6063铝合金韧性断裂机制的研究

设计可实现不同应力状态的原位拉伸试样,在SEM下进行原位拉伸试验,对断裂过程做了详细的研究和分析.试验表明,不同应力状态下的试样表面在拉伸过程中都产生了大量的滑移带,但其韧性断裂机制不同.随着三轴应力度的降低,断裂从韧窝剪切机制向纯剪切断裂机制过渡,试件断口也由韧窝断裂模式向剪切断裂模式演变;6063铝合金的晶界最薄弱,微裂纹形核于晶界,随载荷增大,微裂纹之间通过扩展或剪切连接导致试样断裂;试样最小截面上的三轴应力度越小,试样断口的两个面上韧窝的取向越明显,而且断口越光滑.     

不同应力状态下6063铝合金断裂机制原位拉伸研究

用SEM-520原位拉伸实验对可以实现不同应力的6063铝合金试件的断裂过程做了详细研究和分析.研究结果表明:不同应力状态下的铝合金试样在拉伸过程在其表面上都产生了大量的滑移带,但断裂机制不同.随着三轴应力度的降低,断裂从正断向剪断过渡,试件断口也由韧窝断裂模式向剪切断裂模式演变;6063铝合金晶界是其最薄弱环节,大量微裂纹产生于晶界,随着载荷的增加,微裂纹长大和扩展,与此同时,在局部变形带中沿晶界和滑移带又产生了新的微裂纹,微裂纹之间通过扩展或剪切而连接导致试样断裂;试样最小截面上的三轴应力度越小,试样断口的2个面上韧窝的取向越明显,而且断口越光滑.     

不同应力状态下铝合金变形及损伤机理的研究

利用改装的Arcan夹具对铝合金（6063）的蝶形试样进行0°，30°，45°，60°，90°的拉伸及拉伸卸载试验，研究了铝合金在不同应力状态下变形及损伤机理。结果表明：铝合金在不同应力状态下的工程应力一应变曲线明显不同。0°加载时，在蝶形中心产生微孔洞，微孔洞之间剪切，从而产生了微裂纹。随着微裂纹的扩展、连接导致试样断裂。随着试样中三轴应力度的减小，在蝶形试样中心的剪切应力不断增大，同时在蝶形试样中的剪切变形带越来越集中。显微裂纹首先在剪切带中产生，随着微裂纹的扩展导致试样的断裂。90°拉伸时，在蝶形中心形成明显的剪切变形带。90°加载时，在试样中产生的剪切带是形变剪切带而非相变剪切带。利用有限元软件ABAQUS对不同角度拉伸试验进行模拟，从而得出了不同应力状态下的塑性区的形状和大小。     

工业铸造A357铝合金SEM原位拉伸实验

通过场发射扫描电镜装载原位拉伸台,对不同凝固条件下工业铸造A357铝合金进行原位拉伸试验。结果表明,裂纹微裂纹首先萌生于组织中破裂的共晶硅处,近邻的微裂纹连接形成小裂纹;多处形成的小裂纹彼此连接并形成较长裂纹,沿共晶区深化和扩展,逐渐发展为主裂纹;当主裂纹遇到铝基体时,扩展受阻,裂纹发生钝化并在其前沿区域形成剪切带;剪切带深化并开裂,主裂纹沿着深化的剪切带穿过基体继续扩展,最终导致试样断裂。A357铝合金的断裂方式为兼具韧性断裂和解理断裂的混合断裂。反重力铸造有效地改善合金微观组织形态,提高了合金的力学性能。     

铝合金在两种应力状态下损伤机理研究

铝合金汽车构件在撞击的过程中,构件的应力状态各点均不相同,而且在撞击的过程中各点的应力状态随着时间变化而变化.为了研究铝合金构件在不同应力状态下损伤机理,采取了两种代表性的三轴应力状态,即缺口拉伸与纯剪切所产生的应力状态.研究结果表明缺口拉伸试验中,缺口根部产生相对较高的三轴应力,而且缺口根部明显产生微孔洞,随着应力的不断升高,微孔洞的体积分数不断增大.当达到材料的临界孔洞体积分数时,试样断裂;纯剪切试验中,三轴应力几乎等于0,在材料内部几乎没有产生微孔洞而产生了剪切带.剪切带在切应力的作用下变形不断增大,当到达材料的等效塑性断裂应变时,试样发生断裂;用Gurson损伤模型和剪切失效分别模拟缺口拉伸和剪切试验,试验的工程应力-应变曲线与模拟的工程应力-应变曲线拟合的很好.     

