生物膜反应器降解结晶紫运行因素的研究

以金氏菌Kingella H为菌种,在填充活性炭的玻璃柱中挂膜建立固定化生物膜反应器.分析和考察了碳源浓度、氮源浓度、染料浓度、处理时间、初始pH值、进水温度和曝气量等因素对生物膜反应器处理结晶紫(CV)模拟废水的影响.结果表明,较低浓度的碳源和氮源即可维持反应器的正常运行,达到理想的脱色效果;CV对生物膜的活性有一定的抑制作用,但反应器仍可使浓度高达500 mg·L-1的CV模拟废水在30 min内的脱色率达97%以上;反应器的最佳运行条件是:进水的pH值为7,温度为35℃,处理过程中的曝气量为180 L·min-1.     

凹凸棒土对水中结晶紫吸附行为的研究

文章主要以凹凸棒土为吸附剂,结晶紫为污染物进行吸附试验。分别研究了吸附等温线、吸附剂的投加量及吸附时间对吸附结果的影响。实验结果表明,凹凸棒土对水中结晶紫的吸附以Langmuir吸附模型为主,当凹凸棒土的投加量为20 mg时吸附时间为180 min时,吸附效果最好。     

硝酸改性活性炭催化微波诱导降解水中结晶紫的研究

研究了硝酸改性活性炭(AC)催化微波(MW)照射降解水中结晶紫的方法。探讨了改性液浓度、改性时间、MW照射时间、催化剂用量和结晶紫溶液初始浓度等因素对降解的影响。结果表明,改性AC催化活性高于未改性AC。对于25.0 mL 100 mg/L结晶紫溶液,当改性AC质量浓度为2.0 g/L,MW照射3.0 min时,降解率为94.6%。通过提高催化剂用量至2.4 g/L或延长照射时间至4.0 min,降解率分别可达98.2%和100%。此法适合于染料废水的处理。     

新型光电化学协同催化降解结晶紫

以TiO2/Ti薄膜电极为阳极、石墨电极为阴极,设计了一种新型的双槽光电化学协同催化反应器,用该反应器对结晶紫溶液进行了降解研究。考察了结晶紫溶液的浓度、pH值、阴极电位等因素对结晶紫降解脱色效率的影响,对结晶紫的脱色与矿化过程进行了初步讨论,并根据结晶紫在降解反应前后GC-MS中间产物分析和紫外-可见光谱的变化,探讨了其催化降解过程。结果表明,在光电化学协同催化反应器中,当结晶紫溶液初始浓度为30mg/L和溶液初始pH值为3时,经过120min的催化降解,其降解脱色率高达98.3%,而矿化率相对较低,约在20%～30%,相对于结晶紫的脱色反应速率而言,其矿化过程相对缓慢。     

泡沫分离法处理结晶紫染料废水的工艺

以结晶紫模拟染料废水为研究体系,对泡沫分离法脱除结晶紫染料废水色素的工艺进行了研究,考察了以表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为捕收剂时,pH、气体流速、表面活性剂浓度、装液量对脱色效果的影响,利用正交实验确定了优化操作条件. 结果表明,当pH为11.0、气速0.018 m3/h、SDBS浓度450 mg/L、装液量500 mL时,富集比为10.3,废水中结晶紫脱色率为93.5%.     

钙钛矿氧化物LaNiO_3对结晶紫的光催化降解研究

采用了溶胶-凝胶法和流变相法合成出钙钛矿复合氧化物LaBO3(B=Co、Ni),用X衍射线和透射电镜TEM对其结构进行表征,重点研究了合成的催化剂对染料结晶紫的光催化降解条件。结果表明LaNiO3对结晶紫的降解有较高的活性,当结晶紫的浓度为10 mg/L时,紫外光照射,光照时间为8 h,pH=9,催化剂的投加量为2.5 g/L的条件对结晶紫光有较好的降解效果,降解率达到99.30%。     

天然泥炭对水中结晶紫的吸附行为

通过静态实验探讨了天然泥炭吸附水中结晶紫时的影响因素、动力学、等温式和热力学。结果表明,在研究条件下吸附90min后天然泥炭对结晶紫的吸附量为31.77～70.49mg.g-1,吸附量随着结晶紫初始浓度或温度的增加而增加,但随着天然泥炭用量的增加而减小。在pH为5～8时随着pH的增加而增加。此外,天然泥炭吸附结晶紫的速度较快,吸附90min后基本达到平衡。吸附动力学规律符合Lagergren准二级反应模型,不同温度下的吸附等温式都与Langmuir方程符合很好。热力学分析表明,吸附过程吸热,吸附焓变ΔH和熵变ΔS都为正值,吸附自由能变ΔG为负值。     

Fenton试剂氧化降解结晶紫的动力学研究

探讨了Fenton试剂在光照条件下对结晶紫模拟印染废水进行氧化处理的动力学规律,讨论了H2O2初始浓度、FeSO4初始浓度、反应温度及草酸的络合作用对结晶紫氧化降解的影响,确定了最佳降解条件,建立了Fenton试剂氧化降解结晶紫的动力学方程,为光照条件下利用Fenton试剂处理含结晶紫类的印染废水提供了依据.     

