Oxidative stability of olive oil during the thermal process: Effect of Pistacia khinjuk fruit oil

The oxidative stability of refined olive oil with incorporated Pistacia khinjuk fruit oil (PKFO; 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%) during thermal processing at 170ºC for 8 h was evaluated. The conjugated diene values, carbonyl values, acid values, oil/oxidative stability indices, and total tocopherol content were measured during thermal processing. Olive oil containing 0.5% PKFO was identified as the most oxidative stable oil followed by oils containing 100 ppm TBHQ and 1, 5, 10, and 2% PKFO. No significant difference between samples of olive oil containing 100 ppm TBHQ and 1% PKFO was observed. Thus, it was concluded that PKFO at levels lower than 1% could provide stronger antioxidation activity in comparison with TBHQ (the strongest syntactic antioxidant used in the food industry). Moreover, reduction in tocopherol compounds during thermal processing was higher in olive oil containing TBHQ as compared to those in pure olive oil.     

Effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction parameters on virgin coconut oil yield and medium-chain triglyceride content

The extraction of coconut oil has been performed using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂). The extractions were performed at pressure and temperature ranges of 20.7–34.5 MPa and 40–80 °C, respectively. It was observed that almost all (more than 99%) of the total oil could be extracted. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the effects of the parameters (pressure, temperature and CO₂ consumption) on the extraction yield and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), in terms of the fatty acid content in the extracted oil. A correlation was established with p-values for both responses significant at the 95% confidence level.     

A supercritical tuneable process for the selective extraction of fats and essential oil from coriander seeds

A selective supercritical CO₂ extraction process has been developed in order to extract selectively the vegetal oil and the essential oil from coriander seeds in a consecutive way by tuning experimental conditions. A 4-step process has been set up: (i) seeds preparation by grinding and sieving, (ii) extraction by supercritical CO₂ and (iii; iv) selective separation in two separators with different pressure levels. The first part of this study consisted in studying the effects of the operating conditions (T, P, CO₂ density, flow rate and particle size distribution of ground seeds) on the yield of extraction. The results showed that the global performance of the process depends mainly on the pressure level of extraction, on the CO₂ flow rate and on the size of the ground seeds. An optimization of the parameters led to an extraction ratio of 90%. The second part of this study dealt with the effects of the operating conditions on the quality of extracts, and more precisely on their composition in vegetal oil and essential oil. It was observed that the supercritical extraction had no major effect on the fatty acid composition of the vegetal oil compared to classical extraction techniques, while essential oil is enriched in components such as linalool and that a previous drying of the seeds is deleterious. Finally, we propose a procedure in order to extract separately each oil by adjusting CO₂ density and separation conditions.     

Some physical changes in Bajo Aragón extra virgin olive oil during the frying process

Changes of viscosity, transmittance spectra and colour of Bajo Aragón extra virgin olive oil, during the frying process, were studied, comparing them to the changes that occur during the frying process of high oleic sunflower oil. The studied oil was obtained from Empeltre variety olives. These changes, due to the deterioration of the oil during this process, were monitored by polar compounds measurement. Polar compounds content increased linearly with the frying cycle in both types of oil; however, the increase was faster in high oleic sunflower oil. The olive oil’s transmittance spectra, after the frying process, proved that, not only do the peaks corresponding to the carotenoids and the chlorophyll disappear but also that transformation of the chlorophyll occured. In high oleic sunflower oil spectra there were no changes. L* and b* colour parameters, measured on the CIELAB colour scale, showed the following behaviour: L* values increased for olive oil after frying while the opposite happened for high oleic sunflower oil. In the case of the b* parameter, the result was the same in both cases: when fried, more green and yellow colours appeared. The viscosity of both oils showed a non-linear increase with number of frying operations, which may correspond to a polynomial relationship. Despite their similar contents of oleic acid, olive oil was more stable to oxidation and there were some physical differences between the two types of oil.     

