Cloning and expression of a novel juvenile hormone-metabolizing epoxide hydrolase during larval-pupal metamorphosis of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni

This study explored the pattern of memory functioning in 58 patients with chronic schizophrenia and compared their performance with 53 normal controls. Multiple domains of memory were assessed, including verbal and non-verbal memory span, verbal and non-verbal paired associate learning, verbal and visual long-term memory, spatial and non-spatial conditional associative learning, recognition memory and memory for temporal order. Consistent with previous studies, substantial deficits in long-term memory were observed, with relative preservation of memory span. Memory for temporal order and recognition memory was intact, although significant deficits were observed on the conditional associative learning tasks. There was no evidence of lateralized memory impairment. In these respects, the pattern of memory impairment in schizophrenia is more similar in nature to that found in patients with memory dysfunction following mesiotemporal lobe lesions, rather than that associated with focal frontal lobe damage.     

Selective spatial memory impairment after right unilateral temporal lobectomy

Deficits in performance of both spatial and visual tasks are common following tissue loss in the right temporal lobe. Since spatial and visual attributes are frequently confounded in experimental tasks, we have studied patients following unilateral temporal lobectomy, in an attempt to determine which aspect mediates the observed deficits. Spatial and visual memory performance was compared in normal controls (n = 16), left temporal (LTL; n = 19) and right temporal (RTL; n = 19) lobectomy patients, by presentation of eight abstract designs in a spatial array for subsequent recall and recognition of the designs (visual memory) and recall of their spatial position (spatial memory). By varying the retention intervals for each group, all three groups were matched on both recall and recognition of the designs at sub-ceiling levels. In contrast, recall of the position of the designs (spatial memory), tested at equivalent delays to those of the visual memory tests, revealed a deficit in the RTL patients compared to both controls and LTL patients (p < 0.05). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to quantify the extent of resection of the hippocampus and parahippocampal regions in the two patient groups and showed a significant correlation between hippocampal and parahippocampal removal and spatial memory in the RTL group only. These data support the notion of a disproportionately large involvement of the right hippocampus and adjacent regions in spatial memory.     

Dissociation of object recognition and spatial localization abilities following temporal lobe lesions in humans.

Discrete extrastriate cortical visual systems in nonhuman primates consisting of an occipitotemporal object recognition system and an occipitoparietal spatial localization system have been proposed. Patients undergoing left (n?=?81) or right (n?=?77) anterior temporal lobectomy were administered tests of object recognition (facial recognition) and spatial localization (line orientation) preoperatively and 6 mo postoperatively to determine the effects on the what and where visual systems. Postoperatively there was dissociation in performance with significant loss in facial recognition ability and concomitant improvement in line orientation performance. The pattern of performance was similar for both groups. The findings suggest that anterior temporal lobectomy had a specific effect on the occipitotemporal object recognition system while leaving the occipitoparietal spatial localization system unaffected. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A role for the right anterior temporal lobe in taste quality recognition

We conducted two experiments to examine central processing of the taste of citric acid. In the first experiment, elevated citric acid recognition thresholds, but normal detection thresholds, were observed in a group of patients who had undergone a right anterior temporal lobectomy for the treatment of epilepsy, compared with a control group and a group of patients who had undergone the same operation in the left hemisphere. In the second study, using positron emission tomography, we compared regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in a condition in which citric acid was presented with one in which water was presented (with similar somatosensory stimulation across both conditions). We observed increased rCBF bilaterally in the caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex, in the right anteromedial temporal lobe, and in the right caudomedial orbitofrontal cortex. The elevated recognition thresholds exhibited in patients with resection of the right anteromedial temporal lobe may be accounted for by damage in an area corresponding to that of the rCBF increase. These results suggest that although taste sensation may be computed in the primary taste cortex, recognition requires further processing by structures located in the anteromedial temporal lobe. Furthermore, they point to preferential processing of this higher-order gustatory function by the right cerebral hemisphere.     

Implicit, long-term spatial contextual memory.

Learning and memory of novel spatial configurations aids behaviors such as visual search through an implicit process called contextual cuing (M. M. Chun & Y. Jiang, 1998). The present study provides rigorous tests of the implicit nature of contextual cuing. Experiment 1 used a recognition test that closely matched the learning task, confirming that memory traces of predictive spatial context were not accessible to conscious retrieval. Experiment 2 gave explicit instructions to encode visual context during learning, but learning was not improved and conscious memory remained undetectable. Experiment 3 illustrates that memory traces for spatial context may persist for at least 1 week, suggesting a long-term component of contextual cuing. These experiments indicate that the learning and memory of spatial context in the contextual cuing task are indeed implicit. The results have implications for understanding the neural substrate of spatial contextual learning, which may depend on an intact medial temporal lobe system that includes the hippocampus (M. M. Chun & E. A. Phelps, 1999). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Long-term effects of selective neonatal temporal lobe lesions on learning and memory in monkeys.

