功率管焊接质量射线检测

介绍采用射线方法检测功率管芯片与基座之间的焊接质量。试验证明，选用合适的透照参数可使X射线照相和X射线实时成像对焊接部位的检测均得到较高的对比灵敏度，但X射线照相法成本低廉，一次可透照多个工件，效率高，为该功率管焊接质量的理想检测方法。     

小径管对接环焊缝有效透照厚度的计算

小直径管（直径D≤100mm）对接焊缝无损检测的常用方法是射线检测。但在检测中要准确确定透照厚度较困难，因为小直径管对接焊缝是特殊的变截面工件，其透照厚度在有效透照区域内是连续变化的而且变化很大，无论采用垂直透照法还是椭圆成像法都存在此类问题。透照厚度是射线检测的重要工艺参数，它决定了实际透照管电压和像质指数的选取，还与透照厚度比和有效透照区有关。国内外有关标准虽然近似规定了小直径管对接环焊缝的透照厚度，但不同标准的规定存在差异，这样将导致对同一焊缝检测时，管电压和像质指数等的选取不同，从而引起检测灵敏度不同。     

高压焊接三通角焊缝无损探伤

燃化部第十二化建公司从1964年以来,用 X 射线透照方法检查焊接三通角焊缝,对于保证焊接三通质量和帮助稳定焊接工艺起了重要作用,取得了一定的效果。为了保证X 射线透照检查的质量,他们在透照方法和透照规范工作上作了以下改进:一、对用口径65毫米以上管子焊制的三通,手能塞进管子的,用单壁透照,每个三通前、后、左、右共照四片,用萤光增感。这种透照与一般 X 射线透照一样,质量可以得到保证。     

关于小径管环向对接接头射线检测中缺陷透照畸变的分析

在小径管环向对接焊接接头射线检测中,按照JB/T 4730.2—2005标准规定,由于结构原因不能进行多次透照时,可采用椭圆成像或重叠成像方式透照一次。在小径管环向对接焊接接头射线检测时,由于射线穿透的管件厚度变化大,因此底片上所反映的缺陷畸变的长度和黑度不同。研究这些变化的特点,可以正确评定底片上的缺陷,并对焊缝质量的评定尽可能准确无误,根据这些特点将透照成像后的椭圆影像和重叠影像分为四个评定区域进行了分析。     

小直径导管点焊接头现场移动式DR检测系统设计与开发

设计开发了小直径导管焊接质量现场移动式DR检测系统。首先测试确定了小直径导管电阻点焊接头的便携式微焦点射线源配合DR成像系统的检测方案,并且提出了焊接质量评价准则,然后设计了现场移动式检测系统的总体方案,详细阐述了系统的选型、检测姿态转换机构的设计、射线防护机构设计和控制软件设计开发,最后进行了系统综合集成和系统测试应用。试验结果表明,该系统能够实现小直径导管焊接质量现场的高效、准确的焊接质量检测与评价。     

管道环焊缝数字射线成像检测最少透照次数的确定

国内现行数字射线成像检测标准对于管道环焊缝的最少透照次数都没有简单、有效的确定方法,而直接参照射线胶片检测的最少透照次数来确定有很大的局限性.依据标准SY/T 4109.5-2013,分别针对双壁单影透照法与中心内透照法,分析了影响最少透照次数的因素,并提出了确定最少透照次数的计算公式,以便于检测人员参考.     

圆筒壳体环缝透照效率探讨

我单位生产的航空用小型圆筒壳体产品,多为薄壁管焊接而成,对这类产品的射线检测以环焊缝为主,根据射线头的结构形状,可以采用外透法和内透法.圆筒壳体分两种:短壳体圆筒外径为162mm,壁厚2.0mm,长210mm,焊缝2条;长壳体圆筒外径为162mm,壁厚1.4mm,长600mm,焊缝1条.我们从Seifert公司购进一台周向辐射棒阳极射线机,对环焊缝采用内透法照相,并用进口带状胶片,检测效率和检测质量都有了很大改善.但因每次开机只能透照一条环焊缝,故透照效率仍不能满足生产中大批量检测的要求.为此我们通过对各类射线机使用各种透照方法所得透照质量的分析和透照效率的计算,选择了最好的透照方案,并设计制造了透照夹具,在保证透照质量符合要求的基础上,提高了产品透照效率.1 透照方案的比较     

