确定岩质边坡地震安全系数的简化方法

 作为岩质边坡地震稳定性评价的规范方法,拟静力法忽略岩体的动力特性和地震动大部分特性的影响,而地震时程分析法考虑的因素较全面,却相对费时费力。目前岩质边坡地震稳定性评价缺乏较好地考虑岩体的动力特性和地震动特性的简化方法。为此,综合利用时程分析法和拟静力法的各自优点,建立地震安全系数与拟静力安全系数间的关系,提出2种岩质边坡地震稳定性评价的简化方法：(1) 对于重要边坡,建立边坡地震安全系数与地震动峰值、边坡拟静力安全系数的统计经验公式;(2) 对于一般边坡,统计边坡地震安全系数与拟静力安全系数的修正系数,建议相应的修正方案。以典型岩质边坡为例,采用显式波动有限元–极限平衡法,阐述所提出的简化方法的详细实施步骤,初步证明所提出方法的可行性和合理性。所建议的简化方法为重要工程岩质边坡震后快速评估和一般工程岩质边坡抗震稳定性评价提供有益的思路和重要参考。     

地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力可靠度

针对地震的动力特性以及岩体强度参数的随机性,提出计算地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力可靠度时程的方法,并提出以最小平均安全系数和平均大失效概率作为联合评价指标来评价顺层边坡的整体稳定性。首先,建立了顺层岩质边坡地震响应的分析模型,根据得到的岩体应力地震响应求出了顺层岩质边坡的动力安全系数时程曲线;建立了顺层岩质边坡极限状态方程,并运用JC法求出了边坡的失效概率时程曲线。最后,求出了顺层岩质边坡的最小平均安全系数和平均大失效概率。算例分析表明,与传统方法相比,采用最小平均安全系数和平均大失效概率来作为评价顺层岩质边坡稳定性的综合指标,能更安全地评价边坡的稳定性。     

露天采场岩质高边坡爆破稳定性之综合评价

考虑频率的影响,对地震惯性力加以修正,提出一种改进的岩质边坡爆破稳定性时程分析法。结合赤平投影、极限平衡和数值模拟法提出定性和定量研究相结合的边坡稳定性综合评价方法。以某钨矿岩质边坡为例,对上述评价方法加以应用。研究结果表明,爆破振动频率越大,边坡安全系数下降越多。但由于频率越大边坡动力响应衰减越快,安全系数下降幅度有限。用极限平衡法计算的平面滑动和楔体破坏安全系数时程曲线都在静力稳定安全系数上下波动;其最小值大于1.3,与有限元计算结果相吻合。这表明边坡不存在整体失稳的危险,仅可能发生小范围的崩塌或倾倒破坏。研究结果对露天采场设计和安全运营有重大意义。     

水平和竖向地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力可靠性分析

由于传统顺层岩质边坡地震可靠性分析往往是基于拟静力法,忽略了地震的动力特性,而基于数值模拟软件的地震时程分析法虽能考虑地震的动态性,却相对费时费力,该文同时考虑了地震的动力特性和强度参数随机性,提出顺层岩质边坡动力可靠性分析方法。运用Wilson-θ法和Matlab/Simulink工具建立了顺层岩质边坡地震响应简化计算方法。根据响应结果,运用Monte Carlo法计算了边坡的动力可靠度,并提出采用整体最小平均可靠度来评价边坡的地震整体可靠性。在此基础上,进一步分析了水平和竖向地震作用的叠加模式对顺层岩质边坡可靠性的影响。算例分析表明,提出的地震响应简化计算方法具有较高的计算精度和效率。该文可靠度分析方法低估了边坡的地震可靠性。与水平地震作用相比,竖向地震作用对顺层岩质边坡可靠性的影响也很明显。常用的水平和竖向地震作用的峰值叠加模式并不能充分地体现出双向地震的最大作用叠加效果,而采用双向地震的最大作用叠加模式更偏于工程安全。     

地震荷载作用下顺层岩质边坡安全系数分析

结合强度折减法的思想,并考虑到地震荷载特征以及离散元法和顺层岩质边坡的特点,提出一种求解地震荷载作用下顺层岩质边坡安全系数的方法。采用关键点位移/速度时程曲线的变化趋势对边坡的临界状态进行判断,采用失稳状态时坡体的速度/位移矢量图来判断与安全系数对应的滑动面。将上述方法运用到钟家湾顺层边坡的稳定分析中,并将所得结果与极限平衡法计算结果进行对比,发现二者的计算数值相差较小,对比结果表明该方法是合理可行的。在此基础上,利用UDEC初步分析地震荷载作用下坡高、坡度、岩层倾角以及地震波参数包括振幅、频率等因素对顺层岩质边坡安全系数的影响规律。     

顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析

运用极限平衡法确定顺层岩质边坡在不同边坡角时的临界滑面,计算了临界滑面的安全系数,依据安全系数对边坡在不同边坡角时的稳定性进行了研究,并针对安全系数小于临界值1.35时的边坡角,研究了其在结构面倾角不断变化时,边坡安全系数的变化规律。     

边坡地震稳定性分析的拟静力方法适用性研究

针对拟静力方法是否适用于水平设计加速度值较大条件下的地震边坡稳定性分析问题,选取两个典型均质土坡,分别采用极限平衡毕晓普方法与FLAC 2D强度折减方法进行了不同水平设计加速度条件下,地震边坡抗滑稳定性安全系数以及临界滑动面的变化趋势,研究结果发现:对于粘聚力较小的均质土坡而言,无论是极限平衡毕晓普法还是FLAC 2D强度折减法,静力条件下的临界滑动面较浅,随着水平设计加速度值的逐渐增大,地震边坡抗滑稳定安全系数逐渐减小,极限平衡毕晓普法得到临界滑动面基本保持不变,FLAC 2D强度折减法得到的剪应变云图逐渐变窄;对于粘聚力较大而摩擦角较小的均质土坡而言,静力条件下的临界滑动面较深,两种方法下,随着水平设计加速度的增加,抗滑稳定安全系数逐渐减小,临界滑动面逐渐加深,当水平设计加速度值增加到一定程度后,拟静力方法不再适用于地震边坡稳定分析。     

地震作用下边坡潜在破坏面预测研究

实际边坡在地震作用下的潜在破坏面往往并不是预先可以确定的。本文利用时程分析法对地震作用下的均质土坡和顺层岩质边坡进行动力响应分析,以地震波正向峰值时刻和震后瞬间所对应的塑性云图作为研究依据,利用极限平衡法对理想弹塑性边坡的安全系数Fs×(1+5%)范围及其对应的潜在圆弧破坏面范围和塑性区之间的关系进行研究。最终发现对于均质土坡而言,地震波正向峰值时刻和震后瞬间安全系数Fs×(1+5%)所对应的潜在圆弧破坏面范围以及所对应的塑性贯通区具有相似的区域;对于顺层岩质边坡,地震波正向峰值时刻和震后瞬间安全系数Fs×(1+5%)所对应的潜在直线破坏面范围集中在岩层交界面附近,而且两个时刻所对应的潜在破坏面范围十分接近。     

基于地质力学模型试验综合法的顺层岩质高边坡稳定性研究

针对顺层岩质高边坡稳定性问题,提出降强法与倾斜抬升超载法相结合的地质力学模型综合的试验方法,推导该方法下边坡稳定综合法安全系数表达式,将其应用到白鹤滩左岸顺层岩质高边坡工程实例中,并与FLAC3D强度折减法数值计算结果进行对比。研究结果表明:2种方法得到的边坡变形破坏特征、破坏模式、安全系数均较为接近,说明所提的试验方法和安全系数表达式是合理的;白鹤滩左岸边坡的地质力学模型试验综合法安全系数KSC=1.526~1.575,数值计算得到的稳定安全系数KSS=1.45~1.52;边坡稳定安全的控制性结构面为层间错动带C3–1及其上盘岩体内的软弱结构面,层内错动带LS337上的加固措施是有效的。研究成果对顺层岩质高边坡安全稳定具有重要的工程意义和实用价值。     

岩质边坡锚杆支护参数地震敏感性分析

目前已有的锚杆支护抗震设计主要采用拟静力方法,无法考虑锚杆与岩体的相互作用,也不能准确的评价锚杆支护后的边坡动力稳定性,为此,采用强度折减法动力分析法评价锚杆支护岩质边坡动力稳定性,该方法不仅考虑了锚杆与岩体的动力响应,还能得到边坡动力破裂面和锚杆轴力的变化情况,可以用于边坡锚杆抗震支护设计。然后以此为手段进行边坡锚杆支护设计,要求边坡达到容许安全系数即可,通过一个典型锚杆支护边坡实例分析,对锚杆支护参数进行了敏感性研究,研究结果为锚杆支护边坡的抗震设计及优化提供技术支持。     

Seismic Stability of Cement Treated Ground by Tilting and Dynamic Shaking Table Tests

