基于隐半马尔可夫模型的用户兴趣特征提取

针对网络用户兴趣行为特征的抽取,提出了一种基于隐半马尔可夫模型的用户兴趣特征提取模型,通过用状态驻留时间的概率来控制用户浏览行为,使描述兴趣特征的隐状态和时间的相关性更紧密地结合起来,并且根据隐半马尔可夫模型可以产生多观察值序列的特性,把文本信息划分成多个文本块子区域,使每个子区域的特征和其中一个观察值序列对应起来。实验结果表明,利用隐半马尔可夫模型进行特征提取比HMM方法有更高的准确率和召回率。     

A novel approach to equipment health management based on auto-regressive hidden semi-Markov model （AR-HSMM）

As a new maintenance method, CBM （condition based maintenance） is becoming more and more important for the health management of complicated and costly equipment. A prerequisite to widespread deployment of CBM technology and prac- tice in industry is effective diagnostics and prognostics. Recently, a pattern recog- nition technique called HMM （hidden Markov model） was widely used in many fields. However, due to some unrealistic assumptions, diagnositic results from HMM were not so good, and it was difficult to use HMM directly for prognosis. By relaxing the unrealistic assumptions in HMM, this paper presents a novel approach to equip- ment health management based on auto-regressive hidden semi-Markov model （AR-HSMM）. Compared with HMM, AR-HSMM has three advantages： 1） It allows explicitly modeling the time duration of the hidden states and therefore is capable of prognosis. 2） It can relax observations＇ independence assumption by accom- modating a link between consecutive observations. 3） It does not follow the unre- alistic Markov chain＇s memoryless assumption and therefore provides more pow- erful modeling and analysis capability for real problems. To facilitate the computa- tion in the proposed AR-HSMM-based diagnostics and prognostics, new forward- backward variables are defined and a modified forward-backward algorithm is de- veloped. The evaluation of the proposed methodology was carried out through a real world application case study： health diagnosis and prognosis of hydraulic pumps in Caterpillar Inc. The testing results show that the proposed new approach based on AR-HSMM is effective and can provide useful support for the decision- making in equipment health management.     

主机型异常检测的隐半马尔可夫模型方法

提出基于HSMM模型的主机型入侵检测系统框架。以BSM审计数据作为数据源,提取正常主机行为的特权流系统调用序列,利用HSMM模型对正常主机行为进行建模,然后将当前主机行为与之比较,判定当前主机行为是否异常。选取特权流变化事件作为研究对象以缩短建模时间,同时滤去了过多的无用信息,一定程度上提高了检测效率。实验结果表明,提出的HSMM方法比HMM优越,同时该方法建模的系统不仅节省训练时间,而且在提高检测率的同时可以降低误报率。     

基于HSMM的人脸表情识别

针对表情识别中存在人脸semi-Markov models,HSMM)的人脸表情识别模型.该模型具有每个状态产生多个观察值、允许观察值缺省等特性,据此识别那些由于局部被遮挡或其它原因引起的丢失特征的人脸表情.实验结果表明,该模型提高了部分遮挡人脸的表情识别效果,同时对无遮挡人脸的表情识别也有所改善.     