Carbon dioxide flavour taint in modified atmosphere packed beef steaks

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (100mlCO₂/100 ml pack gas, 50mlO₂:20mlCO₂:30mlN₂/100 ml pack gas, 70mlO₂:30mlCO₂/100 ml pack gas and 80mlO₂:20mlCO₂/100 ml pack gas) on the sensory quality of modified atmosphere packed (MAP) beef steaks (M. longissimus thorasis). Steaks were stored at 4 °C for 15 days and tested for CO₂ off flavour, lipid oxidation flavour, juiciness and tenderness (up to day 12) of the resulting cooked meat as well as pH, colour, drip loss, and cooking loss. One steak from each of the experimental treatments was taken immediately from the respective MA packs and cooked before serving straight to panellists. A second steak from each of the pack was treated similarly, but left in ambient air for 30 min to let dissolved CO₂ dissipate from the meat prior to cooking and serving. The 50mlO₂:20mlCO₂:30mlN₂/100 ml pack gas treatment displayed a significantly (P ≤ 0.05) and negative correlation to CO₂ flavour which was even more pronounced for samples where the CO₂ was allowed to dissipate (Dis, P ≤ 0.001). Thus this packaging gas combination could be used to optimise the sensory quality of MAP steak. Additionally opening retail MAP packs up to 30 min prior to cooking has a benefit towards the perceived sensory quality of the cooked product.     

超临界CO2萃取红瓜子仁油工艺及其脂肪酸组成分析

以红瓜子为原料、红瓜子仁油萃取率为指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验进行红瓜子仁油萃取工艺优化,并对获得的红瓜子仁油进行了脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明,超临界CO_2萃取红瓜子仁油最佳工艺条件为:红瓜子仁粒径40目,萃取压力40 MPa,CO_2流量24 L/h,萃取温度50℃,萃取时间3.5 h。在最佳工艺条件下,红瓜子仁油萃取率为99.27%。红瓜子仁油不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸(62.1%)、油酸(16.3%),不饱和脂肪酸含量达到79%,可作为一种优质植物油进行开发利用。     

Antioxidant activity of effluents during the purification of hydroxytyrosol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol from olive oil waste

Two different processes have been developed for the recovery of hydroxytyrosol (HT) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycol (DHPG) from olive oil mills waste. The antioxidant activity of several effluents has been characterised by four “in vitro” tests: antiradical capacity (ARC), ferric reducing power (P _R) and inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation in lipid systems. HT-containing effluents exhibited higher or similar activity in ARC and P _R than equimolecular quantities of vitamins E and C. In oxidative tests they were between both assayed vitamins. Except for commercial Hytolive^®2, activities correlated with HT concentration of each sample. DHPG-containing effluent had higher activities than a solution with the same concentration of the synthetic DL-DHPG. This effluent was the most active in ARC and P _R tests, its activity being similar to vitamin E in the inhibition of primary oxidation. Both phenolic compounds showed antagonist effect when they coeluted, except for P _R assay. These results suggested that due to the low-cost procedure and to the antioxidant activity of effluents, they could be valuable as natural additives for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.     

超临界CO2萃取条件对紫苏籽油脂肪酸组成的影响及工艺优化

利用超临界萃取技术提取紫苏籽油,研究萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间、CO_2流量对主要脂肪酸组分含量的影响,并以亚麻酸萃取率为评价指标采用正交试验进行工艺优化。结果表明,棕榈酸、硬脂酸含量与萃取压力和萃取时间负相关,因萃取温度与CO_2流量的变化趋势是先降后升;油酸、亚油酸含量因CO_2流量的变化趋势是先降后升;亚麻酸含量与萃取压力和萃取时间正相关,因萃取温度与CO_2流量的变化趋势是先升后降。超临界CO_2萃取紫苏籽油的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力25 MPa、萃取温度40℃、萃取时间2.0 h、CO_2流量20 L/h。在该工艺条件下亚麻酸萃取率为88.09%。所得紫苏籽油符合食用植物油质量要求。     