A series of tilting tests and shaking table tests was conducted with a geotechnical centrifuge apparatus to determine the dynamic active earth pressure of cement treated clay ground by investigating the seismic stability of cement treated clay ground having an unsupported vertical slope. In the tilting tests, the horizontal seismic inertia force was simulated statically by tilting the whole model ground in accordance with the horizontal seismic coefficient k_h. The tilted model ground was subjected to monotonically increasing centrifugal acceleration until it failed due to the enhanced selfweight. In the shaking table tests, on the other hand, the model ground was subjected to dynamic excitations under a high centrifugal acceleration field. The magnitude of the dynamic excitation was increased stepwise until the model ground failed. It was found from both test results that the model ground failed with a combination of a vertical tensile crack and a straight shear failure plane, which was much different from the failure phenomenon of sandy or clayey ground. It was also found that the conventional pseudo-static limit equilibrium method such as Mononobe-Okabe’s earth pressure theory was not able to evaluate the critical height and the failure zone of the model ground accurately. Based on the model test results, a modified pseudo-static limit equilibrium method incorporating the tensile force along the crack plane was proposed in this study. In the method, the critical height and the failure zone of the cement treated ground were influenced by the strength ratio of the tensile strength to the compressive strength of the treated soil. It was found that the proposed method with a suitable strength ratio was able to predict the tilting test results with fairly high accuracy. Also, the proposed method seemed to be able to reasonably explain the shaking test results if the dynamic response acceleration of the model ground was carefully taken into account. Dynamic active earth pressure of cement treated clay ground was also discussed in which the importance of incorporating the failure pattern was emphasized.     

基于时程分析的岩质高边坡开挖爆破动力稳定性计算方法

提出一种计算岩质高边坡爆破开挖情况下动力稳定性安全系数的时程分析方法。根据爆破振动峰值速度衰减规律和爆破振动速度或加速度时程曲线，可计算得到特定时刻作用在各条块上的爆破振动惯性力，并根据其相位确定惯性力作用方向，然后施加到各条块上。结合刚体极限平衡分析方法中的Sarma方法，即可求得对应于该时刻边坡的稳定性安全系数。以某一时间步长进行整个爆破过程的计算，可得到相应的爆破动力作用下的边坡动力稳定性安全系数时程曲线。该法综合考虑爆破振动的幅值衰减、频谱特性和相位角的变化，突破了拟静力法中用综合影响系数折减爆破荷载的局限性，得出的边坡爆破振动稳定性安全系数随时间的变化规律，可较好地反映边坡稳定性在爆破过程中的变化过程，为优化边坡爆破开挖设计提供依据。     

A simplified approach to assess seismic stability of tailings dams

In the zones of high seismic activity, tailings dam should be assessed for the stability against earthquake forces. In the present paper, a simplified method is proposed to compute the factor of safety of tailings dams. The strain-dependent dynamic properties are used to assess the stability of tailings dams under seismic conditions. The effect of foundation soil properties on the seismic stability of tailings dams is studied using the proposed method. For the given input parameters, the factor of safety for low-frequency input motions is nearly 26% lower than that for high-frequency input excitations. The impedance ratio and the depth of foundation have significant effect on the seismic factor of safety of tailings dams. The results from the proposed method are well compared with the existing pseudo-static method of analysis. Tailings dams are vulnerable to damage for low-frequency input motions.     

考虑地震力的刚体极限平衡法及其工程应用

 在斜坡稳定性分析中，地震力偏角对斜坡稳定性的影响极大，但水平方向并不是最危险地震力作用方向，如何合理简单地求取地震力，并参与条分计算，是一个值得研究的问题。针对规范中拟静力法的地震力作用方向为水平方向，提出考虑地震力最危险方向的计算方法。以不平衡推力法为例，对考虑地震力的刚体极限平衡法进行改进，并应用于三峡库区兴山县高阳镇核桃树沟滑坡稳定性评价。结果表明：桃树沟滑坡最危险的地震力作用方向为指向坡外与水平面夹角为7.8°，最安全的地震力方向为187.8°；桃树沟滑坡在库水位175 m以及叠加6度地震时，滑坡的稳定性系数在0.9以下，滑坡处于失稳状态，需要对该滑坡进行治理。     