Equipment PHM using non-stationary segmental hidden semi-Markov model

Health monitoring and prognostics of equipment is a basic requirement for condition-based maintenance (CBM) in many application domains where safety, reliability, and availability of the systems are considered mission critical. As a key complement to CBM, prognostics and health management (PHM) is an approach to system life-cycle support that seeks to reduce/eliminate inspections and time-based maintenance through accurate monitoring, incipient faults. Conducting successful prognosis, however, is more difficult than conducting fault diagnosis. A much broader range of asset health related data, especially those related to the failures, shall be collected. The asset health progression can then be possibly extracted from the congregated data, which has proved to be very challenging. This paper presents a non-stationary segmental hidden semi-Markov model (NSHSMM) based prognosis method to predict equipment health. Unlike previous HSMMs, the proposed NSHSMM no longer assumes that the state-dependent transition probabilities keep the same value all the time. That is, the probability of transiting to a less healthy state does not increase with the age. “Non-stationary” means the transition probabilities will change with time. In the proposed method, in order to characterize a deteriorating equipment, three kinds of aging factor that discount the probabilities of staying at current state while increasing the probabilities of transitions to less healthy states are introduced. The performances of these aging factors are compared by using historical data colleted from three hydraulic pumps. The hazard function (h.f.) has been introduced to analyze the distribution of lifetime with a combination of historical failure data and on-line condition monitoring data. Using h.f., PHM is based on a failure rate that is a function of both the equipment age and the equipment conditions. The state values of the equipment condition considered in PHM, however, are limited to those stochastically increasing over time and those having non-decreasing effect on the hazard rate. The estimated state duration probability distributions can be used to predict the remaining useful life of the systems. With the equipment PHM, the behavior of the equipment condition can be predicted.     

基于隐马尔可夫模型的多摄像头人体对象的目标识别

在非重叠多摄像机系统的人体对象目标识别中,针对基于单幅图片的识别算法不能较好处理对象表观和视角变化的问题,提出基于人体图像序列的算法。该算法用隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)融合多幅图片的特征,先考虑人体结构的约束,将人体图像在垂直方向上划分为多个相等的图像区域;然后采用多层阈值分割算法提取区域代表性颜色特征(SRC)和标准差特征(SSV);再用每个人体对象的多幅图片提取的特征数据集训练该对象的连续密度HMM;最后利用训练的模型实现人体对象的目标识别。该方法在两个公开数据集上进行的实验都获得了较高的识别率,提高了对摄像头视角变化、低分辨率的鲁棒性,且简单易实现。     

An improved noise-robust voice activity detector based on hidden semi-Markov models

To improve the performance of voice activity detector (VAD) in noisy environments, this paper concentrates on three critical aspects related to noise robustness including speech features, feature distributions and temporal dependence. Based on the statistic on TIMIT and NOIZEUS, Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) are selected as speech features, Gaussian Mixture distributions (GMD) are applied to associate the observations in MFCC domain with both speech and non-speech states, and Weibull and Gamma distributions are used to explicitly model noise and speech durations, respectively. To integrate these aspects into VAD, the hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM) as a generalized hidden Markov model (HMM) is introduced first. Then the VAD decision is made according to the likelihood ratio test (LRT) incorporating state prior knowledge and modified forward variables of HSMM. We design a recursive way to efficiently calculate modified forward variables. Finally a series of experiments demonstrate: (1) the positive effect of different robustness-related schemes adopted in the proposed VAD; (2) better performance against the standard ITU-T G.729B, Adaptive MultiRate VAD phase 2 (AMR2), Advanced Front-end (AFE), HMM-based VAD and VAD using Laplacian-Gaussian model (LD-GD based VAD).     

Toward finding hidden communities based on user profile

We consider the community detection problem from a partially observable network structure where some edges are not observable. Previous community detection methods are often based solely on the observed connectivity relation and the above situation is not explicitly considered. Even when the connectivity relation is partially observable, if some profile data about the vertices in the network is available, it can be exploited as auxiliary or additional information. We propose to utilize a graph structure (called a profile graph) which is constructed via the profile data, and propose a simple model to utilize both the observed connectivity relation and the profile graph. Furthermore, instead of a hierarchical approach, based on the modularity matrix of the network structure, we propose an embedding approach which utilizes the regularization via the profile graph. Various experiments are conducted over two social network datasets and comparison with several state-of-the-art methods is reported. The results are encouraging and indicate that it is promising to pursue this line of research.     