滇红玫瑰精油超临界CO2萃取工艺、挥发性成分及抗氧化活性研究

目的:综合利用云产滇红玫瑰花资源,提高产品附加值。方法:以玫瑰花精油得率为判别指标,通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化超临界CO₂萃取玫瑰花精油的提取工艺;通过气相色谱—质谱技术分析不同精油的成分及相对含量,并评价不同玫瑰精油的抗氧化活性。结果:超临界CO₂萃取玫瑰花精油的最佳工艺参数为：玫瑰花粉末颗粒40目,萃取压力25.5 MPa、萃取温度45.5℃、萃取时间123 min, CO₂流量20 L/h,该工艺条件下玫瑰花精油得率为1.185%;不同产地滇红玫瑰精油中共鉴定出74种挥发性成分,安宁产的滇红玫瑰花精油挥发性物质总量最高;不同产地滇红玫瑰花精油均具有较好的自由基清除能力,但不同产地的抗氧化能力存在明显差异。结论:超临界CO₂萃取的滇红玫瑰花精油品质较好,可作为一种天然抗氧化剂应用。     

硫酸盐法制浆企业的碳排放及碳捕获与利用技术

本文首先介绍了硫酸盐浆厂生产纸浆过程中CO₂的排放来源,进一步分析了“林浆一体化”企业的整体碳足迹,然后综述了温室气体排放核算方法,并介绍了硫酸盐浆厂的CO₂捕获及利用技术研究进展,包括黑液中酸析木质素的生产、沉淀碳酸钙的生产、塔罗油的提取、木质素纳米颗粒的生产等。最后探讨了将硫酸盐浆厂与生物质精炼厂相结合以进一步降低碳排放的可能性。     

Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë thamnoides L.) oil using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the conditions of supercritical CO₂ extraction of the whole berry oil from sea buckthorn. The effects of pressure, temperature, CO₂ flow rate and extraction time on the yield of oil, vitamin E and carotenoids were investigated. Results showed that the data were adequately fitted into three second-order polynomial models. The independent variables, the quadratics of pressure and extraction time, the interactions between pressure and temperature, pressure and extraction time, temperature and extraction time, as well as flow rate and extraction time had a significant effect on the yield of the oil, vitamin E or carotenoids. It was predicted that the optimum extraction conditions within the experimental ranges would be the extraction pressure of 27.6 MPa and temperature of 34.5 °C with flow rate of 17.0 L/h and extraction time of 82.0 min. Under such parameters, the yields of oil, vitamin E and carotenoids were predicted to be 208.0 g/kg, 288.7 mg/kg and 620.0 mg/kg dry sea buckthorn berry, respectively. Monounsaturated fatty acids were predominant in the whole berry oil, accounting for over 62% of the total fatty acids.     

超临界CO2萃取水飞蓟油工艺研究

以特种油料植物水飞蓟种籽为材料，以超临界CO2为溶剂在容量为1L的萃取釜中对水飞蓟油进行萃取。考察了萃取压力、温度、时间等因素对萃取效率的影响，在单因素实验的基础上运用响应曲面法（RSM）考察了因素间的交互作用．并对萃取工艺参数进行了优化。     

陆英挥发油超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及其成分分析

以陆英为原料,采用单因素和响应面试验优化其挥发油的超临界CO_2萃取工艺,重点探讨CO_2流量、萃取压力、萃取时间、萃取温度对陆英挥发油得率的影响,并通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对陆英挥发油成分进行定性定量分析。结果表明,优化的陆英挥发油提取工艺条件为:CO_2流量25L/h、萃取压力30.5 MPa、萃取温度45.0℃、萃取时间2.8h,该条件下陆英挥发油得率为0.86%。从陆英挥发油中鉴定出了16个成分,占挥发油含量约93.87%,其中含量较多的有3-甲基戊酸(29.37%)、3-甲基丁酸(13.83%)、E-4-己烯-1-醇(8.27%)等,另外3-乙硫基丁醛(6.46%)含量也较多。     

超临界CO2萃取燕麦油工艺研究

以燕麦切粒为原料,进行超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油工艺研究及燕麦油品质分析。首先,通过单因素试验探讨各因素对燕麦油萃取率的影响;其次,采用响应面法优化超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油的工艺参数;最后用GC-MS分析燕麦油的脂肪酸组成并进行品质分析。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油的最佳工艺参数为装料量50 g、静态萃取时间74 min、动态萃取时间160 min、萃取压力45MPa、萃取温度50℃,在此工艺条件下燕麦油萃取率可达56.99%;超临界CO_2萃取的燕麦油澄清透明,呈金黄色,具有特殊的麦香味,不饱和脂肪酸含量为87.49%。     

