Understanding the context of neighborhood parks: a method for public space classification

Neighborhood parks are recognized as key urban public spaces that serve the social, economic, and environmental needs of adjacent neighborhoods. However, relevant studies primarily focus on the contribution of neighborhood parks as discrete spaces, instead of neighborhood parks as built spaces within an urban context. This research provides a better understanding of the inter-relationships between various urban form measures and an alternative way of constructing public space typology based on the surrounding urban form. The research employs factor and cluster analysis to develop a typology of 150 neighborhood park contexts in the City of Chicago, Illinois. 150-neighborhood park surroundings are classified into six categories based on an understanding of the dimensional structure of urban form elements; however, the Chicago Park District currently classifies them into one broad category. The study also provides guidelines for urban design and physical planning strategies for neighborhood park development.     

从几个转变看城市公共设施的发展与规划

目前我国城市发展正处于多重外因交织作用的特殊时期,城市公共设施作为城市最具代表性的组成部分,体现出较为鲜明的市场化、信息化和区域化的转变特征,对此在规划建设上需有针对地采取相应的策略和措施,这对城市整体的健康发展十分重要。     

城市公共设施及标识系统色彩规划初探

对城市公共设施及标识系统的特点进行了分析,并根据其特点及城市色彩规划和色彩设计的相关原理,尝试性地提出了公共设施及标识系统色彩规划原则,对其色彩规划的方法进行了初步的探讨。     

浙江基础性公共服务设施空间分布特征及优化

通过建立公共服务设施空间分布评价指标体系,系统分析了浙江省基础性公共服务设施的空间分布特征,揭示了浙江省公共服务设施空间分布上存在的问题,并提出适当的公共服务设施优化策略建议。     

公共休闲空间中的绿化景观设施设计

通过对公共休闲空间与绿化景观设施的概述,归纳了绿化景观设施的功能构成,针对现阶段城市公共休闲空间的绿化景观设施设计存在的问题,提出了具体的设计原则及设计要点,对工程设计有着重要的意义。     

住宅区公共服务设施评价体系浅析

住宅小区公共服务设施性能评价是我们方案评选中经常要面临的问题。但迄今为止还未有一种科学的,客观的,全面的评价方法和体系。本文利用层次分析法构造了住宅小区公共服务设施评价模型,提出了较完整的评价指标体系。利用该评价体系能为我们方案优选提供依据。     

城乡统筹背景下农村公共服务设施建设

从宏观上阐述了城乡统筹发展的意义,从规划的角度对农村公共服务设施建设存在的问题及原因进行了分析,并从微观上针对城乡统筹背景下的公共服务设施建设进行了研究,以改变农村公共服务设施落后的面貌。     

小议城市和谐社区公共设施的规划

介绍了和谐社区的含义,研究了社区公共设施配套建设的现状和问题,探讨了国外的先进理念及经验,提出了社区公共设施配套建设的规划策略,从而建设具有强烈归属感和凝聚力的社区环境。     

加强城市公共消防设施维护管理的几点思考

介绍上海公共消防设施及其维护管理的基本情况,分析了目前公共消防设施维护管理经费保障不足、体制机制不顺、法律制度不全、管理水平不高等问题,在此基础上提出改革公共消防设施管理体制、创新公共消防设施管理机制、完善公共消防设施管理制度,实行多元化、社会化、法制化、精细化、专业化管理的建议。     

Rethinking the Providence Hill cable car: transit,equity, and urban design in Rio de Janeiro

In July 2014, the oldest slum in Rio de Janeiro, Morro da Providência (“Providence Hill”), received a cable car meant to facilitate up- and downhill commuting for residents of this hilltop community adjacent to downtown. Socioeconomic indicators suggest that this community was an ideal recipient of such a project, which facilitated mobility to center-city transit and potential employment. Yet the resulting impact on the adjacent built environment may have negatively impacted small-business vitality and development opportunities for residents of the community. Using social indicators and urban design analysis, this paper examines the distributional and design implications of these choices and proposes improvements.     

Is inequality in the distribution of urban facilities inequitable? Exploring a method for identifying spatial inequity in an Iranian city

Achieving spatial equity in the distribution of public facilities has been explored over the last two decades. The direction of these attempts was to offer an integrated index of spatial equity to decrease inequalities between cities. This study seeks to explore an integrated model for spatial inequity measurement (SIM), with a particular focus on inequalities resulting from a) mismatch of population demand (need) and population that can be supported by a facility; b) spatial mismatch of population distribution in relation to facility distribution; and c) mismatch of human deprivation in relation to spatially located “nonenjoyment.” The SIM was examined in 15 kinds of facilities together with different service areas in Hamadan city by integrating geographic information system (GIS) and spatial analysis models. This model identifies and calculates spatial inequities in all city units, in regard to whole facilities, distinct sets of facilities, or an individual facility; it then maps these facilities to determine the areas and the extent to which they experience inequity, for rational prioritization of the distribution of facilities in future planning. The results show that the majority of the city population experienced “nonenjoyment,” indicating a widespread spatial inequity among different groups of people. They also indicated the importance of public facilities in determining the level of inequalities and subsequent deprivation of the poor that can occur from inequitable spatial distribution. This model is an integrated spatial analytical tool that is capable of determining and mapping the level of spatial inequity of all facilities in a disaggregated and aggregated manner for an urban area.     