铝合金在两种应力状态下损伤机理研究

铝合金汽车构件在撞击的过程中,构件的应力状态各点均不相同,而且在撞击的过程中各点的应力状态随着时间变化而变化.为了研究铝合金构件在不同应力状态下损伤机理,采取了两种代表性的三轴应力状态,即缺口拉伸与纯剪切所产生的应力状态.研究结果表明:缺口拉伸试验中,缺口根部产生相对较高的三轴应力,而且缺口根部明显产生微孔洞,随着应力的不断升高,微孔洞的体积分数不断增大.当达到材料的临界孔洞体积分数时,试样断裂;纯剪切试验中,三轴应力几乎等于0,在材料内部几乎没有产生微孔洞而产生了剪切带.剪切带在切应力的作用下变形不断增大,当到达材料的等效塑性断裂应变时,试样发生断裂;用Gurson损伤模型和剪切失效分别模拟缺口拉伸和剪切试验,试验的工程应力-应变曲线与模拟的工程应力-应变曲线拟合的很好.     

块状非晶剪切带和微裂纹形核扩展的SEM原位研究

在扫描电镜(SEM)中对Zr57Cul5.4Nil2．6Al10Nb5块状非晶单边缺口试样进行了原位拉伸；用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了剪切带的三维形貌．研究表明，拉伸时缺口前方产生剪切带，它们逐步发展、长大．尽管剪切带由剪应力产生，正应力在其形成和扩展过程中起重要作用．两剪切带相交时会形成割阶，其长度随相交剪切带中应变量升高而增大．当主剪切带中应变集中足够大后，剪切微裂纹沿主剪切带和基体的交界线形核扩展，并沿剪切面向试样内部扩展几十微米；在正应力作用下，该剪切(Ⅱ型)裂纹张开成I型，并快速贯穿试样厚度，然后沿横向快速扩展导致断裂．     

Ti555211合金片层组织裂纹扩展的SEM原位观察

利用SEM原位拉伸实验,研究了Ti555211合金片层组织的拉伸变形和断裂行为。结果表明：在拉伸载荷作用下,片层组织试样中滑移带优先出现在与加载方向大于45°的片层组织上。在裂纹扩展过程中,合金内滑移带的密度均随着载荷的增加逐渐增加,片层组织试样为沿片层和跨片层交叉断裂。原位拉伸试样断口分析表明,韧性断裂是片层组织试样的主要断裂方式。试样断口存在明显剪切唇和大量断裂韧窝。SEM原位拉伸实验分析方法能够对新型Ti555211近β钛合金的变形和断裂行为进行实时跟踪,该方法的研究结果更加具有科学价值和参考意义。     

Ti555211合金双态组织拉伸行为的SEM原位观察

利用SEM原位拉伸实验,研究了Ti555211合金具有初始双态组织的拉伸变形和断裂行为。结果表明:在拉伸载荷作用下,双态组织试样中滑移带优先出现在初生α相内(与拉伸轴呈45°),在裂纹扩展过程中,合金内滑移带的密度均随着载荷的增加逐渐增加,双态组织试样的断裂方式为微孔聚集型断裂。原位拉伸试样断口分析表明,韧性断裂是双态组织试样的主要断裂方式,双态组织试样断口没有明显剪切唇,存在小范围的剪切滑移造成的平坦面。SEM原位拉伸实验分析方法能够对该合金的变形和断裂行为进行实时跟踪,该方法的研究结果更加具有重大的理论价值和工程意义。     