Rhesus monkeys with neonatal damage to either the medial temporal lobe or the inferior temporal cortical area TE, and their normal controls, were reassessed in visual habit formation (24-hour intertrial interval task) and visual recognition (delayed nonmatching to sample [DNMS]) at 4–5 years of age and then tested on tactile and spatial DNMS. Results on the two visual tasks were the same as those obtained when the monkeys were under 1 year of age. Specifically, early medial temporal lesions, like late lesions, left habit formation intact but severely impaired recognition memory. Furthermore, the memory deficit extended to the tactile and spatial modalities. By contrast, early damage to TE, unlike late damage to it, yielded only mild deficits on both visual tasks and had no effect on tactile or spatial DNMS. Compensatory mechanisms that promote substantial and permanent recovery thus appear to be available after neonatal TE lesions but not after neonatal medial temporal lesions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Distinctive forms of partial retrograde amnesia after asymmetric temporal lobe lesions: possible role of the occipitotemporal gyri in memory

We tested the hypothesis that partial forms of retrograde amnesia were associated with highly asymmetric lesions to the inferior and anterior-medial temporal lobe. Postencephalitic subjects EK and DR were both impaired on standardized retrograde memory tests, but showed strikingly different profiles in cognitive tasks of name stem completion, name:face matching, temporal ordering, forced choice recognition, and occupational judgments of famous names and faces from the past 3 decades. EK sustained left inferior and anterior-medial temporal lobe lesion with a small right temporal polar lesion, and showed near-complete loss of retrieval, knowledge, and familiarity associated with famous names but minimal deficiencies with famous faces. DR sustained right inferior and anterior-medial temporal lobe lesion and showed a milder retrograde loss limited to utilizing famous face prompts in name stem completion, name:face matching, occupational judgments, and forced choice recognition. These impairments were also different from the memory retrieval deficit, but intact recognition shown by a case of ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm with presumed basal forebrain damage. We hypothesize that EK's extensive loss of famous name knowledge was related to left inferior temporal lobe damage, particularly in the lateral and medial occipitotemporal gyri. This region in the left temporal lobe may serve as a critical processing area for retrograde memory that permits activation of established semantic, temporal, and visual (i.e., facial) associations biographically dependent on the category of proper names. On the basis of connectional anatomy patterns in the nonhuman primate, this region receives extensive hippocampal output and is interconnected with the temporal polar region and cortical association areas, which have been implicated in retrieval and storage aspects of retrograde memory. In the right hemisphere, the occipitotemporal gyri may serve an important role in famous face processing as part of a bilateral neural network.     

Relationships between normal aging, frontal lobe function, and memory for temporal and spatial information.

Young and old participants were evaluated on tests of frontal lobe function, recognition memory, and memory for temporal and spatial information. Older participants showed significant impairments on memory for temporal order, and this impairment was found to correlate with deficits on frontal lobe tests measuring spontaneous flexibility but not reactive flexibility. However, spatial memory showed no evidence of an age effect. An interpretation of this latter finding based on the differential availability of contextual cues is ruled out because similar results were obtained when spatial memory was assessed in a different context to that used during learning. The researchers concluded that memory for temporal order and spatial memory are affected differentially by age. Theoretical interpretations of this difference are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy.

The anteromedial temporal lobe has been found to participate in processing emotion, but there are unresolved discrepancies in the literature. To address this issue, the authors investigated recognition of emotion from faces and from prosody in 26 participants with unilateral temporal lobectomy (15 left, 11 right) and in 50 brain-damaged controls. Participants with right, but not left, temporal lobectomy did significantly worse in recognizing fear from facial expressions. There were no group differences in recognizing emotional prosody. Neither IQ nor basic perceptual function accounted for task performance; however, there was a moderate negative correlation between extent of amygdala damage and overall performance. Consistent with some prior studies, these findings support a role for the right anteromedial temporal lobe (including amygdala) in recognizing emotion from faces but caution in drawing conclusions from small group samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Semantic knowledge and episodic memory for faces in semantic dementia.

