高比表面积生物质多孔碳的制备及其电化学性能

以玉米秸秆为碳源(CS),经Na₂CO₃溶液浸泡预处理后,采用KOH活化,制备了多孔生物质碳材料(CS-ACs)。通过形貌、结构表征及电化学性能测试,发现生物质碳材料CS-AC-3具备多级孔道结构,比表面积可达3299m²/g。三电极体系下,该材料在6mol/L NaOH和0.5mol/L Na₂SO₄电解液中,1A/g电流密度下,比电容分别为272F/g、220F/g,循环5000圈后(5A/g),其容量保持率为89%和80%;二电极体系中,以该材料组装的CS-AC-3//CS-AC-3对称电容器具有1.4V的宽电压窗口和较好的电容特性。作为一种可再生廉价碳材料,CS-ACs在实际应用中有好的应用前景。     

高比表面积活性炭的研究与应用

本文详细介绍了高比表面积活性炭的制备及活化机理，并对其结构。性能及应用进行了概述。     

含氢硅油对高比表面积碳化硅孔结构的影响

以糠醇为碳源,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,含氢硅油(PMHS)为结构助剂制备碳化硅前驱体,通过溶胶-凝胶法和碳热还原法制备出高比表面积多孔碳化硅,采用XRD、FTIR、SEM、HRTEM和BET对所制备的样品进行表征。结果表明,所得碳化硅具有高的比表面积130m2/g;含氢硅油的特殊结构有利于形成多孔碳化硅,且对碳化硅样品的比表面积、孔容起着至关重要的影响。     

碳弧法制备碳包铁纳米颗粒的研究

用直汉碳弧法制备碳包铁纳米颗粒,应用透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）、Ｘ射线衍射分析（ＸＲＤ）和穆斯堡尔谱学进行研究,结果表明,当阳极复合棒中为纯铁粉加石墨粉时,出现３种碳包铁纳米颗粒：α－Ｆｅ,渗碳体（Ｆｅ３Ｃ）和奥氏体;当阳极复合棒中为Ｆｅ２Ｏ３加石墨粉时,出现４种碳包铁纳米颗粒：α－Ｆｅ,渗碳体,奥氏体和ＦｅＯ。它们的尺寸大小在５～５０ｎｍ范围。     

马尾藻基高比表面积活性炭的制备及表征

以马尾藻为原料,采用KOH活化法制备高比表面积活性炭。探索制备马尾藻基活性炭的实验方案和最佳工艺条件。采用正交实验法研究了炭化温度、炭化时间、低温活化温度、低温活化时间和浸渍时间对制得活性炭比表面积和孔容的影响。采用N_2吸附、SEM表征考察了活性炭的孔隙结构和表面形貌。通过正交实验法分析发现,制备马尾藻基高比表面积活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:炭化温度600℃,炭化时间180min,低温活化温度400℃,低温活化时间45min,浸渍时间2h。在16组实验条件下,制备的活性炭比表面积最大为3 122m2/g,所有样品的孔径几乎全部分布在6nm以内。     

微波加热碳酸钾法制备烟杆基高比表面积活性炭

以烟杆炭化料为原料,采用微波加热碳酸钾活化法制备了高比表面积活性炭.研究了微波加热时间和碱炭比对活性炭的得率和吸附性能的影响,得到了优化工艺条件,所得活性炭产品的碘吸附值为1834mg/g,亚甲基兰吸附值为517.5mg/g,得率为16.65%.产品的吸附性能超过了双电层电容器专用活性炭(LY/T 1617-2004)标准的要求,同常规加热相比,活化时间缩短了78.26% .同时测定了该活性炭的氮吸附等温线,通过非定域化密度函数理论表征了活性炭的孔结构.该高比表面积活性炭的比表面积为2557m2/g,总孔体积为1.6470ml/g.     

直流碳弧等离子体法制备碳包覆铁纳米颗粒研究

在惰性保护气氛下,采用直流碳弧等离子体法成功制备了碳包覆铁纳米颗粒,并利用x射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和相应选区电子衍射(ED)等测试手段,对样品的化学成分、形貌、物相结构、粒度等特征进行表征分析.实验结果表明:直流碳弧等离子体技术制备的碳包覆纳米金属颗粒具有明显的核-壳结构,内核金属结晶度较高,外壳碳为类石墨层结构,颗粒大多呈球形和椭球形,粒径分布在20nm～60nm范围,平均粒径为44nm.     