结晶紫内酯的合成

等摩尔比的Ｎ,Ｎ－二甲基苯胺和对二甲氨基苯甲醛在盐酸和脲的存在及氮气保护下,８０℃反应０．５ｈ,加入间二甲氨基苯甲酸于９０℃反应５ｈ。将反应混合物中和,抽滤,得到无色结晶紫内酯（ＭＶＬ）,产率为７２％。然后在过渡金属和有机氮化合物的存在下,在碱性溶液中,于７０～８０℃用空气氧化,将无色结晶紫内酯转变成结晶紫内酯（ＣＶＬ）,所得产物熔点为１７７～１７９℃,产率为 ９０％左右。空气氧化一步中,合适的过渡金属是锰和铁,ｐＨ为 １１。     

CE-UV-Vis法测定鲫鱼中结晶紫

用毛细管电泳(CE)-紫外可见(UV-Vis)检测法测定鲫鱼中结晶紫残留量的新方法。样品中的结晶紫用硼氢化钾还原为其代谢产物隐色结晶紫;鲫鱼样品用乙腈提取,二氯甲烷萃取,浓缩净化后用毛细管电泳进样检测,外标法定量。结果表明:该方法能有效用于鲫鱼中结晶紫的分析检测。其最佳测定条件为:流动相,100 mmol/L磷酸-磷酸二氢钠缓冲溶液(pH4.0);紫外检测波长267 nm;分离电压为12 kV。结晶紫标准工作液浓度范围为1~32μg/mL时线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9942。方法检出限和定量检出限均为2.9μg/kg。空白样品结晶紫添加水平为5、10、20μg/mL时平均回收率分别为83.97%、109.55%和88.45%,相对标准偏差分别为3.22%、5.05%和2.09%。     

生物降解甲基紫染料废水的研究

采用新型的喷射环流三相生物反应器,以牛粪浆作活性污泥源,粉煤灰为生物载体,研究了活性污泥法处理甲基紫染料废水过程。确定出该过程的最佳降解操作条件为：ｐ Ｈ＝ ６．５～７．５,温度为 ２８ ℃,通气流量为 １．５ ｍ ３·ｈ－ １;降解过程的脱色率超过 ９４ ％ ,连续运行时 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ的去除率在 ６２ ％ 左右。实验得出甲基紫降解动力学方程式为： － ｄ Ｓｅｄｔ ＝ ０．０９３６ Ｘ Ｓｅ２１９＋ Ｓｅ 　　　　　（ｍ ｇ· Ｌ－ １·ｈ－ １）     

鼠李糖脂促进含油餐饮废水的生物降解

研究生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂发酵液在含废油餐饮废水的好氧处理过程中的降解性能.结果表明,作为一种高效、绿色环保的生物表面活性剂,鼠李糖脂发酵液能非常迅速地促进废水中餐饮废油的生物降解.在采用活性污泥法处理实际废水的曝气池中的试验进一步表明,对油脂的生物降解能力而言,添加鼠李糖脂发酵液比未添加的处理效果要显著得多;同时,温度和糖脂发酵液的添加量对降解能力有较明显的影响.在27℃和糖脂加量为1倍CMC的最优条件下,废水中废油24 h的生物降解率高达89%.     

ON THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FRAGMENTS GENERATED BY CRYSTAL COLLISIONS

The present work reports the results of so called “impact experiments” on nine different kinds of crystals, five inorganic salts and four organic acids, performed by letting ten crystals fall through an evacuated tube onto a glass plate. The ratio between the abraded volume of a crystal and the volume of the crystal itself is inversely proportional to the plasticity index of the material. The size distribution of the fragments, in terms of number density function vs. size, is well fitted for all the systems by a power law equation with an order equal to - 2.82

For one of the system examined, potassium sulphate, the size distributions of fragments obtained by the impact experiments have been successfully compared with those of the fines produced during batch seeded crystallizations carried out at low supersaturations. It therefore appears that the size distribution of the fragments generated by crystal attrition in a crystallizer may be generally predicted by means of the proposed power law equation.     