重型炼化设备筒体焊缝射线检测的准确分区方法

重型炼化设备筒体直径较大,筒体对接焊接后,对对接焊缝进行射线检测(单壁透照)时,无法有效观测到透照的整体布置,造成筒体焊缝内部的分区和外部分区不一致,黑度很难符合标准的要求而需要返工。为解决这个问题,提出了利用水平仪和激光测距仪寻找筒体最低点的设想并进行试验,结果表明,该方法能准确地对筒体对接焊缝进行分区,值得进一步推广。     

底片综合评定的探讨

射线探伤是金属焊接质量无损检测的重要方法之一，它以直观、可定性、易定量的优点，被人们普遍采用。经射线透照和暗室处理后的底片是进行焊接质量评定的重要依据，而底片综合评定结果的准确性和可信度是判定焊接质量的关键。笔者认为，在射线探伤中，如何做到科学有效的综合评片，应从以下几方面拓展思路。     

信阳华豫电厂电站锅炉射线透照工艺的优化设计

详细阐述了信阳华豫电厂电站锅炉射线透照工艺的编制内容,对射线透照工艺卡进行优化设计,射线检验人员严格按照射线透照工艺卡的参数进行操作,以获得符合标准要求的射线底片,为正确评判焊接质量提供依据。     

Experimental characterisation of the weld pool expansion in a tungsten inert gas configuration

In this study, we focus on the expansion of the weld pool in a welding process by tungsten inert gas (TIG). Use of high-speed imaging and metallographic investigations combined with electrical measurements allow us to determine the weld pool shape and dimensions evolution and the energy involved in the process for six durations of interaction (from 1 to 20?s) in a spot TIG configuration. Results show a fast increase of the weld dimensions on the first second. Otherwise, time does not seem to be an influent parameter on the weld shape. The comparison between experimental work and numerical model available in our team highlights differences between the predicted shapes and the observed ones.     

薄镀锌钢板点焊超声谐振检测

研究了低频超声探头的谐振特性,并将这种谐振特性用于镀锌薄板的点焊检测中.采用接触式低频探头对点焊进行检测时,检测探头能够接收到未焊薄基板产生的半波谐振高频信号,这些半波谐振信号的高频部分处于探头频带外的奇数次谐振频率附近.通过小波包变换的方法可以将这些高频信号从检测信号中分离出来并用于点焊的质量评价.分析小波包变换中各尺度信号,获取了能够评价焊核质量的超声波特征值并将这些特征值与点焊力学性能联系起来,提供了一种能够定量评价点焊质量的超声无损评价方法.此外,采用低频探头对点焊进行检测较之普通检测方法将大大降低检测成本.     

Evaluation of dissimilar friction stir lap joints using digital X-ray radiography

A digital X-ray radiography methodology is proposed for quality assessment of aluminium–zinc coated steel dissimilar lap joints produced by a friction stir welding process. This methodology uses digital frame integration for acquisition of data to reduce the image noise followed by high pass filtering to sharpen the image by gradient operation and contrast adjustments to detect micro defects in FSW joints. The effect of welding parameters such as rotational and travel speed of weld tool and penetration depth on quality of the weld is studied. The new methodology has resulted in three-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with improved defect detection sensitivity. The present study clearly shows that the weld tool rotational speed, travel speed and plunger depth have a decisive role on the quality of the weld obtained by the friction stir welding process.     

图像处理在电阻点焊质量检测中的应用

现代制造业广泛使用电阻点焊技术,研究者长期致力于实现焊接质量快速无损检测技术的研究,本文以低碳钢为试验材料,在各种点焊工况下对焊点图像进行了采集与预处理,利用分形理论对焊点图像边缘进行检测,结果证明,利用分形几何可有效提取焊点边缘.文中研完了焊点图像特征区域面积与焊点强度之间的关系,结果表明,焊点表面图像面积与焊点强度之间呈正比例关系,可以利用焊点表面图像对点焊质量进行检测.     

