PVDF-PAN-纳米粘土杂化中空纤维超滤膜纺丝工艺研究

以聚偏氟乙烯和聚丙烯腈为主要膜材料、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂、无水LiCl和有机纳米粘土为添加剂,采用干-湿相转化法纺丝工艺制备杂化中空纤维超滤膜,研究了干程、外凝胶浴温度、芯液温度和组成等纺丝工艺参数对杂化膜微观结构和分离性能的影响.SEM观察发现,中空纤维膜有较致密的外表面和多孔的内表面,干程对膜的横截面结构和表面形态都有影响:增加芯液含量有利于抑制大孔结构的产生,使孔径变小,结构致密,芯液为质量分数40%无水乙醇时,制得的膜对BSA截留率达到99%.试验结果表明,在较高的凝胶浴温度和较大的干程下制得的膜有较高的水通量和较低的截留率;凝胶浴温度升高,膜的力学性能加强,铸膜液中聚合物的质量分数为16%时,最大拉伸强度为3.16 MPa.     

凝胶浴条件对PVDF/CaCO3共混中空纤维膜性能和结构的影响

采用干-湿相转化法制备了PVDF/CaCO3共混中空纤维膜,考察了芯液组成和外凝胶浴温度对共混膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明,随芯液中酸含量增加,膜纯水通量迅速升高,BSA截留率略有下降;膜拉伸强度下降,断裂伸长率增加。SEM图显示,膜断面指状孔的数量增多、支撑层厚度变薄、膜亚层海绵孔增加;相应孔隙率升高,而泡点压力略微下降。当外凝胶浴温度较高时,膜支撑层和外皮层较为致密,导致膜纯水通量明显下降,同时BSA截留率在80℃高温外凝胶浴时,由于膜外皮层上出现少量大孔结构,而迅速下降为62.55%。     

凝胶相转化温度和空气预蒸发时间对PVDF超滤膜性能及结构的影响

利用非溶剂相转化法(NIPS),以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺( DMAC)为铸膜液体系,水为凝固浴制备了大通量超滤膜.考察了铸膜液温度、凝胶浴温度、空气预蒸发时间等条件对超滤膜性能与结构的影响.研究结果显示,随着铸膜液和凝胶浴温度的提高,膜纯水通量增大,强度增强,截留率降低,膜的第一泡点压力减小,膜的孔隙率随铸膜液温度升高而增大,随凝胶浴温度升高先增大后减小,膜断面指状孔发育较为通透,海绵层致密.延长铸膜液在空气预蒸发时间,膜的第一泡点压力和孔隙率降低,超滤膜截留率提高,通量和强度变化不大.     

微纳纤维素与聚砜共混体系相容性的研究

通过微纳纤维素一聚砜制膜液的水通量、截留率、黏度的测定、相分离结构分析及凝胶特性分析等,研究其共混体系的相容性.研究结果表明,一定共混比例下,微纳纤维素在聚砜制膜液中分散均匀,黏度曲线呈非线性,该共混体系为部分相容体系.当聚砜质量分数18%,添加剂为PVP K30,添加质量分数为0.3%,蒸发时间为10 s,凝胶浴为水的制膜条件下,微纳纤维素质量分数为5.%时,复合超滤膜水通量最高可达235.27 L/(m²·h),截留率达95.35%.随着凝胶浴温度升高,复合超滤膜膜孔的梯度变好.     

铸膜液中水含量对聚砜超滤膜结构和性能的影响

试验在环境温度20℃、相对湿度50%、凝胶浴温度20℃的条件下制膜,在聚砜(PS)铸膜液中添加水为非溶剂添加剂,研究水添加量对铸膜液粘度、膜性能和结构的影响.结果表明,水的添加对铸膜液起到了增粘的作用;30℃ PS的质量分数为14%铸膜液所成膜的纯水通量随铸膜液中水的添加量的增加大体上呈增加的趋势,从59.1增大到126.4 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1);截留率则略有下降;相应的膜表面的孔径增大、孔增多;相同水添加量(质量分数0.05%)PS的质量分数为14%的铸膜液粘度随温度的升高而减小;铸膜液温度的升高,相应的膜的纯水通量随之增加,截留率则略有下降.     

内凝固浴组成对聚氯乙烯中空纤维膜结构和性能的影响

利用非溶剂致相法纺丝制备聚氯乙烯(PVC)中空纤维膜,考察了内凝固浴中分别添加溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、NaCl和CaCl2对膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明,膜内表面孔结构随内凝固浴中DMF含量的提高,逐渐由致密的蜂窝状变成稀疏的海绵状;膜的水通量先上升后下降、力学性能提高;质量分数6%的DMF内凝固浴的膜性能最优,水通量和力学性能相对于纯水内凝固浴都有很大的提高,制成滤芯时产水量最大。内凝固浴中添加NaCl和CaCl2使中空纤维膜的力学性能提高,但水通量下降。相比而言,内凝固浴中添加溶剂对膜的性能改善效果优于内凝固浴中添加盐。     