坩埚下降法生长铌酸锂晶体

采用坩埚下降法,生长了直径为5 cm的铌酸锂晶体.探讨了晶体生长工艺条件,测试了晶体的透过光谱.所得晶体呈浅茶色,分析认为主要是氧空位缺陷所致.铌酸锂晶体通常用作声表面波(surface acoustic wave,SAW)器件的基片,氧空位缺陷可增加基片的电导率,减少器件制造过程中晶片开裂,有利于提高SAW器件成品率.     

基于压痕功法对单晶硅压痕硬度的测量

在对材料的微/纳米级表层压痕硬度测试中,压痕周围出现的凸起对硬度的计算结果有很大的影响.采用压痕功法,通过载荷-压深曲线直接得到压痕过程中所作的功,利用原子力显微镜和Matlab软件,精确得到压痕中产生的塑性变形体积,并计算得到材料的硬度值.用压痕功法对单晶硅的压痕硬度进行了实验研究,并与其它方法进行了比较分析.结果表明:压痕功法得到的结果更稳定,凸起对结果影响较小.     

INHIBITING EFFECT OF CRYSTAL VIOLET DYE ON ALUMINUM CORROSION IN ACIDIC AND ALKALINE MEDIA

Crystal violet dye (CV) was studied as a corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in hydrochloric acid (1 mol dm^?3) and potassium hydroxide (0.5 mol dm^?3) solutions in the temperature range 30°–60°C using the gravimetric technique. The effect of iodide ions on the inhibiting efficacy of CV was also assessed. CV was found to inhibit Al corrosion in both aggressive media, exhibiting greater inhibition efficiency in 1 M HCl (83.6%) than in 0.5 M KOH (23.0%). Inhibition efficiency in 0.5 M KOH was, however, synergistically increased in the presence of iodide ions to attain values up to 85.3%. Inhibition efficiency in the acidic and alkaline solutions increased with CV concentration but decreased with rise in temperature, suggesting physical adsorption of CV on the Al surface. The calculated values of activation energy (E_a), free energy of adsorption (ΔG_ads), and heat of adsorption (Q_ads) confirm the physisorption mechanism. The inhibitor adsorption characteristics were approximated by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.     

SOLUBILIZATION AND BIODEGRADATION OF CROSS-LINKED GELATINS BY ALKALINE PROTEINASE

This investigation involves the chemical modification of gelatin, a biomaterial which has been widely studied because of its environmental friendliness, its ready availability from waste products, and its biodegradability. The focus was on cross-linking because it has been shown that the mechanical properties of gelatin can be improved by a sequence of processing steps involving cross-linking, swelling, orientation, and, finally, drying in the oriented state. Because cross-linking is required in this technique, the present study characterizes its possible effects on gelatin biodegradability, as gauged by the time required to solubilize the material. A series of cross-linking agents having various alkylene sequence lengths was used. The resulting cross-linked gelatins were relatively insoluble in phosphate buffer (pH = 8.2) at room temperature, but at higher temperatures, they became partially soluble. Full solubilization of cross-linked gelatins was successfully obtained, however, by the action of an alkaline proteinase, specifically subtilisin. Both the rate of the partial solubilization in buffer and the full solubilization with alkaline proteinase showed dependences on the type, concentration, and chain lengths of the cross-linking agent.     

水热合成锆钛酸钡(BZT)固溶晶体的形成规律研究

本文从Ba（ZrxTi1-x）O3的x取值和介质碱度的变化研究BZT固溶晶体的形成．结果表明：在水热过程中同时形成以BaZrO3为主体、部分Zr被Ti取代和以BaTiO3为主体、部分Ti被Zr所取代的两种固溶晶体是BZT合成的实质，只有在特定的x值和相应的介质碱度下，才能合成单质的BZT固溶晶体.     

固定化杰氏棒杆菌降解直链十二烷基苯磺酸钠的研究

以海藻酸钠为载体将筛选出的杰氏棒杆菌进行固定化包埋，并对固定化菌降解LAS废水进行了实验研究。结果表明：在不同的温度和pH值条件下，固定化菌的适应范围比游离菌有所扩大，适宜的温度为20～35℃，pH为5～9；固定化菌降解不同浓度的LAS废水过程遵循一级反应。随浓度的提高，降解速率常数增大，当浓度超过300mg／L后，降解速率常数又开始减小。     

BIODEGRADATION PROCESS ANALYSIS BY ULTRAFILTRATION

Detailed analysis of biological processes for hazardous waste-water treatment presents extreme difficulty. Complexity of organic and inorganic solute mixtures in solution prohibits GC-MS analysis. Gross parameters must be used to monitor treatment process performance. Ultrafiltration, coupled with gross parameter estimation, provides enhanced definition of treatment. Results, employed to monitor in-situ biodegradation of a hazardous landfill leachate, are discussed.