我国高比表面积活性炭研究现状与发展对策

简述了外高比表面积活性炭发展概况，叙述了我国高比表面积活性炭研究现状，并就我国该材料的发展提出了对策。     

沥青基高比表面积活性碳的物理及化学结构

本文用ＡＳＡＰ２０００吸附仪测定了吸附性能优异的沥青基高比表面积新型活性碳（ＰＨＡＣ）的ＢＥＴ比表面积、用ＢＪＨ和ＤＲＳ法分析了其孔隙结构参数，用ＸＰＳ测定了ＰＨＡＣ的表面元素组成及含氧官能团，对ＰＨＡＣ的表面形态结构进行了ＳＥＭ和ＴＥＭ观察。研究表明：ＰＨＡＣ具有高度发达且均匀的微孔结构，其表面含有一定量的Ｃ－Ｏ－Ｃ、Ｃ－ＯＨ、Ｃ＝Ｏ、Ｏ＝Ｃ－Ｏ等多种类型的含氧官能团。     

超顺磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒的多元醇法制备及其在磁共振造影剂中的应用

利用高温多元醇方法制备了核心粒径为5～10nm的超顺磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒,并且样品在水溶液中具有良好分散性。系统研究了修饰剂的种类和用量,反应温度,反应时间等生长条件对颗粒的尺寸、水中分散性及磁性能的影响。研究表明：选用带有强极性基团的修饰剂如HOOC-PEG-COOH、PAA、PVP,增加修饰剂的用量,提高反应温度和延长反应时间,可以增大颗粒的尺寸、改善它们的分散性、窄化粒径分布。磁性能研究表明所得样品在室温下都具有超顺磁性,并且尺寸越大,饱和磁化强度越大。磁共振实验表明样品对细胞具有很好的造影效果,其中PVP修饰的样品造影效果最好。     

A facile synthesis of silicon carbide nanoparticles with high specific surface area by using corn cob

Corn cob, which possesses low ash and high carbon contents, is a common waste material that accounts for a large amount of agricultural waste. This paper reports about a facile method to synthesize silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles with high specific surface area by using corn cob as a carbon source. The method is accomplished by carbothermal reduction at 1350?°C using corn cob as carbon source and silicon monoxide as silicon source. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectra results confirmed the formation of synthesized SiC particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated the major phases of 3C-SiC. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the SiC particle size is in the range of 40–100?nm and mainly composed of sphere-shaped nanoparticles. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area of samples is 80.25?m²/g. In addition, we proposed the formation mechanism of SiC nanoparticles with high specific surface area by adsorption and vapor–solid mechanism. This facile method for synthesizing SiC nanoparticles provides a new idea for high-value application of corn cobs and new raw material for the preparation of silicon carbide.     

Fabrication of hydrophobic regenerated activated carbon with high specific surface area

Activated carbon (AC) has been widely used in the prevention and control of air and water pollution due to its excellent adsorption ability. However, the adsorption capacity of AC for targeting organic compounds is reduced because of the competitive adsorption of water molecules. The current study proposes hydrophobic modification and regeneration of waste AC as a solution to these issues. Using waste AC as raw material, SiO₂ particles were introduced to increase its surface roughness and micropores of AC. Nonpolar alkyl chain groups were grafted on the surface of AC to improve its hydrophobic performance, and high-temperature regeneration was used to increase its specific surface area. The experimental results showed that the water contact angle of AC increased from 30° (hydrophilic) to 142° (hydrophobic) after modification, and it maintained an angle of 139° even after high-temperature regeneration. The specific surface area of hydrophobic AC increased from 290 to 1075 m² g^?1 and the equilibrium adsorption capacity of hydrophobic AC for methylene blue is 425.4 mg g^?1 after regeneration. AC-adsorbed methylene blue also has excellent hydrophobicity (145°) and high specific surface area (1250 m² g^?1) after being modified and regenerated by the same methods. After being exposed to air for 600 days, the modified AC still has good hydrophobicity (125°). This indicates that our method of hydrophobic modification combined with regeneration has great significance to the recovery and utilization of waste AC.

Graphical abstract

     

高比表面积活性炭研制进展

高比表面积活性炭具有发达的内部孔隙结构和超强的吸附性能,它作为一种新型材料在许多高效吸附功能材料领域有广阔的应用前景,如化工、制药、食品和环境保护等领域。本文综述了活性炭的制备方法和国内外活性炭的研制状况,展望了活性炭发展趋势,并就目前的两大研究热点高比表面积活性炭在双电层电容器和溶剂回收两大领域的应用进行了着重探讨。     

Nonionic Brij surfactant-mediated synthesis of raspberry-like gold nanoparticles with high surface area

We report a rapid, simple, single-step, and high-yielding solution-phase synthesis of raspberry-like gold nanoparticles (Au RLNPs) with rich edges and high surface areas. Au RLNPs were synthesized through the reduction of HAuCl4 simply mediated by nonionic Brij surfactant in basic conditions without any other reducing agents or organic molecules. The synthesized nanoparticles possessed high surface areas and were stable in basic or neutral conditions, which are potentially useful structural factors for the applications. The unique, highly red-shifted surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) of Au RLNPS originate from their rough, raspberry-like surfaces. The sizes of Au RLNPs were controllable by varying the amounts of NaOH and HAuCl4. However, there are very few reported facile syntheses of size-controlled multi-branched gold nanoparticles simply mediated by surfactant without any other reducing agents or organic molecules.     

