱硫率。     

Fe2+液相催化氧化脱除烟气中SO2

提出了一种烟气脱硫新工艺。实验选用水作脱硫剂 ,在只以Fe为催化剂的条件下进行。加入吸收液槽中的铁屑可与脱硫产生的稀硫酸进行反应 ,不仅可维持较高的吸收液pH值 ,而且产生的Fe2 + 引发了液相催化氧化SO2 反应。连续运行实验结果表明脱硫过程在不同阶段分别受SO2 溶解、Fe2 + 液相催化氧化SO2 反应、气相中SO2 扩散和铁屑与酸反应控制。吸收液中Fe2 + 质量浓度的变化和初始Fe2 + 质量浓度对脱硫率及吸收液pH值影响显示 ,可直接由清水制取高浓度硫酸亚铁溶液。实验还调查了SO2 入口质量浓度、液气比、空塔气速和吸收温度对脱硫率和吸收液pH值的影响     

烟气处理时乙二胺合钴高效脱NO实验研究

烟气同时脱硫脱氮中NO脱除是关键问题,乙二胺合钴具有高效脱NO能力,但Co2(SO3)3沉淀的生成导致脱氮率迅速降低,本研究在乙二胺合钴中加入尿素,使吸收后SO2高效氧化生成易溶于水的Co2(SO4)3,避免降低脱NO活性组分乙二胺合钴的浓度,而保证高效同时脱硫脱氮。实验证明:尿素质量分数的大小对SO2氧化率影响很大;吸收液pH值增大,反应温度的升高及氧气体积分数的增大,都可提高SO2氧化率;在乙二胺合钴溶液中加入尿素,在保证SO2氧化率几乎达到100%的同时,也保证较长时间内NO脱除率在95%以上。     

填料塔中钠碱溶液脱除烟气中SO_2研究

在内径为400 mm的填料塔内,以Na2SO3为吸收剂进行了烟气脱硫模拟实验研究,重点考察了吸收液pH值、液气比(VL/Vg)、空塔气速、烟气中SO2初始浓度、吸收液温度及吸收剂初始浓度等对脱硫率的影响,确定出各影响因素与脱硫率间的关系及实验室规模下本工艺适宜的操作条件。结果表明,在吸收液pH=6—7、液气比1—2 L/m3、空塔气速1—1.5 m/s、吸收液温度50℃以下、吸收剂Na2SO3初始浓度0.3—0.5 mol/L、进口SO2质量浓度约为4 300 mg/m3时,脱硫率均可大于80%。实验结果可为实际脱硫装置设计及运行提供必要的基础数据。     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Wet Milling of Fe/Al/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/Al/Al2O3 Powder Mixtures

Wet milling of Al₂O₃-aluminide alloy (3A) precursor powders in acetone has been investigated by milling Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures. The influence of the milling process on the physical and chemical properties of the milled powders has been studied. Particle refinement and homogenization were found not to play a dominant role, whereas plastic deformation of the metal particles leads to the formation of dislocations and a highly disarranged polycrystalline structure. Although no chemical reactions among the powder components in Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures were observed, the formation of a nanocrystalline, ordered intermetallic FeAl phase in Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures caused by mechanical alloying was detected. Chemical reactions of Fe and Al particle surfaces with the atmosphere and the milling media lead to the formation of highly porous hydroxides on the particle surfaces. Hence the specific surface area of the powders increases, while the powder density decreases during milling. The fraction of Fe oxidized during milling was determined to be 0.13. The fraction of Al oxidized during milling strongly depends on the metal content of the powder mixture. It ranges between 0.4 and 0.8.     

Participation of lewis base on vinyl chloride polymerization with Al(C2H5)3CCl4 catalyst system

The polymerization of vinyl chloride has been investigated using an $\text{Al}\text{(}\text{C}{}_2\text{H}{}_5\text{)}{}_3\text{CCl}{}_4$ catalyst system in the presence of various Lewis bases. Effective Lewis bases are γ-butyrolactone, diglyme and diethylenetriamine which are multidentate. The rate of polymerization is dependent not only on the basicity of the Lewis base used but also on a coordination number of one. The latter is the predominant factor. For the effect of polymeric amines, a tentative hypothesis is discussed.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33C and Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33CxN1-x Whiskers

Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C and Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C _x N_{1− x} whiskers were synthesized via a carbothermal vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism in the temperature range 900°-1450°C in Ar or N₂. The optimum temperature was 1250°C. Whiskers were obtained in a yield of 70-90 vol%. The whiskers were 0.5–1 µm in diameter and 10–30 µm in length. The starting materials that produced the highest whisker yield were: TiO₂, Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, C, Ni, and NaCl. C was added to reduce the oxides, and Ni to catalyze whisker growth. NaCl was used as a source of Cl for vapor-phase transportation of Ta and Nb oxochlorides and Ti chlorides to the catalyst. The catalyst metal was recycled several times during the synthesis and was transported as NiCl₂( g ) according to thermodynamic calculations. The rate of formation and the chemical composition of the whiskers depended on the synthesis temperature, the choice of catalyst, and the atmosphere. At low temperatures, the whiskers were enriched in Nb and Ta, whereas the Ti content increased with increased synthesis temperature.