Previous studies have documented poor recognition memory for faces in patients with semantic dementia. Preserved face recognition memory was found in this study, however, so long as atrophy was confined predominantly to the left temporal lobe. Patients with structural damage to the right temporal lobe were typically impaired, with the status of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus (including the perirhinal cortex) on the right being critical. Two single-case studies of patients with predominantly left temporal lobe pathology confirmed good recognition memory for famous faces, even if semantic knowledge about the celebrities depicted was severely degraded. An effect of semantic knowledge on recognition memory became apparent only when perceptually different photographs of the famous people were used at study and test. These results support the view that new episodic learning typically draws on information from both perceptual and semantic systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Functionally dissociating aspects of event memory: the effects of combined perirhinal and postrhinal cortex lesions on object and place memory in the rat

Reciprocal interactions between the hippocampus and the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices form core components of a proposed temporal lobe memory system. For this reason, the involvement of the hippocampus in event memory is thought to depend on its connections with these cortical areas. Contrary to these predictions, we found that NMDA-induced lesions of the putative rat homologs of these cortical areas (perirhinal plus postrhinal cortices) did not impair performance on two allocentric spatial tasks highly sensitive to hippocampal dysfunction. Remarkably, for one of the tasks there was evidence of a facilitation of performance. The same cortical lesions did, however, disrupt spontaneous object recognition and object discrimination reversal learning but spared initial acquisition of the discrimination. This pattern of results reveals important dissociations between different aspects of memory within the temporal lobe. Furthermore, it shows that the perirhinal-postrhinal cortex is not a necessary route for spatial information reaching the hippocampus and that object familiarity-novelty detection depends on different neural substrates than do other aspects of event memory.     

Single neuron activity in human hippocampus and amygdala during recognition of faces and objects

The hippocampus and its associated structures play a key role in human memory, yet the underlying neuronal mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report that during encoding and recognition, single neurons in the medial temporal lobe discriminated faces from inanimate objects. Some units responded selectively to specific emotional expressions or to conjunctions of facial expression and gender. Such units were especially prevalent during recognition, and the responses depended on stimulus novelty or familiarity. Traces of exposure to faces or objects were found a few seconds after stimulus removal as well as 10 hr later. Some neurons maintained a record of previous stimulus presentation that was more accurate than the person's conscious recollection. We propose that the human medial temporal lobe constructs a "cognitive map" of stimulus attributes comparable to the map of the spatial environment described in the rodent hippocampus.     

Strategic processing and memory for temporal order in patients with frontal lobe lesions.

This study evaluated whether deficits in memory for temporal order in patients with frontal lobe lesions result from impaired automatic encoding of temporal information or are secondary to deficits in effortful processes, such as the use of organizational strategies and control of interference. Patients with lesions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and control participants were tested on temporal order reconstruction of semantically related and unrelated word lists learned under intentional or incidental conditions. Memory for temporal order in patients with frontal lobe lesions was sensitive to semantic relatedness but not to intention to learn. Tests of item free recall and recognition using similar encoding manipulations indicated that order performance in these patients was dissociable from item memory. Results indicate that automatic processing of temporal information is intact in patients with frontal lobe lesions but that strategic processing of this information is impaired. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contributions of the entorhinal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus to human memory

Recent studies have indicated that, in the monkey, the rhinal cortex (consisting of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices) is more important to visual recognition memory than the hippocampus or amygdala. The present study investigated the role of the entorhinal cortex in humans using memory scores from surgical epilepsy patients classified according to their mesial temporal lobe pathology. The temporal lobe removals included 4-5 cm of neocortex, amygdala, rhinal cortex and 2-3 cm of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. Compared to autopsied control subjects, all of the patients showed significant gliosis in the amygdala, but they differed as to whether or not there were entorhinal and/or hippocampal abnormalities. Both preoperatively and one or more years postoperatively, the patients performed tests of verbal recall (Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory), visual recall (Rey Figure), verbal recognition and visual recognition (Warrington Recognition Memory Test: Words and Faces, respectively). Preoperatively, patients with hippocampal pathology showed deficits in visual recall. Postoperatively, a significant drop in verbal and visual recall was seen only for patients who lost intact hippocampal tissue, irrespective of the condition of the excised entorhinal cortex. Together, the results argue that the hippocampus is more important than the entorhinal cortex for the recall of newly learned information.     

基于S-LRCN的微表情识别算法

基于面部动态表情序列，针对静态表情缺少时间信息等问题，将空间特征与时间特征融合，利用神经网络在图像分类领域良好的特征，对需要进行细节分析的表情序列进行处理，提出基于分离式长期循环卷积网络(Separate long-term recurrent convolutional networks, S-LRCN)的微表情识别方法。首先选取微表情数据集提取面部图像序列，引入迁移学习的方法，通过预训练的卷积神经网络模型提取表情帧的空间特征，降低网络训练中过拟合的危险，并将视频序列的提取特征输入长短期记忆网络(Long short-team memory, LSTM)处理时域特征。最后建立学习者表情序列小型数据库，将该方法用于辅助教学评价。      

Intramuscular versus vaginal progesterone in assisted reproduction: a comparative study

Thirty-one patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) underwent a test battery of complex visual tasks. We assessed the scores using a principal-factor analysis to elucidate the underlying deficits. There were three independent factors: The first factor included the tasks of identifying and comparing forms of visual stimuli. The second factor consisted of digit span and digit symbol tasks, and the third factor consisted of a specified visual counting task. We considered these three factors as representing the dysfunctions of object recognition, general attention and spatial recognition, respectively. These results underline the disturbances of the two visual systems, object vision and spatial vision, in early-AD patients.     