Block-copolymer-assisted synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with high surface area and uniform size

Abstract

We report the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) by the coprecipitation method using calcium D-gluconate and potassium hydrogen phosphate as the sources of calcium and phosphate ions, respectively, and the triblock copolymer F127 as a stabilizer. The HANPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. Removal of F127 by solvent extraction or calcination alters the structure of HANPs. The solvent-extracted HANPs were single crystals with their 〈001〉 axis oriented along the rod axis of the HANP, whereas the calcined HANPs contained two crystal phases that resulted in a spherical morphology. The calcined HANPs had much higher surface area (127 m² g^?1) than the solvent-extracted HANPs (44 m² g^?1).     

Preparation of a pitch-based activated carbon with a high specific surface area

Pitch based activated carbons (PAC) with a high specific surface area were produced by a direct chemical activation route in which oxidative stabilized pitch derived from ethylene tar oil was reacted with potassium hydroxide under various activation conditions. It was found that PACs with a surface area of around 2600–3600 m² g^-1 could be obtained under suitable activation conditions. N₂ adsorption (at 77 K) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments showed that the PAC has a uniformly developed micropore structure and a narrow pore size distribution (radius 0.8–1.6 nm). Abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (such as C–OH, C–O–C, C=O, COOR etc.) were found to exist on its surface. Compared with a commercially available activated carbon (AC) and also a pitch based activated carbon fibre, PAC has a quicker adsorption–desorption velocity and a larger adsorptive capacity to benzene due to its higher surface area. Clear surface differences between PAC and AC were observed by transmission electron microscopy. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高比表面积碳化钼/碳复合体的电化学性能研究

采用直接碳化法,羟丙基纤维素(HPC)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、钼酸钾(K2MoO4)和碳酸钾(K2CO3)的混合物于900℃氢气氛围下碳化,制备了高比表面积碳化钼/碳复合体(MCCs).应用XRD、TG、SEM和电化学方法对其进行了表征和性能研究.XRD图谱表明,碳基上合成了α-Mo2C及微量Mo3C2.加入K2CO3增...     

高比表面积聚苯乙烯基球状活性炭的制备研究

以聚苯乙烯基大孔吸附树脂球为炭前驱体,经空气预氧化、炭化和活化制备了高比表面积球状活性炭.系统考察了不同氧化和活化条件对氧化球和活化球的物理性能的影响.结果表明:升温速率、氧化温度和氧化时间分别为0.25℃/min、300℃和3h时所得到的氧化球的CCl4吸附值最高,可达970mg/g.此外,当活化温度和活化时间分别为850℃和4h时,球状活性炭的CCl4吸附值最高,为2700mg/g,相应的比表面积为1759m2/g.     

Preparation and characterization of molybdenum carbides/carbon composites with high specific surface area

Molybdenum carbides/carbon composites (MCCs) with high specific surface area were prepared using the direct carbonization of a mixture of hydroxylpropyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, K₂MoO₄ and K₂CO₃ at 900 °C in flowing Ar. X-ray diffraction pattern showed the formation of α-Mo₂C with small amount of Mo₃C₂ in carbon matrix. The particle size of carbides in MCCs varied from ca. 50 nm to 5 μm by changing the precursor ratio. The BET specific surface areas of the synthesized MCCs could be controlled from 400 to 1200 m²/g depending on the amount of K₂CO₃ added during the preparation by increasing the microporosity.     

Solid-phase reaction synthesis of mesostructured tungsten disulfide material with a high specific surface area

A mesostructured tungsten disulfide (WS₂) material was prepared through a solid-phase reaction utilizing ammonium tetrathiotungstate as the precursor and n-octadecylamine as the template. The as-synthesized WS₂ material was characterized by X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD), Low-temperature N₂ Adsorption (BET method), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The characterization results indicate that the WS₂ material has the typical mesopore structure (3.7 nm) with a high specific surface area (145.9 m²/g), and large pore volume (0.18 cm³/g). This approach is novel, green and convenient. The plausible mechanism for the formation of the mesostructured WS₂ material is discussed herein.