基于电磁原理的钢轨裂纹高速在线巡检方法

由于非接触式检测的优势,电磁无损检测技术具有实现铁路钢轨裂纹高速在线巡检的可行性,但检测探头与被测钢轨间的快速相对运动引起的速度效应会对巡检结果带来较大影响。从电磁场基本理论出发,对高速漏磁检测中的速度效应进行了分析;依据速度因素的特点提出了钢轨裂纹高速在线电磁巡检的方法,其特征在于采用直流励磁激励的磁轭分别对钢轨踏面进行纵向和横向磁化,检测探头采用布置在磁轭两磁极中间位置的三维霍尔传感器和三维检测线圈以及缠绕在磁轭臂上的检测线圈。在高速无损检测试验平台上的试验结果表明,提出的巡检方法可以有效实现钢轨裂纹的高速在线巡检,且不同方法对不同类型的钢轨裂纹缺陷识别各有优势,方法互补之后可以实现不同类型钢轨以大于200 km/h速度在线巡检及缺陷的有效识别。     

基于三维霍尔传感器的钢轨缺陷漏磁检测系统

为检测钢轨顶面的剥离、裂纹等缺陷,设计基于三维霍尔传感器的钢轨缺陷漏磁检测系统.采用钕铁硼环形永磁体对钢轨检测区域进行垂直于钢轨方向的励磁,并将检测车的车轮轮轴同时作为励磁回路的磁扼,由ARM单片机采集三维霍尔传感器检测的缺陷漏磁场数据.在钢轨顶面人工制作一系列横向矩形凹坑缺陷样本,检测结果表明:钢轨缺陷三维漏磁检测系...     

基于轨面适应承载机构的钢轨表面缺陷的漏磁检测

根据漏磁检测原理,对服役钢轨表面及亚表面的微小裂纹缺陷进行探伤车车载高速检测。采用钢轨轨面适应承载机构,机构底部安装阵列霍尔传感器探头,该机构使检测探头紧贴轨面,减少了由于传感器提离过大以及列车车体晃动对检测结果的影响,对于轮对摩擦损伤严重的钢轨外侧缺陷具有较好的检测效果。该检测方法提高了现有钢轨表面缺陷检测方法的精度,对列车的行车安全具有重要意义。     

抽油杆交流漏磁检测方法与装置研究

基于交流漏磁检测原理,采用穿过式线圈对抽油杆进行交变励磁,实现对其表面上多种类型缺陷的无损检测。实验结果表明,缺陷深度、激励磁场强度和提离值等参数对检测信号幅值产生较大的影响,并对各种参数产生的影响进行了分析。穿过式线圈磁化实现抽油杆全周向交流漏磁检测,其检测的灵敏度较高,可以对腐蚀产生的微小麻点进行评价,能实施对含腐蚀性环境下的抽油杆探伤。     

漏磁检测技术及发展现状研究

介绍漏磁无损检测技术原理及特点；磁化强度、裂纹宽深度和埋深深度、捉离高度等因素对缺陷漏磁场的影响；磁化方法和漏磁场的信号处理技术。简述了目前我国及部分国外漏磁元损检测技术的应用和设备概况，以及该项技术的今后发展趋势。     

钢轨漏磁检测的速度效应

随着铁路列车速度与运量的增加,对钢轨检测速度的要求也不断提高,原有静态条件下的缺陷识别方法需要加以改进。为此研究了钢轨漏磁检测的速度效应。首先通过公式推导,从理论上讨论了检测速度对漏磁信号的影响;然后以有限元方法为基础,在Ansoft软件中建立了研究模型,仿真分析了不同检测速度时的信号差异,总结得出了一些有意义的结论;最后以裂纹的深度和宽度检测为例,研究了检测速度对特征信号的影响规律。     

高速铁路钢轨电磁检测试验

高速铁路损伤的缺陷主要表现形式发生变化,对其巡检已成为世界各国无损检测的重大课题。采用电磁检测方法,通过仿真及试验研究,结合钢轨实际案例进行分析验证,初步建立在高速运动的交直流激励作用下,被测钢轨材料及其表面、亚表面一定深度下的钢轨裂纹、应力等多种因素与被测材料表面三维等效脉冲涡流电磁场、磁泄漏和剩磁、巴克豪森噪声信号响应的关系。     