Similarities and differences in spatial learning and object recognition between young male C57Bl/6J mice and Sprague-Dawley rats.

Mice and rats are often used interchangeably in neuroscience research. However, species differences in brain structure and connectivity exist within the medial temporal lobe circuits that contribute to learning and memory. The hippocampus in particular contributes to both spatial learning and recognition memory, but the extent to which rats and mice are comparable in these two cognitive domains remains unclear. To evaluate potential species differences in spatial memory and object recognition, young adult male Sprague–Dawley rats and male C57Bl/6J mice were tested in the water maze and novel object recognition tasks. Following six days of training, with four trials per day, there was no difference in the ability of rats and mice to learn the location of a hidden platform. However, rats performed better than mice on the probe trial, indicative of superior retention. In the novel object preference test, no species differences in recognition memory were detected, although rats spent more time exploring the arena and took longer to approach the objects. These observations suggest that while species differences in spatial memory retention are present, they do not correlate with differences in object recognition memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Temporal and spatial context memory in patients with focal frontal, temporal lobe, and diencephalic lesions

Patients with focal frontal, temporal lobe, or diencephalic lesions were investigated on measures of temporal (recency) and spatial (position) context memory, after manipulating exposure times to match recognition memory for targets (pictorial stimuli) as closely as possible. Patients with diencephalic lesions from an alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome showed significant impairment on the temporal context (recency) task, as did patients with frontal lesions penetrating the dorsolateral frontal cortex, according to MRI (and PET) evidence. Patients with temporal lobe lesions showed only a moderate (non-significant) impairment on this task, and patients with medial frontal lesions, or large frontal lesions not penetrating the dorsolateral cortical margins, performed as well as healthy controls at this task. On the spatial context memory task, patients with lesions in the temporal lobes showed significant impairment, and patients with right temporal lesions performed significantly worse than patients with left temporal lesions. Patients with diencephalic lesions showed only a modest (non-significant) impairment on this task, and the frontal lobe group performed normally. When a group of patients with temporal lobe lesions resulting from herpes encephalitis were examined separately, an identical pattern of results was obtained, the herpes group being significantly impaired on spatial memory and showing a trend towards impairment for temporal context memory. There were strong correlations between anterograde memory quotients and context memory performance (despite the use of an exposure time titration procedure) and a weak association in the frontal group with one frontal/executive task [corrected] (card-sorting perservations). It is predicted that correlations between temporal context memory and frontal/executive tasks will be greater in samples of patients all of whom have frontal lesions invading the dorsolateral cortical margin.     

Altered serial position learning after frontal lobe lesion

The serial position function is a powerful and highly reliable feature of human learning, with well-described primacy and recency effects. We tested the hypothesis that frontal lobe lesions in patients would disrupt the serial position function since such patients are known to have disturbed temporal ordering, learning in the presence of interference, encoding and organizational approaches to learning. Performance was compared in patients with focal, acquired lesions of frontal and non-frontal cortices, using a standardized paradigm of verbal list learning. Results indicated a similar pattern of performance on first trial learning for the two groups. However, across learning trials, frontal lesion subjects failed to maintain significant primacy and recency effects. Non-frontal lesion subjects consistently showed the expected U-shaped serial position curve across all trials. Subjective organization in learning was particularly deficient in the dorsolateral frontal lesion subjects. We propose that serial position effects are qualitatively different after frontal lobe lesion, being transitory and prone to alteration by the cumulative effects of disturbed temporal-spatial processing across learning trials.     

Brain activity differentiates face and object processing in 6-month-old infants.

Event-related potentials were used to determine whether infants, like adults, show differences in spatial and temporal characteristics of brain activation during face and object recognition. Three aspects of visual processing were identified: (a) differentiation of face vs. object (P400 at occipital electrode was shorter latency for faces), (b) recognition of familiar identity (Nc, or negative component, at frontotemporal electrodes [FTEs] was of larger amplitude for familiar stimuli), and (c) encoding novelty (slow wave at FTEs was larger for unfamiliar stimuli). The topography of the Nc was influenced by category type: Effects of familiarity were limited to the midline and right anterior temporal electrodes for faces but extended to all temporal electrodes for objects. Results show that infants' experience with specific examples within categories and their general category knowledge influence the neural correlates of visual processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)