A novel user identification scheme with key distribution preserving user anonymity for distributed computer networks

Recently, Yang et al. proposed an efficient user identification scheme with key distribution, in which it is possible for the user to anonymously log into a system and establish a secret key shared with the system. Mangipudi and Katti later demonstrated a Deniable-of-Service (DoS) attack on the Yang et al. scheme and then proposed an improvement to withstand such an attack. However, this paper demonstrates an identity disclosure attack to show that neither schemes’ claimed user anonymity requirement can be achieved. We further propose a novel user identification scheme with key distribution preserving user anonymity for distributed computer networks. The proposed scheme not only withstands the attacks mentioned above, but also achieves the following: (i) user anonymity, (ii) key distribution, (iii) mutual authentication, and (iv) key confirmation. The performance of our scheme is of greater efficiency than that of previously proposed schemes in terms of communication costs and computational complexities.     

基于隐马尔科夫模型的用户行为异常检测方法

提出了一种基于HMM的用户行为异常检测的新方法,用shell命令序列作为审计数据,但在数据预处理、用户行为轮廓的表示方面与现有方法不同。仿真实验结果表明,本方法的检测效率和实时性相对较高,在检测准确率方面也有较大优势。     

Fuzzy-genetic approach to recommender systems based on a novel hybrid user model

The main strengths of collaborative filtering (CF), the most successful and widely used filtering technique for recommender systems, are its cross-genre or ‘outside the box’ recommendation ability and that it is completely independent of any machine-readable representation of the items being recommended. However, CF suffers from sparsity, scalability, and loss of neighbor transitivity. CF techniques are either memory-based or model-based. While the former is more accurate, its scalability compared to model-based is poor. An important contribution of this paper is a hybrid fuzzy-genetic approach to recommender systems that retains the accuracy of memory-based CF and the scalability of model-based CF. Using hybrid features, a novel user model is built that helped in achieving significant reduction in system complexity, sparsity, and made the neighbor transitivity relationship hold. The user model is employed to find a set of like-minded users within which a memory-based search is carried out. This set is much smaller than the entire set, thus improving system’s scalability. Besides our proposed approaches are scalable and compact in size, computational results reveal that they outperform the classical approach.     

Hidden Markov model based filtering for singular semi-Markov jump systems

This article investigates the hidden Markov model based filter design problem for the singular semi-Markov jump systems (SSMJSs). The considered semi-Markov process is a generalization of Markov process, which can eliminate the restriction on the exponential distribution of sojourn time. Besides, the hidden Markov model based filter is introduced to tackle the asynchronous phenomenons occurred between the system modes and filter modes. To ensure the stochastic stability of the SSMJSs and derive solvable filter parameters, a filter design technic is constructed. First, the direct evolution of the states between two arbitrary close time instants is constructed from the filtering error system according to slow-fast decomposition, sufficient conditions are then proposed based on the consistent projector of the filtering error system and the constructed direct state evolution. Second, a new linear decoupling strategy is presented to deal with the coupled terms under the established stability conditions, which further derives the desired hidden Markov model based filter parameters. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于隐马尔科夫模型的J波自动识别检测

J波检测在临床上可以作为判定某些心脏病的一种非创性的标记手段。主要定义了5个精确反映J波特性的特征向量,包括3个时域特征向量和两个基于小波的特征向量,并使用主成分分析减少特征向量的维数,作为分类器的输入。利用这些特征向量训练隐马尔可夫模型作为分类器,输出最终的判定结果。结果表明,提出的方法提供了93.8%的平均准确度、94.2%的平均敏感性、93.3%的平均特异性和93.4%的平均阳性预测值,揭示了很高的评价标准,表明该方法有能力准确地检测识别J波,并且可以利用该方法检测心电图中的其他病变波形。     

基于用户的QoS管理模型

随着IP电话、视频点播和电视电话这些网络应用的出现，传统的网络“尽力转发”服务已经不能满足需要。区分服务模型的出现在一定程度上解决了这个问题，但是由于缺乏有效的管理方法，使得网络资源很快耗尽。提出了一种基于用户的服务质量(QoS)管理模型，通过它能够对一个Intranet网内通过认证的用户提供有保证的网络服务。在该模型中，有一个QoS管理服务器，它负责对整个的QoS服务进行管理，网内的网络设备都按照它发送的命令和规则来转发数据分组。     