薄钢板点焊接头超声信号分析

采用水浸超声聚焦直入射法对镀锌薄钢板点焊接头进行了质量评价。详细分析了点焊接头的A扫描信号、B扫描及C扫描图像特征,探讨了沿焊核直径B扫描评价焊点质量方法的可行性。研究结果表明,采用这种方法不但可以定性评价虚焊接头与完好接头,还可以定量计算出上下表面压痕深度及熔核直径。对比沿焊核直径B扫描图像与横截面的金相图像,两者吻合较好,证实了检测结果的准确性。     

火电安装厚壁管道中间焊缝的射线检验

火电厂厚壁管道的焊接质量关系到机组安全运行。介绍了焊缝中间射线检验时胶片紧贴焊缝和胶片紧贴管壁两种透照方式的工艺特点。分析了不同布片方式对射线照相质量的影响。通过对比试验,验证了不同透照方式对缺陷检出的影响效果。     

Online quality inspection of resistance spot welded joint based on electrode indentation using servo gun

Abstract

Resistance spot welding is one of the major joining techniques widely used for car body assembly. Weld quality may significantly influence the durability and reliability of the automobile body. Automotive manufacturers often rely on destructive testing and monitoring variables which indirectly reflected weld quality to assess the weld quality and control the welding process. However, these approaches have inherent limitations and are difficult to be implemented in plant environments. Therefore, it is imperative to develop an online inspection method to evaluate weld quality. In the present study, a method of producing a series of substantially uniform spot welds between two metal parts using a servomotor driven movable electrode and an axially opposing fixed electrode is proposed. The indentation in the workpiece surface is suitably measured by the displacement of the movable electrode as it applies an electrode force and welding current is passed through the weld site of the workpiece. The optimal indentation range is determined by peel test and metallographic examinations with respect to various sheet gages and grades. Consequently, online weld quality inspection results are achieved based on developed optimal indentation range.     

The origin of weld seam defects related to metal flow in the hot extrusion of aluminium alloys EN AW-6060 and EN AW-6082

Longitudinal weld seams are an intrinsic feature in hollow extrusions produced with porthole dies. As these joins occur along the entire extruded length, it is desirable that these weld seams have a minimal impact on the structural integrity of the extrudate. In particular, defects associated with weld seam formation should be avoided. In this research, the occurrence of defects related to material flow inside the extrusion tooling is studied. In lab-scale experiments, EN AW-6060 and EN AW-6082 aluminium alloy billets are formed into strips by means of the direct hot extrusion process. By utilising model dies with an internal obstruction similar to the supports present in porthole dies, a strip with a central longitudinal weld seam is formed. The effects of different geometries of the weld-chamber and the processing conditions on the quality of the weld seam are investigated. Characterisation is performed through mechanical testing, focusing on the ability of the weld seam area to accommodate plastic deformation, and microstructural analysis provides insight into the defects related to unsound metal flow. Through computer simulations, conditions related to weld seam formation are modelled and correlated with the experimental results. The experimental results demonstrate that metal flow controlled by the die geometry causes defects leading to inferior mechanical performance of the extrudate. It is further argued that current weld seam formation criteria utilised in finite element modelling need enhancement to incorporate these flow related defects.     

焊缝缺陷X射线实时自动检测系统的图像处理

针对焊缝缺陷X射线实时自动检测技术普遍存在误检率与漏检率高的问题,研制了钢管焊缝缺陷X射线实时自动检测系统。研究了采用波形分析法与背景消除法信息融合进行焊缝缺陷检测的方法,从而有效降低了误检率与漏检率。该系统已用于西气东输钢管焊缝缺陷X射线实时自动检测。     

ASG管脚焊缝超声检测缺陷定位

在ASG管脚焊缝超声检测中,受探头、工件结构、焊缝成形等因素影响,会出现缺陷的定位不准的困难,从而影响检测过程及结果。讨论了一种适应现场复杂工况的定位方法。通过使用改良过的作图法和公式相辅助的方法,准确确定了缺陷的位置,可以加快现场工作效率,从而更好地完成现场检测工作。