Ti555211钛合金片层组织拉伸过程裂纹扩展的SEM原位观察

利用SEM原位拉伸实验,研究了Ti555211钛合金片层组织的拉伸变形和断裂行为。结果表明:在拉伸载荷作用下,滑移带优先出现在与加载方向大于45°的片层组织上。在裂纹扩展过程中,滑移带的密度均随着载荷的增加逐渐增大,为沿片层和跨片层交叉断裂。原位拉伸试样断口分析表明,韧性断裂是片层组织试样的主要断裂方式。试样断口存在明显剪切唇和大量断裂韧窝。SEM原位拉伸实验分析方法能够对新型Ti555211近β钛合金的变形和断裂行为进行实时跟踪,该方法的研究结果具有科学价值和参考意义。     

Mechanical properties and fracture behaviors on 6061 aluminum alloy under shear stress state

The mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of 6061 aluminum alloy were investigated by the tensile shear tests and in-situ tensile shear tests with tensile shear specimen devised. The results indicate that many slip bands parallel to tensile direction are produced on the surfaces of the specimens. With shear strain rates increasing, the shear yield stress and shear ultimate stress of 6061 aluminum alloy remain constant basically, but the shear fracture strain decreases obviously. The shear strain rates have no influence on the fracture surfaces. The grain boundaries of 6061 aluminum alloy are the weakest area and microcracks initiate at the grain boundaries parallel to tensile direction under shear stress. With the shear stress increasing, the microcracks extend and coalesce. The fracture of specimens is due to coalescence or shearing between the microcracks.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser beam welding 6061 aluminum alloy with different states

With the diversification of manufacture methods,joining the same materials with different states becomes indispensable in practical application.In present work,6061 aluminum alloys with different states were welded by laser beam welding (LBW).The microstructures of welded joint,before and after heat treating,were investigated.The mechanical properties,such as the tensile properties and microhardness,were tested.And the fracture characteristic was observed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM).The results show that the 6061 aluminum alloys have superior weldability and the microstructures are different significantly in different states.Besides,the grain boundaries of the joint microstructures become unclear after the heat treating.The strength and the elongations of welded joints could reach to those of the base metal.The tensile fracture occurs in the fusion zone and near 6061-0 alloy.And the fracture presents ductile rupture.Therefore,the LBW is an effective method for 6061 aluminum alloy.     

SLIP DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE OF DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED DZ-38G SUPERALLOY

<正> 本文目的是研究定向凝固合金中滑移形变与显微组织的关系,并讨论定向凝固合金的微观结构及柱状晶晶界平直度对裂纹传播和断裂的影响。     

Tensile properties of as-deformed 2A50 aluminum alloy in semi-solid state

Tensile properties of as-deformed 2A50 aluminum alloy were investigated in the high temperature solid and semi-solid states. The results show that temperature has almost no effect on the maximum tensile stress between 500 °C and 530 °C, and the maximum tensile stress decreases rapidly when the temperature is above 532 °C. The ductility decreases with increasing temperature and has an obvious fall when the temperature is above solidus temperature. This alloy almost has no ductility above 537 °C, and cannot sustain tensile stress above 550 °C. A brittle temperature range in which this alloy is prone to form microcracks was derived. The relation between microstructure, fraction solid and tensile properties were also investigated by examining the metallograph and fracture surface morphology of tested specimens, which could provide reference for forecasting the microcracks in this alloy occurring in semi-solid processing.     

Effects of Two Different Dynamic Loading Conditions on Spall and Damage of 7075 Aluminum Alloy

The fracture behaviors of the 7075 aluminum alloy under two different dynamic loading conditions are investigated by means of a light-gas gun. The fracture surfaces obtained in the spall test are compared to the fracture surfaces obtained with a blunt projectile struck to the aluminum alloy plate. Optical and scanning electron microscopes are used in the investigation. For the plate-impact test, spall of the target was attributed to intergranular fracture caused by the tensile stress. The fracture behavior during projectile penetration is complex and consists of several fracture modes in addition to that the fracture is also of dynamic character. The penetration process of aluminum alloy target included: plugging stage, the microcracks nucleation stage, and the final tensile fracture stage. Mixed intergranular brittle/ductile fracture was observed, and brittle fracture played a dominate role.     