存量规划下公共服务设施用地供给的解决之道——以中山市小榄镇为例

近年来一系列环境与社会问题促使城市发展模式从"外延式"向"内涵式"转变。城市转型背景下,城市公共服务设施用地供给以及公共服务设施定点问题成为棘手难题。文章通过运用"协商—调整"的机制,五个阶段来解决公共服务设施配套不足与定点难的问题。并以中山市小榄镇为例,结合小榄镇自身特点进行公共服务设施配套的实践。希望从存量型总体规划的层面出发,在解决公共服务设施配套不足、规划失调、实施缺位方面进行有益探索。     

Socio-economic and spatial indicators for household energy for a tropical urban community in urban Manila

Partly based on a household energy survey, this paper highlights the need to understand the complexities of the increasing urban growth rate around the world. The community, Baranggay 557 in the city of Manila is described, including structure and energy patterns, thus leading to an approach towards indicators and the rudiments of an energy policy. Cette etude, qui se fonde en partie sur une enquete relative a la consommation domestique d'energie, met en lumiere la necessite de mieux comprendre la complexite engondree par le taux rapide de croissance urbaine dans le monde. On y trouve une analyse de la collectivite en question - Baranggay 557 a Manille - qui en expose la structure et les modes de consommation d'energie. Les donnees ainsi recueillies font apparaitre des indicateurs, ainsi qu'une premiere ebauche de politique en matiere d'energie.     

Effect of visitors’ pressure on soil and vegetation in several different micro-environments in urban parks in Tel Aviv

The effect of the pressure imposed by visitors on urban soil and herbaceous vegetation was investigated in seven micro-environments in parks in Tel Aviv. Soil properties (organic matter content, soil moisture, soil surface compaction/penetration depth), litter biomass, and herbaceous vegetation characteristics (vegetation cover, number of species, height) were determined in seven micro-environments: oak and pine trees, each under high and under low visitors’ pressure; a herbaceous area without visitors’ pressure; paths; and a resting area. Soil samples were collected from the upper 0–5 cm soil depth. In addition, in the tree micro-environments soil samples were taken at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 m from the tree trunk. Averages and variances of soil properties and the vegetation characteristics varied among the various micro-environments and according to visitors’ pressure. Soil organic matter and soil moisture contents were significantly higher under oak trees with low visitors’ pressure than in other micro-environments. Litter biomass and penetration depth significantly decreased with increasing visitors’ pressure under pine and, especially, oak. The vegetation cover, number of species, and height of herbaceous vegetation were greatest in the herbaceous area, lower under with the trees where there was high visitors’ pressure and lowest in paths and resting areas. Thus, the soil properties in the oak micro-environment and the vegetation characteristics in the herbaceous area were the most sensitive to visitors’ pressure. For each tree and open area, increasing visitors’ pressure was accompanied by increasing spatial homogeneity of soil and vegetation. A radial spatial pattern of soil properties developed under oak with low visitors’ pressure.     

城市公共服务设施可达性评估及布局优化研究

以南方某市老城区小学为例,采用基于栅格数据模型的可达性分析方法,研究小学的可达性、服务饱和程度及布局合理性,以期为类似公共服务设施的布局优化提供参考依据。     

Quality of public space and sustainable development goals: analysis of nine urban projects in Spanish cities

The starting point of this research is the urban model promoted by the United Nations through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The importance of public spaces is especially highlighted in Goal 11.7: “provide universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible, green, and public spaces.” The quality of public spaces can be properly assessed by reconsidering the quality indicators and investigating their development potential, which is the main focus of our research. This study is based on a theoretical and methodological reflection on the quality of public space, considering the contributions of some contemporary urban traditions and a few recent experiences. From this perspective, a variety of public space projects developed in the European sphere have been selected and analyzed. The quality parameters identified in this initial analysis were then applied to the analysis of nine representative case studies in three Spanish cities (Madrid, Barcelona, and Zaragoza). The main goal is to propose a methodology that helps to evaluate the quality of those public spaces and determine its relationship with the safety, accessibility, and inclusiveness conditions they offer.     

基于AHP的城市防灾工程设施布局评价方法研究

针对城市防灾工程设施规划中,安全防灾规划仍以各部门制定的防灾专业规划和根据灾害事故种类制定的应急处置预案为主导,对城市防灾工程的综合规划、设施布局等缺乏有效的系统资源整合这一问题,以AHP方法为基础建立一种新的评估方法,对城市防灾工程设施的布局进行综合评价,以为解决防灾设施规划问题找到崭新的途径。     

Towards a monitoring method and a number of multifaceted and hierarchical biodiversity indicators for urban and suburban parks

In this paper we develop a method for the general monitoring of the biodiversity in (sub)urban parks. The method works along two lines, that of habitat diversity and that of species diversity. On the habitat level we measure the diversity in so called ‘habitat units’. These units are divided in planar, linear and punctual elements. For each category we calculate a Shannon–Wiener diversity index and a saturation index. The latter is the ratio of the diversity index compared to the maximum diversity possible. On the species level we use the species number and diversity index of vascular plants, as measured in random sampling plots of 100 m² (for trees and shrubs) and 4 m² (for herbaceous vegetation). In addition, we also use the species number of butterflies, amphibians and breeding birds. These numbers are compared with the total species number in Flanders, resulting in a saturation index per park for butterflies, amphibians and breeding birds. In this way 20 biodiversity indicators are obtained. The proposed method was applied to the municipal park of Loppem (West-Flanders, Belgium), from which the necessary time budget has been calculated. Since it is the first application of a new method and no reference to other parks is available, the proposed bioindicators have been compared with criteria given in the literature on the selection of biodiversity indicators.     

城市大型公共建筑机动车出入口布局方法

分析了大型公共建筑机动车出入口布局原则与布局方式,结合交叉口作用区、出入口影响区和出入口通行能力约束,提出了出入口布局选址方法,以使城市大型公共建筑机动车出入口布局更合理,从而促进城市规划与建设的发展。