钢轨表面缺陷漏磁检测的三维磁场分析

漏磁检测技术通常测量垂直和平行于缺陷表面的漏磁场分量,来实现对缺陷的定量分析。然而,对于钢轨表面的复杂裂纹,传统的方法很难准确检测。为了克服这种检测方法存在的不足,采用三维磁场测量方法以及有限元法对缺陷漏磁场的三维分布情况进行了分析。在此基础上设计了一套适合钢轨表面缺陷检测的三维漏磁检测系统,并对人工缺陷样例进行了检测。结果表明,漏磁信号垂直分量包含重要的缺陷信息,特别是对于与钢轨走向不垂直的缺陷。     

钻杆缺陷的漏磁检测技术

在钻杆缺陷检测中,如何确定最佳磁化强度工作范围是其中的一个关键问题。通过分析钻杆漏磁缺陷信号的特点,合理选择了霍尔元器件作为传感器,并设计了相适应的数据采集系统。通过试验得到钻杆上4种不同缺陷的漏磁场,分析出缺陷类型及大小对漏磁场的影响规律,进一步得到激励出缺陷最佳漏磁场的磁化强度值,从而为钻杆缺陷的漏磁检测以及钻杆检测设备的研制提供了理论依据。     

油管漏磁检测装置的改进研究

采用有限元法对油管漏磁检测装置进行优化设计。根据油管的特征参数和检测要求,设计直流线圈励磁型漏磁检测装置。建立了缺陷漏磁场的有限元仿真模型,研究了励磁线圈的形状、励磁电流对检测信号的影响,获得最佳的信噪比。提出了改善检测装置的端部效应,提高Hall探头检测灵敏度的两种改进措施,有效地提高了漏磁检测装置的检测能力。仿真数据同实验结果基本吻合,研究成果已经用在新一代油管漏磁检测设备的开发生产中。     

直流线圈励磁的有限元分析计算

直流线圈励磁是管杆漏磁检测中一种最常用的磁化方法。采用有限元方法分析了直流线圈励磁的基本特性，计算出了线圈尺寸、安匝数和增加聚磁板后对管道有效磁化能力的影响，对比分析了多种不同磁化方式的磁化效果，并绘出了各自磁力线的分布图，从而总结出了缺陷漏磁场的切向分量与励磁强度和提离值之间的关系。重点说明了聚磁技术在励磁器设计中的重要性和有效性。分析结果为管杆漏磁检测中直流线圈磁化器的设计提供了有力的依据。     

Velocity effect analysis of dynamic magnetization in high speed magnetic flux leakage inspection

The investigation described in this paper focuses on the velocity effect of dynamic magnetization and magnetic hysteresis due to rapid relative motion between magnetizer and measured specimens in high-speed magnetic flux leakage (MFL) inspection. Magnetization intensity and permeability of ferromagnetic materials along with the duration of dynamic magnetization process were analyzed. Alteration of the intensity and distribution of magnetic field leakage caused by permeability of specimen were investigated via theoretical analysis and finite-element method (FEM) combined with the actual high-speed MFL test. Following this, a specially designed experimental platform, in which motion velocity is within the range of 5 m/s–55 m/s, was employed to verify the velocity effect and probability of a high-speed MFL test. Preliminary results indicate that the MFL technique can achieve effective defect inspection at high speeds with the maximum inspection speed of about 200 km/h being verified under laboratory conditions.     