刚体离散元动力方法在基于位移的岩坡地震响应分析中的应用

当前岩坡地震动力响应分析中,多采用极限平衡方法分析拟静力安全系数,采用Newmark滑块分析动力永久位移,假设较多,工程实用性受限。将刚体离散元方法引入岩坡地震动力稳定性评价工作中。通过与强度折减法、Newmark法中的永久位移评价相结合,提出一种复杂岩坡静动力稳定性分析方法。初步认识表明:(1)采用极大节理刚度可以减少节理刚度带来的弹性接触位移,使得刚体离散元用于求解岩坡楔形块体的静/动力稳定性问题。(2)刚体离散元强度折减法可以无需假设块体运动方向或假定滑动形式,直接求解获取安全系数、下滑力等结果,可以考虑复杂形状块体,相比传统方法更具优势和实用性。(3)与4个经典静力算例与3个动力算例的对比验证,表明提出的刚体离散元方法及程序实现的正确性。(4)采用提出的方法,研究幅值、节理面交线倾角等参数对岩坡地震响应永久位移的影响规律研究,表明刚体离散元方法可以根据参数变化得到正确的得到相应的结果变化规律。且对比发现在某些特定条件下拟静力安全系数不能正确反映岩坡地震响应的陡增程度。(5)在工程实例中,采用刚体离散元方法进行K1块体基于位移的地震稳定性评价,给出基于超越概率的支护设计方案。相比拟静力安全系数设计方案,在满足使用条件的前提下优化程度更高。研究可为岩坡静动力稳定性分析提供一种新的思路。     

Evaluating the effects of the magnitude and amplification of pseudo-static acceleration on reinforced soil slopes and walls using the limit equilibrium Horizontal Slices Method

The effects of horizontal and vertical pseudo-static forces on reinforced soil structures are investigated in the paper. In particular, the effects of the magnitude and amplification of the ground acceleration on the seismic stability of reinforced soil slopes and walls have been investigated using the Horizontal Slices Method (HSM). The HSM is a limit equilibrium method for the analysis of reinforced soil structures, which offers a number of benefits over conventional vertical slice methods. First, a parametric study using acceptable geotechnical, geometrical and design parameters was undertaken. The results of the parametric analysis are presented in dimensionless form relating to the force required to maintain stability of the slope (K) and the required length of the reinforcements (L_c/H). Different rotational and planar slip surfaces are shown for various slopes and walls with different geotechnical strength parameters. Second, the capability of the HSM to consider the effect of earthquake amplification on the stability analysis of reinforced soil structures was considered. It has been shown that the effect of horizontal seismic acceleration on the response of reinforced slopes and walls depends mainly on the geotechnical strength parameters. The effect of vertical seismic acceleration on the performance of reinforced slopes is not significant for low values of horizontal seismic acceleration. It has been concluded that ignoring the effect of the amplification phenomenon could result in an underestimated design.     

Effects of seismic amplification on the stability design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls

Many researches of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls under earthquakes demonstrate seismic acceleration amplification along the wall height. Current design methods of GRS walls often neglect the amplification effect on seismic stability and could yield an unconservative result. A pseudo-static method based on limit equilibrium (LE) analyses is carried out to calculate the distribution of required tension of seismic GRS walls following a top-down procedure. The connection load between the reinforcement and facing is correspondingly determined by the front-end pullout capacity. The approach assumes that the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient varies linearly from the bottom to the top of GRS walls. The obtained results of the required tension involving the seismic amplification are in good agreement with other LE results in previous studies. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effects of horizontal seismic coefficient, primary and secondary reinforcement lengths and wall batter on the seismic stability of GRS walls. The seismic amplification yields more required reinforcement tension, significantly for the lower layers of the GRS wall subjected to strong earthquakes. In this situation, lengthening the bottom 1/2 of reinforcement layers could reduce the required tension to avoid tensile breakage of the reinforcements.     

地震边坡破坏机制及其破裂面的分析探讨

 地震作用下边坡破坏机制是边坡动力稳定性分析的前提,目前主要采用拟静力与动力有限元时程分析的方法进行分析,认为地震边坡破坏机制为剪切破坏,并以极限平衡法计算得到的剪切滑移面作为地震动力作用下的破裂面,而不考虑地震荷载作用下的拉破坏,从而使地震边坡稳定性分析失真。汶川地震边坡调研发现,滑坡上部多数发生拉破坏,甚至有些岩土体被抛出,这是一个很好的启示,为此,采用FLAC动力强度折减法,结合具有拉和剪切破坏分析功能的FLAC3D软件对地震边坡破坏机制进行数值分析。计算表明,地震边坡的破坏由边坡潜在破裂区上部拉破坏与下部剪切破坏共同组成,而不是剪切滑移破坏,通过多种途径给出地震边坡破裂面位置的确定方法,为边坡动力稳定性分析提供更加准确的基础。