γ-BL/TEP混合溶剂对PVDF膜结构和性能的影响

通过溶解度参数预测,膜渗透性能检测,及扫描电镜(SEM)对膜形貌观察,考察了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)在γ-丁内酯(γ-BL)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)为混合溶剂,乙二醇(EG)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)及其混合物为凝固浴时,相转化条件及溶剂配比对PVDF膜在孔隙率、纯水通量、BSA截留率,以及拉伸强度等性能方面的影响行为。结果表明,随混合溶剂中TEP质量分数的增加,凝胶浴中溶剂DMAc质量分数增大,PVDF膜皮层逐渐变薄,PVDF结晶球粒粒径变小,孔隙率增加,拉伸强度下降。当混合溶剂中TEP的质量分数为60%,凝胶浴DMAc含量30%时,膜纯水通量达2 100 L/(m2·h),BSA截留率仍保持58.7%,具有良好的超滤性能,可作为制备高通量、较高截留PVDF超滤膜的最佳条件。     

中空纤维膜制备过程中断面不规则形状的研究

采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备PVDF中空纤维膜,考察膜丝在固化过程中不同纺丝条件如干程的设定、拉伸速度、芯液和外凝胶浴的组成对膜丝断面不规则形状的影响。实验结果表明,当使用水作为凝胶浴时,在低干程条件下膜丝断面易出现不规则形状,随着干程的升高,这种现象能得到有效的抑制。芯液中溶剂DMAc含量的升高,膜丝内孔出现明显褶皱现象。相反,当外凝胶浴中DMAc含量升高时,膜孔逐渐由不规则形状变为圆形。此外,随着拉伸速度的提高,分子取向随膜丝直径减小而增大,分相过程中的不稳定性减弱,膜丝断面逐渐变为圆形。     

聚偏氟乙烯有机膜的共混改性及性能研究

将聚偏氟乙烯和高分子聚合物共混,通过溶胶-凝胶相转化法研制综合性能良好的微孔膜,考察了铸膜液浓度、PVDF与共混添加剂的配比、凝胶浴温度、溶剂挥发时间和酸、碱、氧化处理对共混膜性能的影响.结果表明,随着铸膜液中聚合物总含量、膜液的黏度增加,纯水通量总体呈下降趋势,孔隙率先增加后减小,最后趋近平衡;随着共混添加剂在铸膜液中相对含量的增加,纯水通量先增加后减小,孔隙率可得到有效提高,平均孔径变化不大;凝胶浴温度对纯水通量没有较大影响;延长溶剂的挥发时间,使平均孔径减小;找到合适的共混添加剂并选择适当的膜液组成,能够使共混改性膜的纯水通量、孔隙率、抗酸、碱、氧化性能较改性前得到有效提高.其中纯水通量较改性前提高10％左右,孔隙率提高15％左右,说明共混化是一种改善PVDF膜性能的有效方法,具有极好的实用开发价值.     

凝固浴体系对PVDF超滤膜性能与结构的影响

利用非溶剂相转化法(NIPS),以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)为铸膜液,水、二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)、PVP体系为凝固浴,制备外压中空纤维超滤膜。研究了凝固浴中DMAC和PVP含量以及凝固浴温度对膜性能和结构的影响。结果表明,凝固浴中DMAC含量的增加可以提高超滤膜的通量、断裂伸长率和表面的孔径,降低膜丝拉力;PVP含量对膜通量、拉力与断裂伸长率有非线性影响,当着PVP的质量分数大于12%时,支撑层孔径明显增加;凝固浴温度升高可以增加膜的通量,而对孔隙率、拉力和断裂伸长率则影响不大。当凝固浴中DMAC和PVP的质量分数分别为35%和12%、凝固浴温度为70℃时,可以得到性能较好得超滤膜。     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

几种针状焦性能对比

针状焦分石油系和煤系两大类,这主要取决于针状焦的原料来源。在同一系列中由于原料不同和工艺条件不同 ,针状焦的各自性能也不相同。针状焦是生产超高功率石墨电极和高功率石墨电极的主要原料 ,针状焦的性能对石墨电极的质量有至关重要的影响。所以对针状焦性能以及其对石墨电极质量影响的研究十分必要的。以下是常用的几种进口针状焦和国产针状焦的性能对比。１原料性能分析对比原料试样包括４种针状焦 ,其中两种为进口针状焦：三菱针状焦和新日化针状焦;另两种为国产针状焦：鞍山针状焦和锦州针状焦。其中除锦州针状焦是石油系针状焦外…     

用两个形状指数表征粉煤灰颗粒形貌的研究

引用两个形状指数表征颗粒形状的概念,即先将颗粒形状近似为椭圆,再将椭圆图像分离:以圆为基准的颗粒宏观形状指数δ;以光滑椭圆为基准的颗粒轮廓凹凸度,即微观形状指数ζ。分析和发展了近似椭圆模型。并运用图像分析仪对粉煤灰、水泥样品进行实验。结果表明,粉煤灰颗粒的两个形状指数δ和ζ都大于水泥颗粒。证明粉煤灰颗粒的球形度、表面光滑度优于水泥,而且,随着粒径增大,δ和ζ呈下降趋势,表明磨制颗粒越粗。(?)粒形状越不规则。文中还运用近似椭圆模型再现了颗粒的模拟图像。