Exploring the state sequence space for hidden Markov and semi-Markov chains

The knowledge of the state sequences that explain a given observed sequence for a known hidden Markovian model is the basis of various methods that may be divided into three categories: (i) enumeration of state sequences; (ii) summary of the possible state sequences in state profiles; (iii) computation of a global measure of the state sequence uncertainty. Concerning the first category, the generalized Viterbi algorithm for computing the top L most probable state sequences and the forward-backward algorithm for sampling state sequences are derived for hidden semi-Markov chains and hidden hybrid models combining Markovian and semi-Markovian states. Concerning the second category, a new type of state (and state change) profiles is proposed. The Viterbi forward-backward algorithm for computing these state profiles is derived for hidden semi-Markov chains and hidden hybrid models combining Markovian and semi-Markovian states. Concerning the third category, an algorithm for computing the entropy of the state sequence that explains an observed sequence is proposed. The complementarity and properties of these methods for exploring the state sequence space (including the classical state profiles computed by the forward-backward algorithm) are investigated and illustrated with examples.     

A psychometric user experience model based on fuzzy measure approaches

User experience (UX) is considered a key quality of interactive products in today’s competitive mass markets and is of growing interest in both academia and industry. UX concerns the encounters a user has while interacting with products, systems, and services. It is ubiquitous, omnipresent, and dynamic in nature, referring to the non-quantifiable, subjective, affective-based, and context-dependent processes. UX is difficult for researchers to objectively and uniformly measure as it involves complex human perceptual interpretations of experiential responses with a certain degree of uncertainty, imprecision, and vagueness. Based on the user experience questionnaire (UEQ), this paper presents a psychometric UX model using fuzzy measure approaches, the purpose of which is to develop a metric for quantitative assessment of certain product UXs through a user experience index (UXI). This model enables researchers to understand users’ perceptions of the interactions that constitute qualities of using a specific product. An empirical study concerning the episodic UX measures of using a set of touch mice was conducted to verify the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed UX model. The theoretical and practical implications of the UX model are also discussed.     

基于云模型的用户双重聚类推荐算法

协同过滤是一种应用广泛的推荐算法,但存在着效率低和数据稀疏等问题。为解决这些问题,提出了一种改进的聚类推荐算法。该算法引用云模型,先从项目属性和用户属性两方面计算云模型期望、熵和超熵,并考虑到评分时间、评分高低和评分习惯等因素的影响,建立用户兴趣模型;接着,采用基于云模型的修正相似度量方法进行用户兴趣相似度比较,并使用K-means算法进行聚类;最后,利用参与预测人数的比例对公共项目进行推荐结果合并。在MovieLens上的实验结果表明,该算法不仅可以解决效率低和数据稀疏等问题,还提高了推荐的准确性。     

基于用户体验延迟的QoE层次评估模型

针对Web服务中难以获得反映用户体验的数据,且难以对用户体验质量（QoE）进行评估的问题,在分析了Web数据和现有评价方法的基础上,提出了一种融入用户体验延迟ED的QoE层次评价方法。该方法基于层次分析法,并结合人类生理主观感受,能够更加客观地衡量用户体验。通过相关案例验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于离散HSMM的故障预测模型

提出了一种基于离散HSMM的故障预测模型,根据部分观测矢量预测系统下一时刻处于各个状态的概率。结合HSMM的前向—后向(FB)算法,给出了部分观测下HSMM的状态预测算法。将提出的模型应用于减速箱故障预测中,结果表明该方法可以有效地进行故障预测。     

An efficient user identification scheme based on ID-based cryptosystem

Tseng-Jan modified a non-interactive public key distribution system and also proposed several applications based on the Maurer–Yacobi scheme. In their scheme, a user can prove his identity to another user without revealing his secret key. They use a challenge-response-type interactive protocol to achieve their objective. However, in wireless environment, waiting for a corresponding response from the other is time-wasting and consumes the battery of the mobile device. The ability of computing and the capacity of the battery of a mobile device are limited. Therefore, we propose an efficient scheme based on ID-based cryptosystem that is more suitable to be applied in the mobile environment.