Composite magnetic flux leakage detection method for pipelines using alternating magnetic field excitation

Pipelines are an important transportation medium for petroleum and chemical products, but defects in the pipelines can present hidden dangers and affect the safe operation of the pipeline. The traditional pipeline magnetic flux leakage (MFL) scanning technique generally adopts the axial magnetization mode, which has increased the difficulty in detection and the possibility of missed detection of axial cracks. In this paper, a new composite MFL method using alternating magnetic field excitation is proposed for the detection of cracks in pipelines. The alternating magnetic field is first superimposed on the MFL magnetization field, which will form a parallel eddy current field perpendicular to the magnetization direction in the pipeline wall. The defects in the pipeline not only cause the flux leakage of the magnetization field, but also lead to the disturbance of the circumferential eddy current field. The disturbance signals can be picked up through a secondary induced magnetic field. Because the magnetic field and the eddy current field are orthogonal, the presented method can implement synchronous detection in two orthogonal directions to avoid missed detection caused by the crack orientation. A series of physical experiments are carried out in this paper. The results show that two orthogonal detection signals can be separated by a simple low pass filter. Therefore, with only one scan, the new detector can obtain the defect characteristics in the axial and circumferential directions to overcome the blind spot problem seen in traditional MFL detectors.     

The influence of modeled B–H curve on the density of the magnetic leakage flux due to a flaw using yoke-magnetization

Factors which influence magnetic leakage flux density due to a flaw in magnetic leakage flux testing are the shape and dimensions of the flaw, the B–H curves, the magnetizing conditions, lift-off, etc. The influence of B–H curves which were approximated by two lines was already reported and it was documented that both initial permeability and the magnetic flux density in the saturation state are the influence parameters. In the study we discuss here, we will document that the phenomenon of magnetic saturation—observed near the bottom of the flaw—is an essential effect when we concentrate on the influences of two parameters, i.e. the average magnetic flux density in a specimen and the intensity of magnetic field, both producing changes of the magnetic leakage flux density by using B–H curves modeled according to a two lines approach.     

有限元方法在管道外漏磁检测中的应用

管道漏磁检测及其缺陷漏磁场的仿真技术研究具有十分重要的意义。在对各种漏磁场计算方法进行比较之后,选择了有限元法作为主要研究工具。叙述了漏磁检测的基本原理,介绍了漏磁管道检测装置的工作原理和基本结构,建立了管道漏磁检测中缺陷漏磁场计算的三维有限元模型,并以此为基础分别研究了缺陷漏磁信号特点、缺陷的几何尺寸与漏磁信号的关系、以及材料壁厚等对漏磁信号的影响等问题。通过对多磁化单元结构进行有限元模拟和试验仿真,发现多个磁化单元会造成磁场的叠加,磁化单元数量的增加会使缺陷处漏磁场增强,并且中间磁化单位的增加量要大于两侧。缺陷的几何尺寸影响漏磁场的分布,在一定缺陷直径范围内,缺陷深度与漏磁场信号强度呈近似线性关系。无论被测管道壁厚如何变化,相同几何参数的缺陷漏磁场轴向分量变化趋势仍然相同。适当选取提离值,将有助于获得良好的漏磁场信号。     

漏磁检测信号轴向分量和径向分量的选择

缺陷漏磁场的径向分量和轴向分量是漏磁检测中经常检测的物理量,两者之间如何选择,至今尚无定论。采用等效面偶极子模型分析了缺陷漏磁场的空间分布特点,解释了径向分量比轴向分量衰减更快的原因。结合有限元方法,研究了不同深度、宽度的二维矩形槽和不同倾角的梯形槽缺陷的漏磁场分布,分析了径向分量与轴向分量的变化特点,总结了缺陷参数变化时临界点的变化趋势。从探头设计的角度,考察了探头提离值以及缺陷参数对缺陷漏磁场信号轴向和径向分量幅值的影响,提出利用临界点作为检测分量的选取原则。     

FEM study on the influence of air gap and specimen thickness on the detectability of flaw in the yoke method

The yoke method is usually used as a magnetic testing method of welds. In this paper, we study the influences of the air gap between the magnetic pole and the specimen surface on the average magnetic flux density passing through the specimen, and the specimen thickness on the leakage magnetic flux density from a flaw using finite element method (FEM). When the air gap increases the average magnetic flux density at the center of the specimen length decreases. We can estimate the intensity of the magnetic field on the specimen surface by extrapolating the magnetic flux density in space to that at lift-off being zero. Moreover, the maximum leakage magnetic flux density from a flaw decreases with increase in the specimen thickness even if the average magnetic flux density passing through the specimen is the same.