超临界CO_2流体萃取石榴籽油工艺条件的研究

以石榴籽为原料,对超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油的工艺条件进行了研究。通过单因素试验,研究了萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对石榴籽油得率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力40 MPa,萃取温度55℃,萃取时间80 min,分离釜Ⅰ温度60℃,压力10 MPa,分离釜Ⅱ温度35℃,压力6 MPa。在最佳工艺条件下,石榴籽油得率为18.6%。     

Kneading olive paste from unripe ‘Picual’ fruits: I. Effect on oil process yield

Olive growers start earlier to harvesting in order to obtain high quality oils, however unripe olives show different characteristics affecting technological and rheological properties. This work is aimed to study the effect of malaxation conditions on process oil yield for unripe ‘Picual’ olives. Experiments were carried out using Picual fruits harvested at early dates for three consecutive crops seasons. The malaxation conditions assayed using a factorial design were: time (60, 90 min), temperature (18, 30, 40 °C) and micronised talc addition (0, 1%). Olive paste from unripe Picual fruit are classified as difficult pastes. The main factor affecting oil yield was the crop year, while for each crop year the effect of each factor varied considerably. Results indicated as increasing time and temperature gave lower pomace oil losses although its effect varied on crop year. Micronised Natural Talc addition lowered pomace oil content on dry weight. Therefore for early harvesting dates knowing olive characteristics ‘on line’ is essential to adapt the kneading conditions.     

Lycopene extraction from tomato peel by-product containing tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide

This work discusses the extraction of lycopene from tomato peel by-product containing tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide. The presence of tomato seed in the peel by-product improved the yield of extracted lycopene. Extraction was carried out at temperatures of 70-90 °C, pressures of 20-40 MPa, a particle size of 1.05 ± 0.10 mm and flow rates of 2-4 mL/min of CO₂ for 180 min extraction time. Oil from tomato seed was extracted under similar operating conditions and analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID, while carotenoids extracted were analyzed by HPLC. The optimum operating condition to extract lycopene, under which 56% of lycopene was extracted, was found to be 90 °C, 40 MPa, and a ratio of tomato peel to seed of 37/63. The presence of tomato seed oil helped to improve the recovery of lycopene from 18% to 56%. The concentration of lycopene in supercritical carbon dioxide as a function of density at various temperatures was determined.     

超临界CO2萃取甜瓜籽油工艺及其脂肪酸组成分析

采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取甜瓜籽油,在单因素实验的基础上,运用正交实验设计优化工艺条件。结果表明超临界CO2萃取甜瓜籽油的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度45℃,萃取时间5 h,CO2流量8 L/min,甜瓜籽粉碎粒度24目。在最佳条件下,甜瓜籽油得率为29.34%。利用GC-MS对甜瓜籽油脂肪酸组成进行分析,结果表明超临界CO2萃取的甜瓜籽油共鉴定出12种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(10.87%)、硬脂酸(5.57%)为主,不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸(64.29%)、油酸(16.64%)为主。     

Extraction of canola seed (Brassica napus) oil using compressed propane and supercritical carbon dioxide

This study aimed to investigate the extraction of canola seed (Brassica napus) oil using supercritical carbon dioxide and compressed propane as solvents. The extractions were performed in a laboratory scale unit at temperatures and pressures of 40, 50 and 60 °C and 20, 22.5 and 25 MPa for carbon dioxide and 30, 45 and 60 °C and 8, 10 and 12 MPa for propane extractions, respectively. The results indicated that pressure and temperature were important variables for the CO₂ extraction, while temperature is the most important variable for the extraction yield with propane. The extraction with propane was much faster than that with carbon dioxide. The characteristics of the extracted oil, that is, the oxidative stability determined by DSC and the chemical profile of fatty acids determined by gas chromatography, were similar for the two solvents. The overall extraction curves were well described by the Sovová model.