停放时间对6061铝合金性能及微观组织的影响

采用宏观检测与显微分析相结合的手段,研究不同停放时间下6061铝合金的力学性能与微观组织的变化规律。结果表明:停放时间对6061铝合金的晶粒尺寸有较大影响,晶粒尺寸呈先增大后减小的趋势;停放时间对6061铝合金弹塑性变形过渡阶段有较大影响,但对弹性及塑性阶段变形的影响很小。6061铝合金在停放为0~2 h时,力学性能无明显变化,变形后试样表面光滑,变形协调性较好;停放时间为12 h时,材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度降至最低,但伸长率提高,试样表面呈橘皮形貌,变形均匀性较差;停放时间为24 h^15 d时,合金的强度回升并逐渐趋于稳定。结果表明:随着停放时间的增长,6061铝合金断口的韧窝直径和深度不断增加,第二相粒子的尺寸也不断增大,形状由球状、带状逐渐转变为板状、块状。通过研究得到6061铝合金满足汽车结构强韧化需求,综合性能最优需求的停放时间为12~24 h。此研究结果能够为6061铝合金加工工艺优化提供理论指导。     

Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Laser Melting Deposited TA15 Alloy at 500℃ under In-Situ Tension in SEM

TA15 alloy fabricated by laser melting deposition was investigated at 500℃ under tensile deformation. The damage behavior of microstructure was analyzed by the real time observation of the microstructure evolution, microcracks initiation and propagation using in-situ tensile equipment fitted in the SEM chamber. Finally, the mechanism of fracture was discussed. The result showed anisotropic mechanical properties in X-and Z-direction. The existence of columnar β grains and its orientation to the tensile direction were the major factors inducing the anisotropic mechanical properties. As compared to Z-direction specimen, high tensile strength was observed in X-direction specimen due to the resistance in slips propagation provided by the prior-β grain boundaries( β GBs). Accumulation of the cracks at prior β GB caused the shear fracture. In case of Z-direction specimen, parallel orientation of prior β GB and GB α with the tensile direction resulted in a homogeneous deformation. The high reduction of cross section showed the enhanced ductile characteristics at high temperature.     

固溶工艺对6061铝合金组织和拉伸性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸试验等方法,研究了固溶处理工艺对6061铝合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随固溶时间的延长和固溶温度的升高,合金中可溶第二相粒子逐渐溶解,再结晶增强,晶粒细化,合金拉伸性能升高;进一步延长固溶时间和提高固溶温度,合金晶粒粗化,合金强度下降。热处理后残留粗大第二相粒子的多少和合金晶粒大小是影响合金拉伸性能和断口形貌的主要因素。时效工艺为180 ℃×8 h条件下,6061铝合金的最佳固溶工艺为535 ℃×80 min。     

Tensile properties of 6061-T6 friction stir welds and constitutive modelling in transverse and longitudinal orientations

Tensile stress–strain properties of Al alloy 6061-T6 (AA6061-T6) and its butt welds produced by the friction stir welding (FSW) process were characterized in two different loading orientations. AA6061-T6 FS welds were made under three sets of welding conditions. Micro-hardness tests were performed to investigate microstructural evolution during the FSW process. Flat tensile specimens were machined normal and parallel to the weld line. Transvers and longitudinal tensile tests were run on the base material (AA6061-T6) and its FS welds in an Instron testing machine. The strength and ductility (or fracture strain) of the FS welds observed in the transverse orientation were substantially less than those in the longitudinal orientation. Constitutive modelling of uniaxial tensile stress–strain behaviour in both orientations was presented using a rate-independent Ludwik equation. In addition, microstructures of the base material and its FS welds were examined with optical and transmission electron microscopy to discuss the decrease in the flow stress level and the increase in the strain hardening rate of the FS welds.